| Southern Cone | |
|---|---|
 Countries always included in all definitions Areas sometimes included Federative units of Brazil not included | |
| Area | 5,712,034 km2 (2,205,429 sq mi) |
| Population | 135,707,204 (July 2010 est.) |
| Density | 27.45/km2 (71.1/sq mi)[1] |
| Countries | |
| Territories | External (2) |
| Languages | Spanish,Portuguese,Italian,English,German,Aymara,Guaraní,Mapudungun, andQuechuan |
| Demonym | South American |
| Largest cities | |
TheSouthern Cone (Spanish:Cono Sur,Portuguese:Cone Sul) is a geographical and cultural subregion composed of the southernmost areas ofSouth America, mostly south of theTropic of Capricorn. Traditionally, it coversArgentina,Chile, andUruguay, bounded on the west by thePacific Ocean and on the east by theAtlantic Ocean. In terms of geography, the Southern Cone comprisesArgentina,Chile,Uruguay andParaguay, and sometimes includesBrazil's four southernmost states (Paraná,Rio Grande do Sul,Santa Catarina, andSão Paulo).
The Southern Cone is the secondsubregion with the highestHuman Development Index andstandard of living inthe Americas, afterNorthern America.[2][3]
In most cases, the term "Southern Cone" refers specifically toChile,Argentina, andUruguay, due to their geographical, cultural, ethnic, and economic similarities.
| Country | Area (km2) | Population (2020)[4] | Population density (per km2) | HDI (2019)[5] | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Argentina | 2,780,092 (3,761,274) | 45,195,774 | 16.26 (12.02) | 0.845 (very high) | Buenos Aires |
 Chile | 756,102 (2,006,360) | 19,116,201 | 25.28 (9.53) | 0.851 (very high) | Santiago |
 Uruguay | 176,215 | 3,473,730 | 19.71 | 0.817 (very high) | Montevideo |
| Total | 3,712,409 (5,943,849) | 67,785,705 | 18.26 (11.40) | 0.845 (very high) |
Brazil's four southernmost states (Paraná,Rio Grande do Sul,Santa Catarina andSão Paulo) share characteristics with Argentina, and Uruguay (similar local climate, highstandard of living, high levels ofindustrialization and greater percentage European ethnic component due toimmigration). Brazil's other states are more similar to theother South American countries in these issues.
When the definition is not limited to entire countries, the states of theSouth Region and the state ofSão Paulo are generally included.
| State | Area (km2)[6] | Population (2019)[6] | Population density (per km2) | HDI (2017)[5] | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Paraná | 199,314 | 11.434.000 | 59.80 | 0.796 (high) | Curitiba |
 Rio Grande do Sul | 291,748 | 11.378.000 | 39.10 | 0.792 (high) | Porto Alegre |
 Santa Catarina | 95,346 | 7.165.000 | 71.18 | 0.808 (very high) | Florianópolis |
 São Paulo | 248,222 | 45,920,000 | 95.83 | 0.826 (very high) | São Paulo |
| Total | 834,630 | 75.897.000 | 90.35 | 0.806 (very high) |
Due to the geographical proximity, common history, geography and political cycles,Paraguay is sometimes included in what is meant by Southern Cone, geographically speaking, but excluded due to differences in climate, economy and development, and cultural identity. While Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Southern Brazil are located in the southernmost part of South America, with temperate climates and a dominant European ancestry shaping their demographics and culture, Paraguay is a landlocked country further north, with a subtropical climate and a unique cultural identity rooted in its Guaraní heritage.Economically, Paraguay has a lower Human Development Index (HDI) compared to the Southern Cone countries, which rank among the highest in Latin America. Paraguay’s economy, focused on agriculture and hydroelectric power, is also less diversified and globally integrated.
