TheSouth Tyrolean independence movement (German:Südtiroler Unabhängigkeitsbewegung,Italian:Movimento d'Indipendenza dell'Alto Adige) is apolitical movement in theItalianautonomousprovince ofSouth Tyrol that calls for thesecession of the region from Italy and its reunification with theState of Tyrol,Austria. Concurrently, some groups favor the establishment of an interimFree State of South Tyrol as a sovereign nation while reintegration is organized.[1][2]
The entirety of contemporarySouth Tyrol was the core of theCounty of Tyrol of theHoly Roman Empire. After the death of Meinhard, the only son ofMargaret, Countess of Tyrol, in 1363 it became united with the hereditary land of the Habsburg dynasty, and was Austrian Crown Land for centuries except for a period during theNapoleonic Wars. After this it came under the jurisdiction of theAustrian Empire again in 1814. The popularity ofnationalism cast a prominent shadow over Europe following theNapoleonic Wars. TheTyrolean Rebellion occurred duringBavarian rule. In theKingdom of Italy, the fervor ofItalian irredentism was born in 1866. Irredentism entailed the unification of all territories on theItalian peninsula or those perceived to be Italian into a single nation.[3] South Tyrol, given its geographic location south of the Alps, and despite having a majority German-speaking, Austrian-oriented population, was often the subject of Italian calls for absorption into Italy.
At the onset of theFirst World War, Italy remained strictlyneutral. It was only on April 26, 1915 that Italy declared war on theCentral Powers. This change in attitude is attributed by historians to the secretive signing of theTreaty of London, which entailed that in exchange for Italy's support the country"shall obtain theTrentino, Cisalpine Tyrol with its geographical and natural frontier (the Brenner frontier)"[4] from the German-alignedAustro-Hungarian Empire. Despite petitions from public officials in South Tyrol and reassurances fromUnited StatesPresidentWoodrow Wilson that the "readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality,"[5][6][7] southernTyrol andTrentino fell under Italian military administration with the signing of theTreaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in September 1919.[8]
The rise to power ofBenito Mussolini andFascism in Italy in 1922 produced a strong desire for cultural assimilation via a policy ofItalianization, which sought the elimination of theGerman language in speech and education, as well as everyday use, such as dual language notices on road signs and in advertisements.[9] At the onset ofWorld War II, Italy andNazi Germany converged to form theAxis powers. Under theSouth Tyrol Option Agreement, the two countries agreed to compel South Tyrolese (or South Tyroleans) who resisted Italianization to immigrate into theGreater Germanic Reich. 86% of South Tyrolese complied with resettlement in territories controlled (or occupied) by Germany. While most of the immigrants returned after the war, these policies resulted in the permanent departure of 75,000 of the populace.[10] Linguistic reforms were instituted following the Fascist regime's overthrow in 1945, restoring most of the basic rights of South Tyrolese that had been previously revoked.
