Autonomous Province of Bolzano – South Tyrol Autonome Provinz Bozen – Südtirol(Austrian German) Provincia autonoma di Bolzano – Alto Adige(Italian) Provinzia autonoma de Balsan/Bulsan – Südtirol(Ladin)
TheAtlas Tyrolensis, showing the entire County of Tyrol, printed in Vienna in 1774
South Tyrol has a considerable level of self-government, consisting of a large range of exclusive legislative and executive powers and a fiscal regime that allows it to retain 90% of revenue, while remaining a net contributor to the national budget. As of 2023, it is Italy's wealthiest province and among the wealthiest in theEuropean Union. As of 2024, South Tyrol was also the region with the lowest number of persons at risk ofpoverty orsocial exclusion in the EU, with 6.6% of the population compared to the EU mean of 21.4%.[7]
In the wider context of the EU, the province is one of the three members of theTyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion, which corresponds almost exactly to the historical region ofTyrol.[8]
According to the 2024 census, 57.6% of the population used German as its first language; 22.6% of the population spoke Italian, mainly in and around the two largest cities (Bolzano andMerano); 3.7% spokeLadin, aRhaeto-Romance language; and 16.1% of the population (mainly recent immigrants) spoke another language in addition to Italian and German. Of116 South Tyrolean municipalities, 102 have a German-speaking, eight a Ladin-speaking, and six an Italian-speaking majority.[9] TheItalianization of South Tyrol and the settlement of Italians from the rest of Italy after 1918 significantly modified local demographics.[10][11]
A map from 1874 showingSouth Tirol with approximately the borders of today's South andEast Tyrol
South Tyrol (occasionallySouth Tirol) is the term most commonly used in English for the province,[12] and its usage reflects that it was created from a portion of the southern part of the historicCounty of Tyrol, a former state of theHoly Roman Empire andcrown land of theAustrian Empire of theHabsburgs. German and Ladin speakers usually refer to the area asSüdtirol; the Italian equivalentSudtirolo (sometimes parsedSud Tirolo[13]) is becoming increasingly common.[14]
Alto Adige (literally translated in English: "Upper Adige"), one of the Italian names for the province, is also used in English.[15] The term had been the name of political subdivisions along theAdige River in the time ofNapoleon Bonaparte,[16][17] who created theDepartment of Alto Adige, part of theNapoleonic Kingdom of Italy. It was reused as the Italian name of the current province after its post-World War I creation, and was a symbol of the subsequent forcedItalianization of South Tyrol.[18]
The official name of the province today in German isAutonome Provinz Bozen — Südtirol. German speakers usually refer to it not as aProvinz, but as aLand (like theLänder of Germany and Austria).[19] Provincial institutions are referred to using the prefixLandes-, such asLandesregierung (state government) andLandeshauptmann (governor).[20]The official name in Italian isProvincia autonoma di Bolzano — Alto Adige, in LadinProvinzia autonoma Bulsan — Südtirol.[21][22]
South Tyrol as an administrative entity originated during theFirst World War. TheAllies promised the area to Italy in theTreaty of London of 1915 as an incentive to enter the war on their side. Until 1918, it was part of theAustro-Hungarian princelyCounty of Tyrol, but this almost completely German-speaking territory was occupied by Italy at the end of the war in November 1918 and was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy in 1919. The province as it exists today was created in 1926 after an administrative reorganization of theKingdom of Italy, and was incorporated together with the province of Trento into the newly created region ofVenezia Tridentina ("TrentineVenetia").
With the rise ofItalian Fascism, the new regime made efforts to bring forward theItalianization of South Tyrol. The German language was banished from public service, German teaching was officially forbidden, and German newspapers were censored (with the exception of the fascisticAlpenzeitung). The regime also favoured immigration from other Italian regions.
The subsequent alliance betweenAdolf Hitler andBenito Mussolini declared that South Tyrol would not follow the destiny of Austria, whichhad been annexed byNazi Germany. Instead the dictators agreed that the German-speaking population be transferred to German-ruled territory or dispersed around Italy, but the outbreak of theSecond World War prevented them from fully carrying out their plans.[23] Every citizen was given the choice to give up their German cultural identity and stay in fascist Italy, or to leave their homeland for Nazi Germany to retain their cultural identity. This resulted in the division of South Tyrolese families.
In this tense relationship for the population,Walter Caldonazzi from Mals was part of the resistance group around the priestHeinrich Maier, which passed plans and information about production facilities forV-1 rockets,V-2 rockets,Tiger tanks,Messerschmitt Bf 109, andMesserschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft to the Allies. The group planned for an independent Austria with a monarchical form of government after the war, which would include Austria, Bavaria and South Tyrol.[24][25]
Austrians demonstrating in 1946 at a peace conference in favour of having the southern Tyrol region returned to Austria
After the war, the Allies decided that the province would remain a part of Italy, under the condition that the German-speaking population be granted a significant level of self-government. Italy and Austria negotiated an agreement in 1946, recognizing the rights of the German minority.Alcide De Gasperi, Italy's prime minister, a native of Trentino, wanted to extend the autonomy to his fellow citizens. This led to the creation of the region calledTrentino-Alto Adige/Tiroler Etschland. TheGruber–De Gasperi Agreement of September 1946 was signed by the Italian and Austrian Foreign Ministers, creating the autonomous region ofTrentino-South Tyrol, consisting of the autonomous provinces ofTrentino and South Tyrol. German and Italian were both made official languages, and German-language education was permitted once more. Still Italians were the majority in the combined region.
This, together with the arrival of new Italian-speaking immigrants, led to strong dissatisfaction among South Tyrolese, which culminated in terrorist acts perpetrated by theBefreiungsausschuss Südtirol (BAS – Liberation Committee of South Tyrol). In the first phase, only public edifices and fascist monuments were targeted. The second phase was bloodier, costing 21 lives (15 members of Italian security forces, two civilians, and four terrorists).
The South Tyrolean Question (Südtirolfrage) became an international issue. As the implementation of the post-war agreement was deemed unsatisfactory by the Austrian government, it became a cause of significant friction with Italy and was taken up by theUnited Nations in 1960. A fresh round of negotiations took place in 1961 but proved unsuccessful, partly because of the campaign ofterrorism.
The issue was resolved in 1971, when a new Austro-Italian treaty was signed and ratified. It stipulated that disputes in South Tyrol would be submitted for settlement to theInternational Court of Justice inThe Hague, that the province would receive greater autonomy within Italy, and that Austria would not interfere in South Tyrol's internal affairs. The new agreement proved broadly satisfactory to the parties involved, and the separatist tensions soon eased.
