South Malabar | |
|---|---|
Geographical / Historical Area | |
   Top to bottom: Kozhikode metropolitan area,Malappuram metropolitan area, andPalakkad city view from Kunnathurmedu. | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Kerala |
| Government | |
| • Body | Government of Kerala |
| Area | |
• Total | 7,416 km2 (2,863 sq mi) |
| Population (2011)(approx.)[1] | |
• Total | 8,368,794 |
| • Density | 1,128/km2 (2,920/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Malayalam |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 673***, 676***, 678***, 679*** and 680*** |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-KL |
| Vehicle registration | KL-08, KL-09, KL-10, KL-11, KL-46, KL-49, KL-50, KL-51, KL-52, KL-53, KL-54, KL-55, KL-57, KL-65, KL-71, KL-75, KL-76, KL-77, KL-84 & KL-85 |
| Niyamasabha constituencies | 36[2] |
South Malabar refers to a geographical area of the southwestern coast of India covering some parts of the present-dayKerala state. South Malabar covers the regions included in present-dayKozhikode andThamarasserytaluk ofKozhikode district,Wayanad district excludingMananthavady taluk, the whole area ofMalappuram district,Chavakkad taluk ofThrissur district, andPalakkad district, excluding parts ofChittur taluk. The Fort Kochi region ofKochi city also historically belongs to South Malabar. The term South Malabar refers to the region of the erstwhileMalabar District south to the riverKorapuzha, and north to the Thrissur Chavakkad region[3]
UnderBritish rule, South Malabar's chief importance lay in producing coconut,pepper, andtiles.[4] Old administrative records of the erstwhileMadras Presidency recorded that the most remarkable plantation owned by the government in the Madras Presidency was the teak plantation atNilambur, planted in 1844.[5] South Malabar held importance as one of the two districts in the Madras Presidency that lay on the westernMalabar Coast, thus accessing the marine route through theArabian Sea via its ports atBeypore andFort Kochi. The first railway line of Kerala, fromTirur to Beypore, was laid for it.
Kozhikode is the capital and largest city of the whole of Malabar, followed byPalakkad. The South Malabar region is bounded byNorth Malabar (Korapuzha) to north, the hilly region ofNilgiris andPalakkad Gap which connectsCoimbatore to east,Cochin to south, andArabian Sea to west.[6] The historical regions ofNediyiruppu Swaroopam,Eranad,Valluvanad,Parappanad,Kavalappara,Vettathunadu, theNilambur Kingdom,Nedungadis, and Palakkad, are all included in South Malabar. The longest three rivers of Malabar region, namely theBharathappuzha,Chaliyar, andKadalundi Rivers, flow through South Malabar.
Until the arrival of British, the termMalabar was used in foreign trade circles as a general name forKerala.[7] Earlier, the termMalabar had been used to also includeTulu Nadu andKanyakumari, which lie contiguous to Kerala on the southwestern coast of India.[8][9] The people of Malabar were known asMalabars. The termMalabar is still often used to denote the entire southwestern coast of India.
In the 6th century,Arab sailors called Kerala asMale. The first element of the name, however, was already attested inCosmas Indicopleustes'Topography, which mentions a pepper emporium called "Male", which clearly gave its name to Malabar (lit. 'the country of Male'). The nameMalabar is thought to come from theDravidian wordmala (lit. 'hill')[10][11] and thePersian wordbarr (lit. 'country/continent').[7][12]
Historically, Arab writers variously called this placeMalibar,Manibar,Mulibar, andMunibar.Al-Biruni (973–1048) must have been the first writer to call this stateMalabar.[7] Authors such asIbn Khordadbeh andAl-Baladhuri mention Malabar ports in their works.[13]
The ancient port ofTyndis, which was located on the northern side ofMuziris, as mentioned in thePeriplus of the Erythraean Sea, was somewhere near Kozhikode.[14] Its exact location is a matter of dispute.[14] The suggested locations arePonnani,Tanur,Beypore–Chaliyam–Kadalundi–Vallikkunnu, andKoyilandy.[14] Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, with theChera dynasty and theRoman Empire.[15] The region aroundCoimbatore was ruled by the Cheras duringSangam period between 1st and the 4th centuries CE and served as the eastern entrance to thePalakkad Gap, the principal inland trade route between theMalabar Coast andCoromandel Coast.[16]
Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) stated that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos (Chera dynasty).[17] TheNorth Malabar region, which lies north of the port at Tyndis, was ruled by the kingdom ofEzhimala during theSangam period.[18] According to thePeriplus of the Erythraean Sea, a region known asLimyrike began atNaura and Tyndis. However,Ptolemy mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike's starting point. The region probably ended atKanyakumari; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at 50,000,000sesterces.[19] Pliny the Elder mentioned that Limyrike was prone by pirates.[20]Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers.[21][22]
During the early Middle Ages, South Malabar was home to numerous political realms, including the kingdoms ofCochin,Parappanad,Vettathunadu (Tanur),Valluvanad,Nilambur,Nedungadi, andPalakkad.