The climates are mostly Mediterranean temperate, but include humid subtropical, highland tropical, maritime temperate, sub-Antarctic temperate, highland cold, desert and semi-arid temperate regions. (Except for the northern regions of Argentina (thermal equator in January), the whole country of Paraguay, the Argentina-Brazil border and the interior of theAtacama Desert). The region rarely suffers from heat. In addition to that, the winter presents mostly cold temperatures. Strong and constant wind and high humidity are what brings low temperatures in the winter.
One of the most peculiar plants of the region is theAraucaria tree, which can be found in Chile, Argentina and parts of Brazil. The only native group ofconifers found in the southern hemisphere had its origin in the Southern Cone.Araucaria angustifolia, once widespread in Southern Brazil, is now a critically endangered species, protected by law. Theprairies region of central Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil is known as thePampas.
Central Chile hasMediterranean vegetation and aMediterranean climate, grading southward into anoceanic climate. The Atacama,Patagonian andMonte deserts form adiagonal of arid lands separating the woodlands, croplands and pastures ofLa Plata basin from Central and Southern Chile. Apart from the desert diagonal, the north–south running Andes form a major divide in the Southern Cone and constitute, for most of its part in the southern cone, theArgentina–Chile border. In the east the river systems of theLa Plata basin form natural barriers and sea lanes between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.
TheAtacama Desert is the driest place on Earth, with some regions having no recorded rainfall in history.
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| Location | January | April | July | October |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buenos Aires[7] | 30.1 °C (86.2 °F) 20.1 °C (68.2 °F) | 22.9 °C (73.2 °F) 13.8 °C (56.8 °F) | 15.4 °C (59.7 °F) 7.4 °C (45.3 °F) | 22.6 °C (72.7 °F) 13.3 °C (55.9 °F) |
| Santiago de Chile[8] | 30.1 °C (86.2 °F) 13.4 °C (56.1 °F) | 22.3 °C (72.1 °F) 6.5 °C (43.7 °F) | 14.3 °C (57.7 °F) 1.6 °C (34.9 °F) | 22.8 °C (73.0 °F) 8.4 °C (47.1 °F) |
| Montevideo | 28.1 °C (82.6 °F) 18.0 °C (64.4 °F) | 21.7 °C (71.1 °F) 12.9 °C (55.2 °F) | 14.6 °C (58.3 °F) 6.9 °C (44.4 °F) | 20.3 °C (68.5 °F) 11.5 °C (52.7 °F) |
| Córdoba | 31.1 °C (88.0 °F) 18.1 °C (64.6 °F) | 24.9 °C (76.8 °F) 12.3 °C (54.1 °F) | 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) 5.5 °C (41.9 °F) | 26.1 °C (79.0 °F) 12.6 °C (54.7 °F) |
| Valparaiso | 21.4 °C (70.5 °F) 13.5 °C (56.3 °F) | 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) 11.4 °C (52.5 °F) | 14.3 °C (57.7 °F) 9.2 °C (48.6 °F) | 17.0 °C (62.6 °F) 10.5 °C (50.9 °F) |
| Concepción | 22.8 °C (73.0 °F) 10.9 °C (51.6 °F) | 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) 8.1 °C (46.6 °F) | 13.2 °C (55.8 °F) 5.8 °C (42.4 °F) | 17.2 °C (63.0 °F) 7.4 °C (45.3 °F) |
| Mar del Plata | 26.3 °C (79.3 °F) 14.3 °C (57.7 °F) | 20.5 °C (68.9 °F) 9.1 °C (48.4 °F) | 13.1 °C (55.6 °F) 3.8 °C (38.8 °F) | 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) 7.6 °C (45.7 °F) |
| Neuquén | 32.0 °C (89.6 °F) 16.2 °C (61.2 °F) | 22.0 °C (71.6 °F) 7.0 °C (44.6 °F) | 12.2 °C (54.0 °F) 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) | 23.4 °C (74.1 °F) 8.2 °C (46.8 °F) |
| Iquique | 25.3 °C (77.5 °F) 19.2 °C (66.6 °F) | 22.7 °C (72.9 °F) 16.9 °C (62.4 °F) | 18.0 °C (64.4 °F) 14.0 °C (57.2 °F) | 20.1 °C (68.2 °F) 15.4 °C (59.7 °F) |
| Bariloche | 21.4 °C (70.5 °F) 6.5 °C (43.7 °F) | 14.8 °C (58.6 °F) 1.8 °C (35.2 °F) | 6.4 °C (43.5 °F) −1.3 °C (29.7 °F) | 13.9 °C (57.0 °F) 1.3 °C (34.3 °F) |
| Ushuaia | 13.9 °C (57.0 °F) 5.4 °C (41.7 °F) | 9.6 °C (49.3 °F) 2.3 °C (36.1 °F) | 4.2 °C (39.6 °F) −1.7 °C (28.9 °F) | 10.5 °C (50.9 °F) 2.3 °C (36.1 °F) |
| Porto Alegre | 30.2 °C (86.4 °F) 20.5 °C (68.9 °F) | 25.2 °C (77.4 °F) 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) | 19.4 °C (66.9 °F) 10.7 °C (51.3 °F) | 24.4 °C (75.9 °F) 15.0 °C (59.0 °F) |