The autonomous status granted in 1972 has resulted in a considerable level of self-government,[26] and also allows the entity to retain almost 90% of all levied taxes.[27]
Plaque at a German-language school in both Italian and German
In 1992, Italy and Austria officially ended their dispute over the autonomy issue on the basis of the agreement of 1972.[28]
The extensive self-government[26] provided by the current institutional framework has been advanced as a model for settling interethnic disputes and for the successful protection of linguistic minorities.[29] This is among the reasons why the Ladin municipalities ofCortina d'Ampezzo/Anpezo,Livinallongo del Col di Lana/Fodom andColle Santa Lucia/Col have asked in a referendum to be detached from Veneto and reannexed to the province, from which they were separated under the fascist government.[30]
During theCOVID-19 pandemic in 2020, South Tyrol maintained regular cross-border activities. It passed a law to reopen early from lockdown, and supplied face masks (via Austria) to the rest of Italy during a national shortage.[31]
In 1996, theEuroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino was formed. As well as South Tyrol, the other members are the Austrian federal stateTyrol to the north and east and the Italianautonomous province of Trento to the south. The boundaries of the association correspond to the old County of Tyrol. The aim is to promote regional peace, understanding and cooperation in many areas. The region's assemblies meet together as one on various occasions, and have set up a common liaison office with theEuropean Union in Brussels.
South Tyrol is located at the northernmost point in Italy. The province is bordered by Austria to the east and north, specifically by the Austrian statesTyrol andSalzburg, and by theSwiss canton ofGraubünden to the west. The Italian provinces ofBelluno,Trentino, andSondrio border to the southeast, south, and southwest, respectively.
The landscape itself is mostly cultivated with different types ofshrubs andforests and is highly mountainous.
Entirely located in theAlps, the province's landscape is dominated by mountains. The highest peak is theOrtler (3,905 metres, 12,812 ft) in the far west, which is also the highest peak in theEastern Alps outside theBernina Range. Even more famous are the craggy peaks of theDolomites in the eastern part of the region.
The following mountain groups are (partially) in South Tyrol. All but the Sarntal Alps are on the border with Austria, Switzerland, or other Italian provinces. The ranges are clockwise from the west and for each the highest peak is given that is within the province or on its border.
The province is divided into eight districts (German:Bezirksgemeinschaften, Italian:comunità comprensoriali), one of them being the chief city of Bolzano. Each district is headed by a president and two bodies called the district committee and the district council. The districts are responsible for resolving intermunicipal disputes and providing roads, schools, and social services such as retirement homes.
Climatically, South Tyrol may be divided into five distinct groups:
TheAdige valley area, with cold winters (24-hour averages in January of about 0 °C (32 °F)) and warm summers (24-hour averages in July of about 23 °C (73 °F)), usuallyclassified ashumid subtropical climate — Cfa. It has the driest and sunniest climate of the province. The main city in this area isBolzano.
The midlands, between 300 and 900 metres (980 and 2,950 ft), with cold winters (24-hour averages in January between −3 and 1 °C (27 and 34 °F)) and mild summers (24-hour averages in July between 15 and 21 °C (59 and 70 °F)). This is a typicaloceanic climate, classified as Cfb. It is usually wetter than the subtropical climate, and very snowy during the winters. During the spring and autumn, there is an extended foggy season, but fog may occur even on summer mornings. Main towns in this area areMeran,Bruneck,Sterzing, andBrixen. Near the lakes in higher lands (between 1,000 and 1,400 metres (3,300 and 4,600 ft)) the humidity may make the climate in these regions milder during winter, but also cooler in summer, making it more similar to asubpolar oceanic climate, Cfc.
Meran/Merano in the summer
The alpine valleys between 900 and 1,400 metres (3,000 and 4,600 ft), with a typicallyhumid continental climate — Dfb, covering the largest part of the province. The winters are usually very cold (24-hour averages in January between −8 and −3 °C (18 and 27 °F)), and the summers, mild with averages between 14 and 19 °C (57 and 66 °F). It is a very snowy climate; snow may occur from early October to April or even May. Main municipalities in this area areUrtijëi,Badia,Sexten,Toblach,Stilfs,Vöran, andMühlwald.
The alpine valleys between 1,400 and 1,700 metres (4,600 and 5,600 ft), with asubarctic climate — Dfc, with harsh winters (24-hour averages in January between −9 and −5 °C (16 and 23 °F)) and cool, short, rainy and foggy summers (24-hour averages in July of about 12 °C (54 °F)). These areas usually have five months below the freezing point, and snow sometimes occurs even during the summer, in September. This climate is the wettest of the province, with large rainfalls during the summer, heavy snowfalls during spring and fall. The winter is usually a little drier, marked by freezing and dry weeks, although not sufficiently dry to be classified as a Dwc climate. Main municipalities in this area areCorvara,Sëlva,Santa Cristina Gherdëina.
The highlands above 1,700 metres (5,600 ft), with analpinetundra climate, ET, which becomes anice cap climate, EF, above 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). The winters are cold, but sometimes not as cold as the higher valleys' winters. In January, most of the areas at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) have an average temperature of about −5 °C (23 °F), while in the valleys at about 1,600 metres (5,200 ft), the mean temperature may be as low as −8 or −9 °C (18 or 16 °F). The higher lands, above 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) are usually extremely cold, with averages of about −14 °C (7 °F) during the coldest month, January.
Langkofel group in the western Dolomites in winter
The periadriatic seam, which separates theSouthern Alps from theCentral Alps, runs through South Tyrol in a southwest–northeast direction. In South Tyrol at least three of the four main structural elements of the Alps come to light: the Southern Alpine comes to light south of the periadriatic suture, the Eastern Alpine north of it, and in the northern part of the country, east of the Brenner Pass, the Tauern window, in which the Peninsular and, according to some authors, the Helvetic are visible.[33]
In South Tyrol, the following structure can be roughly recognized: The lowest floor forms the crystalline basement. About 280 million years ago, in the Lower Permian, multiple magmatic events occurred. At that time the Brixengranite was formed at the northern boundary of the Southern Alps, and at about the same time, further south in the Bolzano area, there was strongvolcanic activity that formed the Adige Valley volcanic complex. In the Upper Permian a period began in which sedimentary rocks were formed. At first, these were partly clastic sediments, among which the Gröden sandstone is found. In theTriassic, massive carbonate platforms of dolomitic rocks then formed; this process was interrupted in the Middle Triassic by a brief but violent phase of volcanic activity.
In South Tyrol, theEastern Alps consist mainly of metamorphic rocks, such as gneisses or mica schists, with occasional intercalations of marble andMesozoic sedimentary rocks with metamorphic overprint (e.g., in the Ortler or southwest of the Brenner). Various metamorphic rocks are found in the Tauern Window, such as Hochstegen marble (as in Wolfendorn), Grünschiefer (as in Hochfeiler), or rocks of the Zentralgneiss (predominantly in the area of the Zillertal Main Ridge).[34]
The province of South Tyrol has placed numerous geological natural monuments under protection. Among the best known are the Bletterbach Gorge, a 12 km (7½ mile) long canyon in the municipality of Aldein, and theRitten Earth Pyramids, which are the largest in Europe with a height of up to 30 metres (98 ft).[35]
According to the Alpine Association, South Tyrol is home to 13 mountain groups of the Eastern Alps, of which only the Sarntal Alps are entirely within national borders. The remaining twelve are (clockwise, starting from the west): Sesvenna Group, Ötztal Alps, Stubai Alps, Zillertal Alps, Venediger Group, Rieserferner Group, Villgratner Mountains, Carnic Alps, Dolomites, Fleimstal Alps, Nonsberg Group and Ortler Alps. Of particular note are the Dolomites, parts of which were recognized byUNESCO in 2009 as a "Dolomite World Heritage Site".