TheKurumathur inscription found nearAreekode dates back to 871 CE.[23] Three inscriptions written inOld Malayalam dating from 932 CE were found inTriprangode (nearTirunavaya),Kottakkal, andChaliyar, and mention the name ofGoda Ravi of theChera dynasty.[24] Of these, the Triprangode inscription describes the agreement ofThavanur.[24]
Several inscriptions written in Old Malayalam dating from the 10th century have found inSukapuram nearEdappal, which was one of the 64 oldNambudiri villages of Kerala. Descriptions about the rulers of the Eranad and Valluvanad regions can be seen in theJewish copper plates of Bhaskara Ravi Varman (around 1000 CE) andViraraghava copper plates of Veera Raghava Chakravarthy (around 1225 CE).[25] At theMuchundi Mosque in Kozhikode, a 13th-century granite inscription written in a mixture of Old Malayalam andArabic mentions a donation by the king to the mosque.[26]
Eranad was ruled by aSamanthan Nair clan known asEradis, similar to the Vellodis of neighbouring Valluvanad and Nedungadis ofNedunganad (Ottapalam). The rulers of Valluvanad were known by the titleEralppad orEradi. The ruler of Eranad later became theZamorin ofCalicut by annexing the port town of Calicut from Polanad, a vassal toKolathunadu.
TheZamorin ofKozhikode (Calicut) was the most powerful ruler of South Malabar during the Middle Ages. Under its rule, Kozhikode was the largest city on Malabar Coast, and South Malabar emerged as one of the leading centres of maritime trade on theIndian subcontinent. This continued until the 18th century. The port at Kozhikode was the gateway to the South Indian coast forArabs, who had a monopoly on foreign trade, and later thePortuguese,Dutch, andBritish.[27]
The Zamorin, who originally ruledEranad fromNediyiruppu, developed the port at Kozhikode and relocated there for its maritime trade. In the 14th century, Kozhikode conquered larger parts of central Kerala after seizing theTirunavaya region from theKingdom of Valluvanad, which was under control of theKingdom of Cochin. The Kingdom of Cochin was originally headquartered atPerumpadappu; however, due to the annexation, the kingdom was forced to shift its capital (c. 1405) further south, first toKodungallur and then toKochi. In the 15th century, Cochin was reduced to a vassal state of Kozhikode, thus leading to the emergence of Kozhikode as the most powerful kingdom in the medieval Malabar Coast.[28]
At the peak of their reign, the Zamorins of Kozhikode ruled over a region from Kollam (Quilon) in the south to Panthalayini Kollam (Koyilandy) in the north.[29][30]Ibn Battuta (1342–1347), who visited Kozhikode six times, gives the earliest glimpses of life in the city—he described Kozhikode as "one of the great ports of the district of Malabar" where "merchants of all parts of the world are found". The king of this place, he says, "shaves his chin just as the Haidari Fakeers of Rome do... The greater part of the Muslim merchants of this place are so wealthy that one of them can purchase the whole freightage of such vessels put here and fit-out others like them".[31] The Chinese sailorMa Huan (1403), as part of the Imperial Chinese fleet underZheng He,[32] described the city as a great emporium of trade frequented by merchants from around the world. He noted the 20 or 30 mosques built to cater to the religious needs of the Muslims, the unique system of calculation by the merchants using their fingers and toes (followed to this day), and the matrilineal system of succession.Abdur Razzak (1442–43),Niccolò de' Conti (1445),Afanasy Nikitin (1468–74),Ludovico di Varthema (1503–1508), andDuarte Barbosa witnessed the city as one of the major international trading centres on theIndian subcontinent.[33][34]
The Portuguese arrived atKappad, Kozhikode, in 1498 during theAge of Discovery, thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to South Asia.[35] TheKunjali Marakkars, who were the naval chiefs of the Zamorin of Kozhikode, are credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast.[36] In 1664, the municipality ofFort Kochi was established byDutch Malabar, making it the first municipality on the Indian subcontinent; it was later dissolved when Dutch authority weakened in the 18th century.[37] UnderBritish Raj, Kozhikode acted as the headquarters ofMalabar District; the port held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, whileKannur,Kollam, and Kochi were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.[38]