Besides sharing languages and colonial heritage, in this area, there was extensive European immigration during the 19th- and 20th-centuries, who, with their descendants, have strongly influenced the culture, social life and politics of these countries. Immigration reshaped the modern-day societies of Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, countries where the influx of newcomers was massive.
The residents of the states of the Southern Cone are avid players and fans offootball, with top-notch teams competing in the sport.Argentina has won theFIFA World Cup three times, whileUruguay has won the cup twice; they are the only national teams along with Brazil outsideEurope to have won the cup. Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Brazil have all hosted the World Cup. Additionally, national teams from the region have won severalOlympic medals in football. Also, football clubs from the Southern Cone countries have won large numbers of club competitions inSouth-American competitions,Pan-American competitions, andworld-FIFA Club World Cup-level competitions.
Gauchos (Argentina and Uruguay) andHuasos (Chile) are horsemen that are considered icons ofnational identity (like cowboys); they are featured in theepic poemMartín Fierro.
TheAsado (barbecue) is a culinary tradition typical of the Southern Cone main countries and was developed bygauchos andhuasos.
Mate is a popular infusion throughout the Southern Cone.
Like the rest of Latin America, most residents of the Southern Cone are members of theCatholic Church,[9] with a minority of Protestants, including a significantLutheran population in South Brazil and South Chile. Other religions also present in the southern cone includeIslam,Anglicanism,Eastern Orthodoxy,Buddhism,the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints andDaoism.Jewish communities have thrived in cities of Argentina and Uruguay.
While the Southern Cone has been conservative in some aspects of religion, it has had a tradition of social reform andliberation theology has been followed by many in the Catholic Church.Uruguay, whereagnosticism andatheism is common, has a policy of strong separation of church and state; it is one of the mostsecular countries in theAmericas.[10] Uruguay, Chile and Argentina, in that order, have the least religious residents in South America, according to their responses about the significance of religion in their lives. According to the Pew Research Center, 28% of Uruguayans, 43% of Argentines, and 41% of Chileans think of religion 'very important in their lives,' contrasting with the higher values given by the residents of countries such as Peru (72%), Colombia (77%) and Ecuador (76%).[11]
The Southern Cone produced the first pope from the Western Hemisphere,Pope Francis, elected in 2013, born inBuenos Aires,Argentina.[12]
| Area | Catholic (%) | Protestant (%) | Irreligious (%) | Others | Unspecified (%) | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 62.9 | 15.3 | 18.9 | 2.6 | 0.3 | [13] |
| Chile | 42.0 | 14.0 | 37.0 | 6.0 | 0.0 | [14] |
 Paraguay | 88.3 | 6.8 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 0.8 | [15] |
| Uruguay | 42.0 | 15.0 | 37.0 | 6.0 | 0.0 | [11] |
| Paraná, Brazil | 69.6 | 22.2 | 4.6 | 3.6 | 0.0 | [16][17] |
| Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | 68.8 | 18.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 0.0 | [16][17] |
| Santa Catarina, Brazil | 73.1 | 20.4 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 0.0 | [16][17] |
| São Paulo, Brazil | 60.1 | 24.1 | 8.1 | 7.7 | 0.0 | [16][17] |
In a 2014 social survey, residents rated their countries as 'good places for gay or lesbian people to live;' the following percentages said 'yes' in Uruguay (71%), Argentina (68%), and Chile (52%).[18]
The overwhelming majority, including those of recentimmigrant background, speakSpanish (in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay) orPortuguese in the case of Southern Brazil. The Spanish-speaking countries of the Southern Cone are divided into two main dialects:
These dialects share common traits, such as a number ofLunfardo andQuechua words.