Although some isolated massifs approach 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) and show strongglaciation (especially in the Ortler Alps and on the main ridge of the Alps), South Tyrol is by far dominated by mountains with altitudes of between 2,000 and 3,000 metres (6,600 and 9,800 ft). Among the multitude of peaks, theDolomites are the highest in the Alps. Among the large number of peaks, three stand out for their alpine or cultural importance: theOrtler (3,905 metres, 12,812 ft) as the highest mountain in South Tyrol, theSchlern (2,563 metres, 8,409 ft) as the country's "landmark" and theDrei Zinnen (2,999 metres, 9,839 ft) as the center of alpine climbing. Other well-known mountains are theKönigspitze (3,851 metres, 12,635 ft), theWeißkugel (3,739 metres, 12,267 ft), theSimilaun (3,599 metres, 11,808 ft), theHochwilde (3,480 metres, 11,417 ft), the Sarner Weißhorn (2,705 metres, 8,875 ft), the Hochfeiler (3,509 metres, 11,512 ft), the Dreiherrnspitze (3,499 metres, 11,480 ft), the Hochgall (3,436 metres, 11,273 ft), the Peitlerkofel (2,875 metres, 9,432 ft), the Langkofel (3,181 metres, 10,436 ft) and the Rosengartenspitze (2,981 metres, 9,780 ft).
The extensive mountainlandscapes, about 34% of the total area of South Tyrol, are alpine pastures (including the 57 square kilometres (22 sq mi) of the great Alpe di Siusi). Along the main valleys, the mountain ranges descend in many places to valley bottoms over gently terraced landscapes, which are geological remains of formervalley systems; situated between inhospitable high mountains and formerly boggy or deeply incised valley bottoms, these areas known as the "Mittelgebirge" (including, for example, the Schlern area) are of particular importance in terms of settlementhistory.[36]
The three main valleys of South Tyrol are theAdige Valley, theEisack Valley and thePuster Valley, formed by the Ice Age Adige glacier and its tributaries. The highest part of the Adige valley in western South Tyrol, from Reschen (1,507 metres or 4,944 feet) to Töll (approx. 500 metres or 1,600 feet) near Merano, is called Vinschgau; the southernmost section, from Bolzano to Salurner Klause (207 metres or 679 feet), is divided into Überetsch and Unterland. From there, the Adige Valley continues in a southerly direction until it merges with the Po plain atVerona.
At Bolzano, the Eisack Valley merges into the Adige Valley. The Eisack Valley runs from Bolzano northeastward to Franzensfeste, where it merges with the Wipp Valley, which runs first northwestward and then northward over the Brenner Pass to Innsbruck. In the town of Brixen, the Eisack Valley meets the Puster Valley, which passes through Bruneck and reaches Lienz via the Toblacher Sattel (1,210 metres or 3,970 feet). In addition to the three main valleys, South Tyrol has a large number of side valleys. The most important and populated side valleys are (from west to east) Sulden, Schnals, Ulten, Passeier, Ridnaun, the Sarntal, Pfitsch, Gröden, the Gadertal, the Tauferer Ahrntal and Antholz.
In mountainous South Tyrol, about 64.5% of the totalland area is above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) above sea level and only 14% below 1,000 metres (3,300 ft).[37] Therefore, a large part of thepopulation is concentrated in relatively small areas in the valleys at an altitude of between 100 and 1,200 metres (330 and 3,940 ft), mainly in the area of the extensive alluvial cones and broad basins. The most densely populated areas are in the Adige valley, where three of the four largest cities, Bolzano, Merano and Laives, are located. The flat valley bottoms are mainly used for agriculture.
The most important river in South Tyrol is theAdige, which rises at the Reschen Pass, flows for a distance of about 140 kilometres (87 mi) to the border at the Salurner Klause, and then flows into the Po Valley and the Adriatic Sea. The Adige, whose total length of 415 kilometres (258 mi) in Italy is exceeded only by thePo, drains 97% of the territory's surface area. Its river system also includes the Eisack, about 100 kilometres (62 mi) long, and the Rienz, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) long, the next two largest rivers in South Tyrol. They are fed by numerous rivers and streams in the tributary valleys. The most important tributaries are the Plima, the Passer, the Falschauer, the Talfer, the Ahr and the Gader. The remaining 3% of the area is drained by theDrava andInn river systems to theBlack Sea and by thePiave river system to theAdriatic Sea, respectively.[38]
In South Tyrol there are 176 naturallakes with an area of more than half ahectare (1¼ acre), most of which are located above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft)altitude. Only 13 natural lakes are larger than 5 ha, and only three of them are situated below 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) altitude: the Kalterer See (215 metres, 705 ft), the Großer (492 metres, 1,614 ft) and the KleinerMontiggler See (514 metres, 1,686 ft). Fourteen South Tyrolean reservoirs used for energy production include the Reschensee (1,498 metres, 4,915 ft), which with an area of 523 hectares (2.02 sq mi) forms the largest standing body of water in South Tyrol, the Zufrittsee (1,850 metres, 6,070 ft) and the Arzkarsee (2,250 metres, 7,382 ft).
Thenatural monuments designated by the province of South Tyrol include numerous hydrological objects, such as streams, waterfalls, moors, glaciers and mountain lakes like the Pragser Wildsee (1,494 metres, 4,902 ft), the Karersee (1,519 metres, 4,984 ft) or the Spronser Seen (2,117–2,589 metres, 6,946–8,494 ft).[39]
Approximately 50% of the area of South Tyrol is covered byforests,[40] another 40% is above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) and thus largely beyond the forest demarcation line, which varies between 1,900 and 2,200 metres (6,200 and 7,200 ft). In each case, more than half of the total forest area is located on land with a slope steeper than 20° and ataltitudes between 1,200 and 1,800 metres (3,900 and 5,900 ft). Approximately 24% of the forest area can be classified asprotective forest preserving settlements, traffic routes and other humaninfrastructure. A 1997 study classified about 35% of South Tyrol's forests as near-natural or natural, about 41% as moderately modified and about 24% as heavily modified or artificial. The forests are found in the valley bottoms.
The flat valley bottoms were originally completely covered withriparian forests, of which only very small remnants remain along therivers. The remaining areas have given way to settlements andagricultural land. On the valley slopes, sub-Mediterranean mixed deciduous forests are found up to 800 or 900 metres (2,600 or 3,000 ft) altitude, characterized mainly by manna ash, hop hornbeam, hackberry, sweet chestnut and downyoak. From about 600 metres (2,000 ft) of altitude, red beech or pine forests can appear instead, colonizing difficult and arid sites (more rarely). At altitudes between 800 and 1,500 metres (2,600 and 4,900 ft), spruce forests are found; between 900 and 2,000 metres (3,000 and 6,600 ft), montane and subalpine spruce forests predominate. The latter are often mixed with tree species such as larch, rowan, white pine andstone pine. The larch and stone pine forests at the upper edge of the forest belt occupy relatively small areas. Beyond the forest edge, subalpine dwarf shrub communities, alpinegrasslands and, lately, alpinetundra dominate the landscape as vegetation types.[41]
Since the end of the Second World War, the political scene of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano has been dominated by theSüdtiroler Volkspartei (SVP). Since its foundation, the SVP has consistently held a majority in the Provincial Council (an absolute majority until theelections of 27 October 2013) and has always provided the provincial governor, most members of the provincial government, as well as the mayors of the vast majority of South Tyrolean municipalities. Ideologically, it is a centrist party with Christian-democratic and Christian-social roots, but in practice it functions as a“big tent” (Sammelpartei in German), gathering the support of most German- and Ladin-speaking citizens, while remaining formally open to anyone. The SVP usually governs alone or in alliance with civic lists in smaller municipalities. In towns with stronger Italian-speaking populations, and at national or European level, it historically allied withChristian Democracy; after its collapse, it reached agreements first with center-left coalitions and later with theDemocratic Party, while always maintaining full political autonomy.