South Tyrol was granted the status of anautonomous area by an agreement between theGovernment of Italy and local officials in 1972.[11] This entailed a much greater level ofself-government in the province; the extent of which was a topic of heated debate until a final agreement between the governments of Austria and Italy in 1992.[12] South Tyrol's designation as a self-governing province grants it an abundance of privileges; for example, only 10% of the taxes paid in South Tyrol go to the Italian central government.[1]
The earliest post-war activism for South Tyrol's removal from Italy can be found in theSouth Tyrolean Liberation Committee, which conducted bombings of Italian infrastructure and fascist monuments primarily between the mid-1950s and 1961. The most notable of these incidents was theNight of Fire on June 12, 1961, in which a large electrical supply unit was destroyed via explosives.[13] The incident was followed by a series of bombings and ambushes on carabinieri and other security forces, with the1967 attack on a patrol at Cima Vallona being the most notorious.[14]
Years after the Liberation Committee ceased activity came theEin Tirol, afar rightterrorist organization which followed in the footsteps of its predecessor by executing the explosive damage of various relics of Italian fascism as well as historic memorials. Since the mid-1980s the extremist group has taken on a far less prominent and violent role in the independence movement; in 2009 a mountainside overlooking celebrations of theSacred Heart of Jesus feast was burned to spell out the name of the group.[15]
Somepolitical parties advocating South Tyrol's secession have risen to minor prominence on both the local and national levels, among them theSouth Tyrolean Freedom,Die Freiheitlichen andCitizens' Union for South Tyrol.[16] These parties nicknamed the "Patriotic camp" encompass 4 of the 35 seats of the South Tylorean Provincial Council, with theautonomist South Tylorean People's Party consistently coming on top of the coalition above in elections.[17] The movements specific to South Tyrol do not maintain a relationship with theLega Nord, whose agenda is sometimes dedicated to the establishment of an independent state ofPadania in Northern Italy.[18]
Polls held by the Austrian research institute Karmasin show that 54% of German orLadin-speaking South Tyroleans would support secession from Italy, while 46% of the total population (including Italians) would encourage South Tyrol's secession.[2]
Listed below are percentages, obtained via census, of South Tyrol's population, based on their first language:[19][20]
| Year | German | Italian | Ladin | Others | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1880 | 90.6 | 3.4 | 4.3 | 1.7 | Austria-Hungary |
| 1890 | 89.0 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 2.3 | Austria-Hungary |
| 1900 | 88.8 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.2 | Austria-Hungary |
| 1910 | 89.0 | 2.9 | 3.8 | 4.3 | Austria-Hungary |
| 1921 | 75.9 | 10.6 | 3.9 | 9.6 | Italy |
| 1961 | 62.2 | 34.3 | 3.4 | 0.1 | Italy |
| 1971 | 62.9 | 33.3 | 3.7 | 0.1 | Italy |
| 1981 | 64.9 | 28.7 | 4.1 | 2.2 | Italy |
| 1991 | 65.3 | 26.5 | 4.2 | 4.0 | Italy |
| 2001 | 64.0 | 24.5 | 4.0 | 7.4 | Italy |
| 2011 | 61.5 | 23.1 | 4.0 | 11.4 | Italy |
| 2024 | 57.6 | 22.6 | 3.7 | 16.1 | Italy |
Tensions over the fair treatment and acknowledgement of minority-language speakers have been a historical justification for separatism, although their protection is cemented by a law passed in November 1991.[21]
South Tyrol is among the wealthiest provinces of Italy[1] with aGDP per capita of €32,000.[22] This being said, Italy is a nation which has suffered unrelenting decline since the birth of theEurozone crisis in 2009. In 2012 the region was projected to allocate 120 millioneuros towards stabilizing the national budget of Italy. To accomplish this, the region was forced to heighten taxes and fees on crop production, a move which pundits say violates South Tyrol's status as an autonomous region.Eva Klotz, founder and representative of South Tyrolean Freedom in the local parliament, has reflected much of current German-speaking South Tyrolean sentiment in stating that the region "shouldn't be dragged down" with the rest of Italy.[23]
The treatment and absorption of South Tyrol have often been a source of strain in the foreign relations between Italy and Austria. In the immediate aftermath of World War II, thetransitional Austrian government expressed concern for the treatment ofAustrian andLadinethnic minorities in South Tyrol. This was settled via the signing of Paris Treaty by the two parties on September 5, 1946, outlining a platform for South Tyrol's autonomy and the protection of minorities.[10] However, the changes dictated by the treaty went largely unimplemented, resulting in an Austrian appeal on the situation to theUnited Nations in 1961.[10] Austria disputed Italy's sovereignty over South Tyrol until the issuing of the aforementioned autonomy package in 1992; in the mid-1990s the Austrian government asked their Italian counterparts to offer amnesty to jailed independence activists, the majority of whom had been engaged in the bombing campaign during the 1950s and 60s.[21]
TheFreedom Party of Austria has encouraged the distribution ofAustrian citizenship to South Tyroleans, although the Austrian government has repeatedly turned down this request.[24] In 2019, 247 Austrians settled in South Tyrol, while 942 South Tyroleans immigrated to Austria.[25]