Minor languages and dialects includeCordobés, Cuyo, andPortuñol, a hybrid between Rioplatense andBrazilian Portuguese that is spoken in Uruguay on the border with Brazil.
SomeNative American groups, especially in rural areas, continue to speakautochthonous languages, includingMapudungun (also known asMapuche),Quechua,Aymara, andGuarani. The first is primarily spoken inAraucanía and adjacent areas ofPatagonia, in southern Argentina and Chile. Guarani is the official language of Paraguay, the most widely spoken language in that country, and in 2010, the city ofTacuru, in the Brazilian state ofMato Grosso do Sul, adopted Guarani as the official language, besidesPortuguese. It is also a co-official language in the northeastern Argentine provinces ofCorrientes andMisiones.[20]
Italian (mostly itsNorthern dialects, such asVenetian), is spoken in rural communities acrossArgentina,Southern Brazil, andSão Paulo where immigrants had settled.
German, in various dialects, is mostly spoken in Southern Chile and Southern Brazil. As well as in theChaco (Paraguay) byMennonites.[7] It is the second most spoken mother tongue in Brazil.[21][22][23]
The Southern Cone is also known to have highEnglish proficiency compared to other South American countries. This language is spoken in theFalkland Islands, aBritish Overseas Territory (disputed by Argentina).
Polish,Dutch andUkrainian are also spoken in Southern Brazil. Dutch is spoken in Chile as well, and Ukrainian is used in Argentina as well.Croatian and otherSlavic languages are also spoken in the southernmost areas ofChilean Patagonia, reflecting patterns of immigration and settlement.Yiddish can be heard mainly inBuenos Aires, Argentina andSão Paulo, Brazil. In Brazil,Japanese is spoken byimmigrant communities in the states of São Paulo andParaná. By descendants in Argentina and Chile,Welsh is spoken by descendants ofimmigrants in thePatagonia region.
Comparison of selected words
Below there are selected words to show vocabulary in the dialects of the countries of the Southern Cone and other Spanish-speaking countries in South America and the dialect of Portuguese spoken in Brazil.