By the late 20th and early 21st century, theDie Freiheitlichen (“The Libertarians”) emerged as the second party in South Tyrol. Founded in 1992 and inspired by Austria’sFreedom Party, they position themselves on the right, focusing on defending South Tyrolean identity against what they see as outside influences. They call for stricter limits on immigration, hold conservative stances on civil rights (opposing gender quotas and the demands of the LGBT community), and are the strongest advocates of outright secession of South Tyrol from Italy to form a sovereign state. At times, they have collaborated at national level with theLega Nord.
More radical secessionist positions are represented bySüd-Tiroler Freiheit (“South Tyrolean Freedom”), founded in 2007 byEva Klotz, a leading figure of South Tyrolean irredentism, and theBürger Union für Südtirol (formerlyUnion für Südtirol). Both movements call for the province’s reunification with Austria and demand stronger protection for the German- and Ladin-speaking population. Though generally placed on the right, they prefer not to define themselves in rigid ideological terms. Together, independence-oriented parties have at times reached close to 30% of the vote in provincial elections. Except forDie Freiheitlichen, they usually abstain from fielding candidates in Italian national elections, as a way of rejecting Rome’s authority over South Tyrol.
On the left, theSozialdemokratische Partei Südtirols (Social Democratic Party of South Tyrol) briefly existed between 1973 and 1981, born from the left wing of the SVP but soon reabsorbed by it. Since the late 20th century, moderate left-wing voters have been represented within the SVP itself through theArbeitnehmer faction. Longer-lasting has been theVerdi del Sudtirolo (South Tyrolean Greens), founded in 1978 byAlexander Langer. An ecological party, the Greens also emphasize interethnic cooperation among the province’s language groups and have gradually established themselves as the province’s third political force.
Within the Italian-speaking community, Christian Democracy and theItalian Social Movement were long dominant until their dissolution. In the 2003 provincial elections,Alleanza Nazionale was the strongest Italian party; in 2008,Il Popolo della Libertà took that position, though with fewer votes than Alleanza Nazionale and Forza Italia had gained combined. The 2013 provincial elections saw a collapse of the Italian center-right, divided into multiple lists, and the Democratic Party emerged as the strongest Italian party. In 2018, however, Italian-speaking voters shifted back to the right, with the Lega Nord becoming both the largest Italian party and the third-largest overall in South Tyrol.
As for the Ladin community, theMoviment Politich Ladins represents Ladin-specific interests, though with modest results, since most Ladins continue to find representation within the SVP, which maintains a dedicated Ladin section.
The assembly building of South Tyrol
The local government system is based upon the provisions of theItalian Constitution and the Autonomy Statute of the RegionTrentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.[42] The 1972 second Statute of Autonomy for Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtiroldevolved most legislative and executive competences from the regional level to the provincial level, creatingde facto two separate regions.
The considerablelegislative power of the province is vested in an assembly, theLandtag of South Tyrol (German:Südtiroler Landtag; Italian:Consiglio della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano; Ladin:Cunsëi dla Provinzia Autonoma de Bulsan).The legislative powers of the assembly are defined by the second Statute of Autonomy.
The executive powers are attributed to thegovernment (German:Landesregierung; Italian:Giunta Provinciale) headed by theLandeshauptmannArno Kompatscher.[43] He belongs to theSouth Tyrolean People's Party, which has been governing with a parliamentary majority since 1948. South Tyrol is characterized by long sitting presidents, having only had two presidents between 1960 and 2014 (Silvius Magnago 1960–1989,Luis Durnwalder 1989–2014).
A fiscal regime allows the province to retain a large part of most levied taxes, in order to execute and administer its competences. Nevertheless, South Tyrol remains a net contributor to the Italian national budget.[44]
Widmann Palace in Bolzano, seat of the provincial government
The provincial government (Landesregierung) of South Tyrol (formerly also called provincial committee,Giunta provinciale inItalian,Junta provinziala inLadin) consists of a provincialgovernor and a variable number of provincialcouncilors. Currently (2021), the provincial government consists of eight provincial councilors and the provincial governor. The deputies of the provincial governor are appointed from among the provincial councilors. The current governor is Arno Kompatscher (SVP), his deputies are the provincial councilors Arnold Schuler (SVP), Giuliano Vettorato (LN) and Daniel Alfreider (SVP).
The Governor and the Provincial Councilors are elected byParliament by secret ballot with anabsolute majority of votes. The composition of the provincial government must in any case reflect theproportional distribution of the German and Italian language groups in the provincial parliament. In the past, this provision prevented the German-dominated South Tyrol People's Party (SVP) from governing alone and allowed Italian parties to participate in the provincial government. Since the Ladin language group, with just under 4% of South Tyrol's resident population, has little electoral potential, a separate provision in the autonomy statute allows Ladin representation in the provincial government regardless of their proportional representation in the provincial parliament.
The use of the proportional system (considered an appropriate tool to reflect the province’s ethnic composition) also applies to the election of municipal councillors, which in South Tyrol is technically separate from that of the mayor. In municipalities with fewer than 15,000 inhabitants, the mayor is the candidate who obtains a relative majority of votes (counting both those for the list and those cast directly for the candidate), while in municipalities with more than 15,000 inhabitants, the winner must surpass 50% of the vote; otherwise, a runoff is held. In both cases, the list or coalition of the winning candidate is not granted any majority bonus.
This can lead to cases of “minority mayors”: in 2010 inDobbiaco, the SVP failed to agree on a single list and therefore decided to run with two separate groups, each with its own candidate. Combined, they retained an absolute majority of councillors, but lost the mayoralty to the civic listIndipendenti–Unabhängige of Guido Bocher, who obtained a relative majority and was therefore elected mayor. Bocher initially found himself in the minority within the municipal council but later secured the SVP’s confidence, forming a coalition administration with his list. The same pattern repeated in 2015, when Bocher defeated the SVP candidate by a wide margin, even though the SVP still held the largest share of seats in the council; for the following five years, the coalition scheme continued.
A similar scenario has also occurred in larger cities: in 2005 in Bolzano, center-right candidate Giovanni Benussi won the runoff but failed to obtain the confidence of the municipal council (which had a center-left majority supported by the SVP), and was therefore forced to resign. In 2020 in Merano, incumbent mayor Paul Rösch was re-elected for a second term, but his lists did not gain a majority in the council and no agreement could be reached to broaden the coalition, forcing him likewise to resign.
Given the region's historical and cultural association with neighboring Austria, calls for the secession of South Tyrol and its reunification with Austria have surfaced from time to time among minor groups of German speakers; however, most of the population of South Tyrol does not support a separation.[45] Among the political parties that support South Tyrol's reunification into Austria areSouth Tyrolean Freedom,Die Freiheitlichen andCitizens' Union for South Tyrol.[46]
In 2023 South Tyrol had aGDP per capita of €62,100, making it the richest province in Italy and one of the richest in the European Union.[47][48]
The unemployment level in 2007 was roughly 2.4% (2.0% for men and 3.0% for women). Residents are employed in a variety of sectors, fromagriculture — the province is a large producer of apples, and itsSouth Tyrol wine are also renowned — toindustry toservices, especiallytourism. Spas located on the Italian Alps have become a favorite for tourists seeking wellness.[49]
South Tyrol is home to numerousmechanical engineering companies, some of which are the global market leaders in their sectors: the Leitner Group that specializes incable cars andwind energy, TechnoAlpin AG, which is the global market leader in snow-making technology and thesnow groomer companyPrinoth.
South Tyrol has a well-developed road network over 5,000 km in length. The most important transport infrastructure is the toll-based Brenner Motorway (A22), also called theAutostrada del Brennero, part of theEuropean Route E45. It also connects to theBrenner Autobahn in Austria. It runs through the region in a north–south direction from theBrenner Pass (1,370 m) past Brixen and Bolzano to the Salurner Klause (207 m). The Brenner is the Alpine pass with the highest volume of freight traffic.[51] In 2023, an average of 25,440 cars and 13,187 trucks traveled on the A22 each day.[52] The region is, together with northern and eastern Tyrol, an important transit point between southern Germany andNorthern Italy. Thevehicle registration plate of South Tyrol is the two-letter provincial codeBz for the capital city, Bolzano. Along with the autonomous Trentino (Tn) andAosta Valley (Ao), South Tyrol is allowed to surmount its license plates with its coat of arms.
The key towns, valleys, and passes of South Tyrol are connected bystate andprovincial roads, which since 1998 have been exclusively maintained and financed by the South Tyrolean provincial administration. In addition, there are numerousmunicipal roads. The busiest roads are the major state roads, particularly in the more densely populated areas. On theSS 38 serving the west of the region, which between Merano and Bolzano has been expanded into a four-lane expressway known as the MeBo, more than 41,000 daily journeys were recorded around Bolzano in 2024. The SS 42, which connects Bolzano with the Überetsch area, registered more than 24,000 daily journeys, theSS 12 (“Brenner State Road”) running parallel to the motorway at the entrance to the Eisack Valley had more than 20,000, and the SS 49 in the Puster Valley recorded more than 21,000 on some sections.
The mountainous terrain of South Tyrol requires a large number of complex engineering structures. On state and provincial roads alone, there are about 1,700bridges and 208 tunnels.[53] Mountain passes accessible to general motor traffic are particularly maintenance-intensive. Seven of these pass roads rise above 2,000 m in elevation, namely theStelvio Pass (2,757 m),Timmelsjoch (2,474 m),Sella Pass (2,218 m),Penser Joch (2,211 m),Gardena Pass (2,121 m),Jaufen Pass (2,094 m), andStaller Sattel (2,052 m).
The South Tyrolean rail network covers about 300 km of track. It is partly operated byRete Ferroviaria Italiana and partly by South Tyrolean Transport Structures.
TheBrenner Railway, part of theBerlin–Palermo axis, connectsInnsbruck via Bolzano andTrento withVerona, crossing the region in a north–south direction. TheBrenner Base Tunnel (BBT), currently under construction and expected to open in 2032, will run beneath the Brenner Pass, shifting much of the freight transit from road to rail. With a planned length of 55 kilometres (34 mi), this tunnel will increase freight train average speed to 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph) and reduce transit time by over an hour.[54] Western South Tyrol is served by the Bolzano–Merano line and the Vinschgau Railway, while thePuster Valley Railway linksFranzensfeste withInnichen and further connects to theDrava Valley Railway in Austrian East Tyrol. In addition, there are several smaller railways of primarily tourist significance, such as theRitten Railway and theMendel funicular. Somebranch lines, including theÜberetsch Railway andTaufers Railway, were closed between 1950 and 1971 with the rise of automobile traffic. Larger cities used to have their own tramway system, such as theMeran Tramway andBolzano Tramway. These were replaced after the Second World War with buses. Many other cities and municipalities have their own bus system or are connected with each other by it.
Long-distance domestic and international passenger services operate in South Tyrol only on the Brenner Railway. Cross-border regional passenger services exist on both the Brenner and Puster Valley railways.Freight traffic is also carried exclusively on the Brenner Railway, with around 11.7 million tonnes of goods transported in 2013.[55]
The inter-municipal cycling network has been steadily expanded for years and now covers more than 500 km.[56] The three main cycling routes through the region’s major valleys—Route 1 “Brenner–Salurn,” Route 2 “Vinschgau–Bolzano,” and Route 3 “Puster Valley”—are almost entirely continuous. Within Bolzano alone, the cycling network includes about 50 km of designated paths, accounting for around 30% of urban trips.
In 2024, South Tyrol had 354 cable car installations. Most serve winter sports areas, though some are also used for public transport. More than half of the installations were built after 2000.
Bolzano Airport is used for scheduled flights, charter flights, general aviation, and military purposes. There is alsoToblach Airfield, which is primarily military but also partly open to private users.
Cycle route 1,SS 12 andA22 between Kardaun and Blumau
All public transport in South Tyrol is integrated into theVerkehrsverbund Südtirol (South Tyrol Integrated Transport System). More than half of South Tyroleans have a South Tyrol Pass (SüdtirolPass), which allows contactless validation and travel on all network services.[57] These include intercity and urban buses (such as SASA), regional trains operated by SAD andTrenitalia, the Mendel and Ritten railways, and cable cars to Kohlern,Meransen,Mölten,Ritten, andVöran.
During the 2000s, the province of South Tyrol significantly expanded and improved the frequency of bus and train services. With the gradual introduction of the so-calledSouth Tyrol Takt (timetable system), half-hourly or hourly services were established on the main routes, with denser services at peak times and improved coordination between bus and rail.
German and Italian are both official languages of South Tyrol. In some eastern municipalities Ladin is the third official language.
A majority of the inhabitants of contemporary South Tyrol speak the nativeSouthern Bavarian dialect of the German language.Standard German plays a dominant role in education and media. All citizens have the right to use their own mother tongue, even at court. Schools are separated for each language group. All traffic signs are officially bi- or trilingual. Most Italian place names were translated from German by ItalianEttore Tolomei, the author of theProntuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige.[58]
At the time of the annexation of the southern part ofTyrol by Italy in 1920, the overwhelming majority of the population spoke German: in 1910, according to the last population census beforeWorld War I, the German-speaking population numbered 224,000, the Ladin 9,000 and the Italian 7,000.[10]
At the 2024 census, German speakers made up 68.61% of the province's Italian citizens,[59] or 57.6% when considering the total population of the autonomous province. In private and public life within the German-speaking community, an AlpineAustro-Bavarian dialect (theSouth Tyrolean dialect) predominates, characterized by a certain presence of Romance-derived vocabulary. Standard German in itsAustrian variant remains the language taught in schools, used in written communication, and in official settings. The German-speaking group is the majority in 102 out of 116 municipalities (reaching as high as 99.52% inMoos in Passeier); in as many as 75 of these municipalities, the German language group constitutes more than 90% of residents.