| Chile | Argentina | Uruguay | Paraguay | Brazil | Bolivia | Colombia | Ecuador | Peru | Venezuela | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| apartment | departamento | departamento | apartamento | departamento | apartamento | departamento | apartamento | departamento | departamento | apartamento |
| artichoke | alcachofa | alcaucil | alcaucil | alcachofa | alcachofra | alcachofa | alcachofa | alcachofa | alcachofa | alcachofa |
| avocado | palta | palta | palta | aguacate | abacate | palta | aguacate | aguacate | palta | aguacate |
| banana | plátano | banana | banana | banana | banana | plátano | banano | banano | plátano | cambur |
| bean | poroto | poroto | poroto | poroto | feijão | frijol | fríjol | frijol | frijol | caraota |
| bell pepper | pimentón | morrón | morrón | locote | pimentão | pimiento | pimentón | pimiento | pimiento | pimientón |
| butter | mantequilla | manteca | manteca | manteca | manteiga | mantequilla | mantequilla | mantequilla | mantequilla | mantequilla |
| car | auto | auto | auto | auto | carro | auto | carro | auto | auto | carro |
| corn on the cob | choclo | choclo | choclo | choclo | espiga de milho | choclo | mazorca | choclo | choclo | jojoto |
| drinking straw | bombilla | pajita | pajita | pajita | canudo | bombilla | pitillo | sorbete | sorbete | pitillo |
| earring | aro | aro | caravana | aro | brinco | arete | arete | arete | arete | zarcillo |
| grapefruit | pomelo | pomelo | pomelo | pomelo | toranja | pomelo | toronja | toronja | toronja | toronja |
| green bean | poroto verde | chaucha | chaucha | chaucha | vagem | vainita | habichuela | vainita | vainita | vainita |
| jacket | chaqueta | campera | campera | campera | jaqueta | chamarra | chaqueta | chompa | casaca | chaqueta |
| kitchen stove | cocina | cocina | cocina | cocina | fogão | cocina | estufa | cocina | cocina | estufa |
| papaya | papaya | papaya | papaya | mamón | mamão | papaya | papaya | papaya | papaya | lechosa |
| pea | arveja | arveja | arveja | arveja | ervilha | arveja | arveja | arveja | arevja | guisante |
| peanut | maní | maní | maní | maní | amendoim | maní | maní | maní | maní | maní |
| popcorn | cabritas | pochoclo | pop/pororó | pororó | pipoca | pipocas | crispetas/ maíz pira | canguil | canchita | cotufas |
| sneakers | zapatillas | zapatillas | championes | championes | tênis | tenis | tenis | zapatillas | zapatillas | gomas |
| socks | calcetines | medias | medias | medias | meias | medias | medias | medias | medias | medias |
| sweet potato | camote | batata | boniato | batata | batata doce | camote | batata | camote | camote | batata |
| swimming pool | piscina | pileta | piscina | pileta | piscina | piscina | piscina | piscina | piscina | piscina |
| t-shirt | polera | remera | remera | remera | camiseta | polera | camiseta | camiseta | polo | franela |
| washing machine | lavadora | lavarropas | lavarropas | lavarropas | máquina de lavar roupa | lavadora | lavadora | lavadora | lavadora | lavadora |
The population of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay is 40, 16.8 and 3.6 million respectively.Buenos Aires is the largest metropolitan area at 13.1 million andSantiago, Chile has 6.4 million. Uruguay's capital and largest city,Montevideo, has 1.8 million, and it receives many visitors on ferry boats across theRío de la Plata from Buenos Aires, 200 km (120 mi) away.
By contrast, thePatagonia region of southern Chile and Argentina is very sparsely populated, with apopulation density of less than two people per square kilometer.
The population of the Southern Cone has been strongly influenced by waves of immigration fromEurope in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. People of directEuropean descent, make up 88% of total population ofUruguay, 85% of the total population ofArgentina and 65% of the total population ofChile. The remainder of the population in these countries consists predominantly of mestizos with a significant proportion of European ancestry.[24][25][26][27] InSão Paulo,Paraná,Rio Grande do Sul, andSanta Catarina self-identifiedwhite people are 61.3%; 70.0%; 82.3%; and 86.8% of the population respectively, with people ofItalian, Polish andGerman ancestry predominating.[28][29][30]
Italians started to emigrate to the Southern Cone as early as the second half of the 17th century,[31] and it became a mass phenomenon between 1880 and 1920 when Italy was facing social and economic disturbances.[32] As a consequence of mass Italian immigration, the Southern Cone has the largestItalian diaspora in the world,[29] with people of Italian descent being the majority in many places, with the highest percentage being inArgentina (62.5%Italian),[33] and in the southern Brazilian state ofSanta Catarina (60% Italian).[34] Among all Italians who immigrated to Brazil, 70% went to theState of São Paulo. In consequence, the State of São Paulo has more people with Italian ancestry than anyregion of Italy itself,[35] withSão Paulo city being the most populous city with Italian ancestry in the world,[36] of the 10 million inhabitants of São Paulo city, 60% (6 million people) have full or partial Italian ancestry (the largest city of Italy is Rome, with 2.5 million inhabitants).[37][38] Small towns, such asNova Veneza, have as much as 95% of their population of Italian descent.[39]
The region also has a largeGerman diaspora (second largest after theUnited States),[40] with People of German descent being 25% of the population ofRio Grande do Sul and 35% of the population ofSanta Catarina.[41][42] Residents of German descent even predominate in South Chile due toGerman colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue.