According to the 2024 ASTAT language census, 26.98% of the Italian citizens who are residents of South Tyrol are Italian-speakers[60] (they were 33.31%, 138,000 of 414,000 inhabitants in 1971), or 22.6% when considering the total population of the autonomous province.[61] The Italian-speaking population lives mainly around the provincial capitalBolzano, where they are the majority (74.7% of the inhabitants). The other fivemunicipalities where the Italian-speaking population is the majority areMerano (51.37%),Laives (74.47%),Salorno (62.49%),Bronzolo (63.46%) andVadena (61.52%). Italian speakers, coming from various regions, use mainly Standard Italian in daily life, while in the South of South Tyrol (Bassa Atesina) the Trentino dialect is also common.[62]
At the time of the decennial population census, every citizen over the age of 14 is required to declare their belonging to one of the three language groups. Based on the results, positions in public employment, public housing, and subsidies for institutions and associations are allocated according to the ethnic proportional system. Schools are organized separately for each language group. Even some associations attract members predominantly from only one linguistic group, such as theClub Alpino Italiano and theAlpenverein Südtirol, and evenCaritas maintains separate sections.
With regard to schooling in particular, teaching is provided exclusively in either Italian or German, according to linguistic affiliation, by native-speaking teachers. A mitigating element is the learning of the other language beginning in the first or second year of primary school (as if it were a foreign language). At the level of the provincial government, there are three distinct departments: one each for German-language, Italian-language and Ladin-language education.
Demographic composition of South Tyrol by language group (1880–2011) – Absolute numbers and percentages
Year
Italian speakers
German speakers
Ladin speakers
Others
Total
1880
6 884 (3,4%)
186 087 (90,6%)
8 822 (4,3%)
3 513 (1,7%)
205 306
1890
9 369 (4,5%)
187 100 (89,0%)
8 954 (4,3%)
4 862 (2,3%)
210 285
1900
8 916 (4,0%)
197 822 (88,8%)
8 907 (4,0%)
7 149 (3,2%)
222 794
1910
7 339 (2,9%)
223 913 (89,0%)
9 429 (3,8%)
10 770 (4,3%)
251 451
1921
27 048 (10,6%)
193 271 (75,9%)
9 910 (3,9%)
24 506 (9,6%)
254 735
1931
65,503 (23,2%)
195,177 (69,2%)
n.a.
21 478 (7,6%)
282 158
1953
114,568 (33,1%)
214,257 (61,9%)
12 696 (3,7%)
4 251 (1,3%)
345 772
1961
128,271 (34,3%)
232 717 (62,2%)
12 594 (3,4%)
281 (0,1%)
373 863
1971
137,759 (33,3%)
260 351 (62,9%)
15 456 (3,7%)
475 (0,1%)
414 041
1981
123,695 (28,7%)
279 544 (64,9%)
17 736 (4,1%)
9 593 (2,2%)
430 568
1991
116,914 (26,5%)
287 503 (65,3%)
18 434 (4,2%)
17 657 (4,0%)
440 508
2001
113,494 (24,5%)
296 461 (64,0%)
18 736 (4,0%)
34 308 (7,4%)
462 999
2011
118,120 (23,3%)
314 604 (62,2%)
20 548 (4,0%)
51 795 (10,5%)
505 067
The linguistic breakdown of residents with Italian citizenship according to the census of 2024:[63]
The majority of the population is Christian, mostly in the Catholic tradition. TheRoman Catholic Diocese of Bolzano-Brixen corresponds to the territory of the province of South Tyrol. Since 27 July 2011 the bishop of Bolzano-Brixen is Ivo Muser.
The vast majority of the population of South Tyrol is baptized Catholic. There isarchaeological evidence of early Christian sites in the area as early as Late Antiquity;[64] Säben in the Eisack Valley became an important ecclesiastical center during this period, which was only replaced by Brixen as an episcopal see in the lateMiddle Ages. The territory of present-day South Tyrol was divided forcenturies between the dioceses of Brixen, Chur (until 1808/1816) and Trent (until 1964).[65]
The most famous bishop of Brixen was the polymath Nicholas of Cusa. Important figures of the regionalecclesiastical life in the 19th century were the beatified bishop of Trent Johann Nepomuk von Tschiderer and the mystic Maria von Mörl.
In 1964, with reference to modern political boundaries, the Bishopric of Brixen, which had lost its extensive territories of North and East Tyrol afterWorld War I, was enlarged to form the Diocese of Bolzano-Brixen, whose extension is now identical to that of the province of South Tyrol. Since then, the faithful have been led by Bishops Joseph Gargitter (1964-1986), Wilhelm Egger (1986-2008), Karl Golser (2008-2011) and Ivo Muser (since 2011). The diocese comprises 28 deaneries and 281 parishes (in 2014), 23 its episcopal churches are theCathedral of Brixen and theCathedral of Bolzano. Cassian and Vigilius are venerated as diocesan patrons.[66] Important references in the current discourses of the local Catholic Church are St. Joseph Freinademetz and Blessed Joseph Mayr-Nusser.
There is aLutheran community inMerano (founded 1861) and another one inBolzano (founded 1889). Since the Middle Ages theJewish presence has been documented in South Tyrol. In 1901 theSynagogue of Merano was built. As of 2015, South Tyrol was home to about 14,000Muslims.[67]
South Tyrol has long-standing traditions, mainly inherited from its membership in the historicalTyrol. TheSchützen associations are particularly fond of Tyrolean traditions.
A Musikkapelle in historic Tyrolean costumes
The Scheibenschlagen are the traditional "throwing of burning discs" on the first Sunday of Lent, the Herz-Jesu-Feuer are the "fires of theSacred Heart of Jesus" that are lit on the third Sunday afterPentecost. TheKrampus are disguiseddemons who accompany St Nicholas.
There are also severallegends andsagas linked to the peoples of the Dolomites; among the best known are the legend ofKing Laurin and that of theKingdom of Fanes, which belongs to theLadin mythological heritage.
Alpine Transhumance (from GermanAlmabtrieb), is a farm practice: every year, between September and October, the livestock that stayed on the high pastures is brought back to the valley, with traditional music and dances. Especially, the transhumance between theÖtztal (in Austria) andSchnals Valley andPasseier Valley was recognised byUNESCO as universal intangible heritage in 2019.[68]
The South Tyrolean school system is based in its fundamentals on the standardeducation system in Italy. Within the framework of South Tyrol’s educational autonomy, however, it has been modified by reforms in lower and upper secondary levels to meet local needs. The Italian school system distinguishes between primary school (five years), lower secondary school (scuola media, three years), and upper secondary school (three to five years). Primary and lower secondary school are conceived as comprehensive schools. After completing lower secondary school, pupils are free to choose among various five-year upper secondary schools, including grammar schools, business-oriented high schools, andtechnical high schools, or alternatively to attend a three- to four-year vocational school. A high school diploma is obtained by passing the state final examination.
A peculiarity of South Tyrol is the coexistence of German, Italian, and Ladin schools. The schools of the three language groups differ essentially in the language of instruction: in German schools, lessons are taught in German; in Italian schools, in Italian; in Ladin schools, roughly equally in German and Italian, while Ladin is used only as a separate subject. In addition to public schools, there are also several private schools in South Tyrol, such as the Franciscan High School in Bolzano and the Vinzentinum in Brixen. Since 2003, compulsory school students have regularly taken part in evaluations coordinated by the OECD, whose results are published at the provincial level as separate South Tyrolean PISA results.
Rectorate building of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano
In terms of higher education, theUniversity of Innsbruck, founded in 1669, has traditionally been regarded as the “regional university” for the federal state ofTyrol, South Tyrol,Vorarlberg, and thePrincipality of Liechtenstein. In South Tyrol, theFree University of Bozen-Bolzano (FUB) was established from 1997 as a complementary institution. It has three campuses (Bozen, Brixen, and Bruneck), housing the faculties of Economics, Computer Science, Design and Arts, Natural Sciences and Engineering, and Education. In addition to the FUB, institutions such as the Philosophical-Theological College of Brixen, the Claudiana University College for Health Professions, and the “Claudio Monteverdi” Conservatory in Bozen provide specialized higher education. The largest representative body for South Tyrolean students issh.asus.
Tyrolean architectureTyrol Castle, which gave the wider region its name
The region features a large number of castles and churches. Many of the castles andAnsitze were built by the local nobility and the Habsburg rulers. SeeList of castles in South Tyrol.
Museum Ladin located in Thurn Castle (Ladin:Ćiastel de Tor)
South Tyrol’s museum offerings are wide-ranging. About half of the institutions are privately run, the other half by public bodies or church institutions. The eleven South Tyrolean provincial museums, which are culturally, naturally, and historically oriented, record strong visitor numbers and are in part spread across multiple sites in South Tyrol:
Other institutions with private, church, or mixed sponsorship include, for example, the Messner Mountain Museum initiated by Reinhold Messner on the theme of “mountain,” the Diocesan Museum of Brixen with its collection of Christian art from the Middle Ages and modern times, the Pharmacy Museum in Brixen, and theMuseion, the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art in Bozen, which is jointly run by an association and the province.
There are about 280 public libraries in South Tyrol, which are affiliated with many privately run institutions in the South Tyrolean Library Network. Two scholarly libraries stand out in importance and size: the “Dr. Friedrich Teßmann” Provincial Library with its comprehensive Tyrolensia collection, and thelibrary of the Free University of Bozen, which is spread across three locations. Since 1997, the project “Cataloguing Historical Libraries” has been dedicated to indexing South Tyrol’s historical holdings.
The most important research institutions in South Tyrol are located at the Free University of Bozen and atEurac Research. The university is mainly engaged in research within its faculties, i.e. economics, computer science, natural sciences, engineering, and education. The eleven institutes of Eurac Research, founded in 1992, work in an interdisciplinary way on the topics of autonomy, health, mountains, and technologies.
The Laimburg Research Centre is tasked with practice-oriented agricultural research. An Italian subsidiary of the Fraunhofer Society, founded in 2009, is based in theNOI Techpark in Bolzano. Historical source research is carried out, among others, by the South Tyrol Provincial Archives, the State Archives of Bolzano, and theCity Archives of Bolzano. Further research facilities exist at the South Tyrolean Provincial Museums, such as the Centre for Regional History.
The publicly funded facilities of the healthcare system are centrally managed and coordinated by the South Tyrolean Health Authority (Südtiroler Sanitätsbetrieb). The authority includes seven hospitals: the central hospital in Bolzano, the major hospitals in Brixen, Bruneck, and Meran, as well as the basic care hospitals inInnichen (belonging to the Bruneck health district),Schlanders (belonging to the Meran health district), andSterzing (belonging to the Brixen health district).[69] In addition, South Tyrol is divided into a number of smaller health districts (Gesundheitssprengel) with local clinics that provide services in prevention, diagnostics, therapy, rehabilitation, and counseling.[70] The health authority represents by far the largest item in South Tyrol’s regional budget: in 2024, it accounted for €1.57 billion.[71]
In addition to the public hospitals, there are also several accredited private clinics in Bolzano, Meran, and Brixen.
The main public providers of social services in South Tyrol are the district communities (Bezirksgemeinschaften), which have taken over this area of responsibility from the municipalities. Most social services—including financial assistance, home care, basic socio-educational support, and citizen services—are provided by the social districts (Sozialsprengel) distributed throughout the region, whose offices coincide with those of the health districts. However, some services are provided across districts for organizational reasons.
An important element of social policy is the South Tyrolean Housing Institute (Wohnbauinstitut, WOBI), founded in 1972 immediately after the adoption of the Second Statute of Autonomy. This public-law body is responsible for building and renting housing for low-income and middle-class families, elderly people, people with disabilities, as well as for providing dormitories for workers and students.[72] In 2015, WOBI managed 13,000 apartments in 112 municipalities.
Among the non-governmental providers of social services in South Tyrol are, among others, church organizations such asCaritas, associations such as theSt. Vincent Society (Vinzenzgemeinschaft) andLebenshilfe, as well as a variety of social cooperatives.
The oldest and most widely circulated daily newspaper isDolomiten, published in German and to a lesser extent in Ladin, followed by the Italian-languageAlto Adige. Since their founding in 1945, both newspapers have represented the leading media of the German- and Italian-speaking subcultures of South Tyrol, consistently taking opposing positions. In 2016, South Tyrol’s largest publishing house, Athesia – publisher ofDolomiten – acquired a majority stake inAlto Adige, which until then had always been under Italian ownership.
Of lesser importance in the press landscape are the local edition ofCorriere della Sera (Corriere dell’Alto Adige), which emerged from the former dailyIl Mattino dell’Alto Adige, as well as the German-languageNeue Südtiroler Tageszeitung. Athesia also publishes the German-language Sunday newspaperZett.
Significant regional weekly papers include the political magazineff, the church newspapersKatholisches Sonntagsblatt andIl Segno, and theSüdtiroler Wirtschaftszeitung. The ff-Media publishing house also produces the business magazineSüdtirol Panorama. TheUnion Generela di Ladins – umbrella organization of Ladin associations – publishes a weekly newspaper in Ladin,La Usc di Ladins (“The Voice of the Ladins”), whose texts are written in the local variety of the valley being covered.
Among scholarly publications are the regional history journalsDer Schlern andGeschichte und Region/Storia e regione, the Ladinist yearbookLadinia, and the botanical-zoological journalGredleriana.Arunda is South Tyrol’s best-known cultural magazine.
In the book publishing sector, alongside the traditionally dominant Athesia publishing house and the much smaller Weger Verlag, several German-language competitors emerged from the 1990s onwards, such as Edition Raetia, Folio Verlag, and Provinz Verlag, some of which operate beyond the region. The Austrian Studienverlag also maintains a branch in Bolzano. The Italian-language regional book sector of South Tyrol is mainly served by the publishers Praxis 3 and Alpha Beta. Since the early 2000s, some publishing houses have increasingly developed bilingual programs (see alsoTirolensien).