Mestizos make up 15.8% of the population and are a majority inParaguay.Native Americans make up 3% of the population, living in communities in Araucanía region in Chile.Mulattoes (people of European and African ancestry) mostly in Uruguay (0.2%), andAsians (1.0%), mostly in Argentina, the remaining 1.2%.[43]
There is also a strongArab presence in the Southern Cone, with people of full or at least partial Arab ancestry being 5% of the population ofUruguay andChile, 9.8% of the population ofBrazil, and 11% of the population ofArgentina.[44][45][46][47] Brazil has the largest number of Arabs outside theMiddle East, with 20 million Brazilians being descendants of Arabs,[46][48] while thePalestinian community in Chile is considered the largest outside theArab world.[49]
Since interethnic marriages are widespread in Latin America, complex ethnic classifications emerged, including more than a dozen of "racial" categories created in 18th centuryHispanic America, with notorious examples beingcastizo,morisco andcambujo. In Brazil, about 190 "racial" categories were detected by the Census of 1976.[50]
A study conducted on 218 individuals in 2010 by the Argentine geneticistDaniel Corach, has established that the genetic map of Argentina is composed of 79% different European ethnicities (mainly Spanish and Italian ethnicities), 18% of different indigenous ethnicities, and 4.3% of African ethnic groups, in which 63.6% of the tested group had at least one ancestor who wasIndigenous.[51][52]An autosomal DNA study from 2009 found the composition of the Argentine population to be 78.5% European, 17.3% Amerindian, and 4.2%Sub-Saharan African (SSA).[51] Blacks made up 25% of the population of Buenos Aires in 1810, 1822 and 1838. In 1887, the government decided to cease asking Argentine citizens about their race. According to Laura López, it was a way to "hide" the Black population, not only from the Census, but also from public opinion.[53][54]
Multiple studies concluded that Whites make 50-65% of theChilean population and the CIA concluded that 89% are Whites, Castizos and Mestizos.[55][56][57] The use of mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome test results show the following: The European component is predominant (91.0%, versus 9.0% of the aboriginal one) in the Chilean upper class,[58] the middle classes, 66.8%-62.3% European component[58][59] and 37.7%-33.2 of mixed aboriginal[58][60] and lower classes at 55–52.9% European component[58][59] and 47.1%-45% mix of Aboriginal.[58][59]
A DNA study from 2009, published in theAmerican Journal of Human Biology, showed the genetical composition of Uruguay to be mainly European, but with Native American (which varies from 1% to 20% in different parts of the country) and also SSA (7% to 15% in different parts of the country).[61]
Similar to the rest of Latin America, the genetic ancestry of the population of the Southern Cone reflects the history of the continent: the Iberian colonizers were mostly men who arrived without women. European immigration to this part of the world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries[25][62][63] brought more European and Middle Eastern components to the local population.
The Southern Cone is the most prosperous region in Latin America. The region has relatively highstandard of living andquality of life. Chile's, Argentina's, and Uruguay'sHDIs — (0.860), (0.849) and (0.830) — are the highest in Latin America, similar toEuropean countries likeCroatia,Portugal,Slovakia,Hungary orRomania.[64]
The region has a highlife expectancy, and access to health care and education.[65] InUruguay, illiteracy technically does not exist.