Among radio broadcasters, special mention goes to the public-serviceRai – Radiotelevisione Italiana, which maintains three editorially independent departments at its Bolzano studios.Rai Südtirol broadcasts a full German-language program on its own radio channel. On the same frequency, Ladin-language programs produced byRai Ladinia are aired as a window program.Rai Alto Adige produces Italian-language regional broadcasts, which are transmitted viaRai Radio 1 orRai Radio 2.
South Tyrol also has numerous local radio stations in all official languages, including the German-languageRadio 2000,Radio Grüne Welle,Radio Holiday,Radio Tirol, andSüdtirol 1, as well as the Ladin-languageRadio Gherdëina Dolomites. The most listened-to news broadcast is theSüdtirol Journal, aired by several private stations.
The most important television broadcasters from a South Tyrolean perspective areRai – Radiotelevisione Italiana andÖsterreichischer Rundfunk (ORF). At its Bolzano studios, Rai operates three independent editorial departments.Rai Südtirol airs German-language TV programming, including the daily-producedTagesschau, on its own channel. On the same channel,Rai Ladinia provides Ladin-language programming, including the news programTRaiL.Rai Alto Adige suppliesRai 3 with Italian-language regional content. ORF maintains a branch of its Tyrol regional studio in Bolzano, where the regional news showSüdtirol heute is produced.
Online media play an increasingly important role in regional reporting. The most visited news website isSüdtirol Online (stol.it), online since 1997 and, likeSüdtirol News (suedtirolnews.it), operated by the Athesia Group. TheNeue Südtiroler Tageszeitung (tageszeitung.it),Alto Adige (altoadige.it), andRai Südtirol (rai.it/tagesschau) also maintain online portals. Purely digital newspapers without print editions includesalto.bz, which publishes both editorial content and user-generated articles, andunsertirol24.com.
Among the traditional dishes and foodstuffs of South Tyrol’s rural, grain-based cuisine were once wheat and oat porridge, later alsopolenta, as well as spelt and rye bread (for exampleVinschgauer orSchüttelbrot). Commonly cultivated vegetables included cabbage, turnips, potatoes, and green beans. Due to widespread livestock farming, dairy products were available in abundance. Pork lard was primarily used as cooking fat. Meat was typically processed into smoked products (such asSpeck orKaminwurzen).
With the rise of tourism in the 1960s and 1970s, regional cuisine experienced a revival, for instance through the rapidly popularized tradition ofTörggelen or the somewhat later “Specialties Weeks,” which sought to introduce tourists to local delicacies. In this process, traditional Tyrolean fare was adapted to modern preparation and processing techniques, and shaped by the influence of Italian cuisine to suit contemporary tastes. In gastronomy, roughly one-third of the offerings come from local cuisine, one-third from Italian cuisine, and one-third from the standard repertoire of international cuisine.
Typical South Tyrolean dishes include dumplings (Knödel), barley soup,schlutzkrapfen,strauben,tirteln, and cold-cut platters, which are often enjoyed with South Tyrolean wine as aMarende (traditional afternoon snack).
HC IntersparBolzano-Bozen Foxes are one of Italy's most successful ice hockey teams, while the most important football club in South Tyrol isFC Südtirol, which won its first-ever promotion toSerie B in 2022.
^Steininger, Rolf (2003).South Tyrol, A Minority Conflict of the Twentieth Century. Transaction Publishers.ISBN0-7658-0800-5.
^Cf. for instance Antony E. Alcock,The History of the South Tyrol Question, London: Michael Joseph, 1970; Rolf Steininger,South Tyrol: A Minority Conflict of the Twentieth Century, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2003.
^Steininger, Rolf (2003),South Tyrol: A Minority Conflict of the Twentieth Century, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, p. 21,ISBN978-0-7658-0800-4
^Heiss, Hans (2003), "Von der Provinz zum Land. Südtirols Zweite Autonomie", in Solderer, Gottfried (ed.),Das 20. Jahrhundert in Südtirol. 1980 – 2000, vol. V, Bozen/Bolzano: Raetia, p. 50,ISBN978-88-7283-204-2
^Hannes Obermair (2020)."Großdeutschland ruft!" Südtiroler NS-Optionspropaganda und völkische Sozialisation – "La Grande Germania chiamaǃ" La propaganda nazionalsocialista sulle Opzioni in Alto Adige e la socializzazione 'völkisch' (in German and Italian).Tyrol Castle: South Tyrolean Museum of History.ISBN978-88-95523-35-4.
^Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer:Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945. Vienna 2018,ISBN978-3-902494-83-2, pp. 299–305; Hans Schafranek:Widerstand und Verrat: Gestapospitzel im antifaschistischen Untergrund. Vienna 2017,ISBN978-3-7076-0622-5, pp. 161–248; Fritz Molden:Die Feuer in der Nacht. Opfer und Sinn des österreichischen Widerstandes 1938–1945. Vienna 1988, p. 122; Christoph Thurner "The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group" (2017);Memorial dedicated to four brave Tyrolese resistance fighters
^Ernst Steinicke, Giuliana Andreotti:Das Pustertal. Geographische Profile im Raum von Innichen und Bruneck. In: Ernst Steinicke (Hrsg.):Europaregion Tirol, Südtirol, Trentino. Band 3: Spezialexkursionen in Südtirol. Institut für Geographie der Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck 2003,ISBN3-901182-35-7, S. 14.
^Steininger, Rolf (2003),South Tyrol: A Minority Conflict of the Twentieth Century, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, pp. 21–46,ISBN978-0-7658-0800-4
^Leo Andergassen:Südtirol – Kunst vor Ort. Athesia, Bozen 2002,ISBN88-8266-111-3, S. 7.
^Heinrich Kofler:Geschichte des Dekanats Schlanders von seiner Errichtung im Jahr 1811 bis zur freiwilligen Demission von Dekan Josef Schönauer 1989. In: Marktgemeinde Schlanders (Hrsg.):Schlanders und seine Geschichte. Band 2: Von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart. Tappeiner, Lana 2010,ISBN978-88-7073-531-4, S. 11–186, insbesondere S. 11–15 (PDF-Datei)
^Rainer Seberich (1979). "Singen unter dem Faschismus: Ein Untersuchungsbericht zur politischen und kulturellen Bedeutung der Volksliedpflege".Der Schlern, 50,4, 1976, pp. 209–218, here p. 212.
(in German) Gottfried Solderer (ed.) (1999–2004).Das 20. Jahrhundert in Südtirol. 6 Vol., Bozen: Raetia Verlag.ISBN978-88-7283-137-3.
Antony E. Alcock (2003).The History of the South Tyrol Question. London: Michael Joseph. 535 pp.
Rolf Steininger (2003).South Tyrol: A Minority Conflict of the Twentieth Century. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.ISBN978-0-7658-0800-4.
Georg Grote (2012).The South Tyrol Question 1866–2010. From National Rage to Regional State. Oxford: Peter Lang.ISBN978-3-03911-336-1.
Georg Grote, Hannes Obermair (2017).A Land on the Threshold. South Tyrolean Transformations, 1915–2015. Oxford/Bern/New York: Peter Lang.ISBN978-3-0343-2240-9.
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