From an economic point of view, the Southern Cone countries has been praised for being the mostLibertarian and proFree market inLatin America that gave them the profile of "emerging economies".
Crime rate is significantly lower in this region compared other countries in Latin America.
Since thereturn to democracy, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay have experienced significant democratic stability. After enduring military dictatorships during the 1970s and 1980s, each country transitioned to democratic governance, leading to a more open and participatory political environment.
| Country | GDP per capita (PPP)[66] (2015 estimates) USD | Income equality[67] (2015) Gini index | Human Develop.[68] (2014 estimates) HDI | Environmental Perform.[69] (2014) EPI | Failed States Index[70] 2014 | Lack of Corruption[71] 2014 | Economic Freedom 2015 | Peace 2014 | Democracy[72] 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | 15,518 | 52.7 | 0.759 (H) | 52.9 | 64.8 | 43 | 56.6 | 2.073 | 7.12 |
| Central America[note 4] | 10,502 | 49.7 | 0.678 (M) | 51.0 | 68.8 | 37 | 62.2 | 2.058 | 6.45 |
| Mexico | 18,714 | 48.1 | 0.774 (H) | 55.0 | 71.1 | 35 | 66.4 | 2.500 | 6.91 |
| South America[note 5] | 11,955 | 47.5 | 0.715 (H) | 50.3 | 76.7 | 31 | 55.0 | 2.233 | 6.01 |
| Southern Cone[note 6] | 22,493 | 45.2 | 0.820 (VH) | 57.7 | 42.4 | 60 | 1.648 | 7.60 | 7.84 |
During the second half of 20th century, these countries were in some periods ruled byright-wingjuntas, military nationalistic dictatorships.Around the 1970s, these regimes collaborated inPlan Cóndor againstleftist opposition, includingurban guerrillas.[73]However, by the early 1980s Argentina and Uruguay restored their democracies; Chile followed suit in 1990.
| Candidate | Running mate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Javier Milei | Victoria Villarruel | La Libertad Avanza (alliance) | 14,554,560 | 55.65 | |
| Sergio Massa | Agustín Rossi | Union for the Homeland (alliance) | 11,598,720 | 44.35 | |
| Total | 26,153,280 | 100.00 | |||
| Valid votes | 26,153,280 | 96.79 | |||
| Invalid votes | 450,746 | 1.67 | |||
| Blank votes | 417,574 | 1.55 | |||
| Total votes | 27,021,600 | 100.00 | |||
| Registered voters/turnout | 35,405,398 | 76.32 | |||
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gabriel Boric | Apruebo Dignidad (alliance) | 4,620,890 | 55.87 | |
| José Antonio Kast | Christian Social Front (alliance) | 3,650,088 | 44.13 | |
| Total | 8,270,978 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 8,270,978 | 98.89 | ||
| Invalid votes | 68,802 | 0.82 | ||
| Blank votes | 24,130 | 0.29 | ||
| Total votes | 8,363,910 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 15,030,974 | 55.64 | ||
| Candidate | Running mate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yamandú Orsi | Carolina Cosse | Broad Front (alliance) | 1,212,833 | 52.00 | |
| Álvaro Delgado | Valeria Ripoll | Republican Coalition (alliance) | 1,119,537 | 48.00 | |
| Total | 2,332,370 | 100.00 | |||
| Valid votes | 2,332,370 | 95.72 | |||
| Invalid votes | 64,654 | 2.65 | |||
| Blank votes | 39,542 | 1.62 | |||
| Total votes | 2,436,566 | 100.00 | |||
| Registered voters/turnout | 2,727,120 | 89.35 | |||
Timeline of presidents
Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.
According to estimates by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), countersigned by the League of Arab States, Brazil has the largest Arab colony outside their countries of origin. There are estimated 15 million Arabs living in Brazil today, with some researchers suggesting numbers around 20 million.
there are, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, more than sixteen million Arabs and descendants of Arabs in Brazil, constituting the largest community of Arabs descent outside of the Middle East.
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