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South Malabar was the cultural capital of medieval Kerala. The region was and still is the main hub ofMalayalam literature.Tirunavaya, the hub of theMamankam festival, andPonnani, the largest hub ofIslamic studies in Kerala during the Middle Ages, were located in South Malabar. TheKerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and was based in theKingdom of Tanur.[39] In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts, includingseries expansion for trigonometric functions.[39][40]
Azhvanchery Thamprakkal, the feudal lords ofAthavanad who were considered the supreme head ofNambudiriBrahmins of Kerala during the Middle Ages, were also natives of South Malabar.[41] Additionally, South Malabar was home to the prominent figures likeThunchaththu Ezhuthachan,Poonthanam Nambudiri,Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri,Kunchan Nambiar, andZainuddin Makhdoom II.[3]
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The northern parts of Kerala were unified underTipu Sultan during the last decades of the 18th century. Following his defeat in theThird Anglo-Mysore War and the subsequentTreaty of Seringapatam, the regions of Tipu's kingdom were annexed by theEast India Company. After the Anglo-Mysore wars, the parts of the Malabar Coast that became British colonies were organized into a district ofBritish India, and divided intoNorth Malabar and South Malabar on 30 March 1793 for administrative convenience. Though the general administrative headquarters of Malabar was atCalicut (South Malabar), the special headquarters of South Malabar was atCherpulassery, and laterOttapalam.
Initially, Malabar was placed under theBombay Presidency. Later, in 1799–1800, Malabar andSouth Canara was transferred to theMadras Presidency. The oldest railway line of Kerala was laid at South Malabar in the 1860s. South Malabar was the centre of theMalabar Rebellion in 1921. On 1 November 1956, this region was annexed with the Indian state ofKerala.[7]
TheParappanad royal family is a cousin dynasty of theTravancore royal family.Marthanda Varma, the founder ofTravancore, belonged to the Parappanad royal family.
Lakshmipuram Palace is the royal palace of the Parappanad royal families inChanganassery. It was built in 1811 during the reign ofMaharani Ayilyom Thirunal Gouri Lakshmi Bayi (1791–1815) and served as a new palace for her husbandRaja Raja Varma Koil Thampuran and his family members.[42][43][44][45]
Raja Raja Varma Koil Thampuran was born inNeerazhi Palace in thePuzhavathu neighborhood of Changanassery, near Kavil Bhagavathy Temple.[46] He was part of the Parappanad royal family[47] who ruledParappanangadi.[48] He was the father ofSwathi Thirunal Rama Varma, Maharaja of Travancore.
In 1705 (ME 880), the son and two daughters of Ittammar Raja of theParappanad royal house were adopted into the royal house ofKilimanoor. Ittammar Raja's sister and her sons, Rama Varma and Raghava Varma, settled in Kilimanoor and married the now adopted sisters.Marthanda Varma, the founder of the Kingdom of Travancore, was the son of Raghava Varma. The nephew[49] of Raghava Varma, Ravi Varma Koil Thampuran, married the sister of Marthanda Varma. Their son became known asDharma Raja Kartika Thirunnal Rama Varma.
In 1740, when an allied force[50] led by Dutchman Captain Hockert supporting the Deshinganadu King, attacked Venad, an army from Kilimanoor resisted and then defeated them. Although a small victory, this was the first time an Indian army had defeated a European power. In 1753, in recognition of this feat, Marthanda Varma exempted the areas controlled by the Kilimanoor palace[51] from taxes and granted them autonomy.[52] The present palace complex was built at this time, together with theAyyappan temple[53] for the family deity, Sastha or Ayyapan.[54]
Velu ThampiDalawa held meetings at Kilimanoor palace while planning uprisings against the British. He handed over his sword at the palace before going into his final battle against the British. India's first president,Rajendra Prasad, received this sword from the palace, and it was kept in theNational Museum inDelhi. Afterwards, the sword was moved to theNapier Museum in Trivandrum.
Nedumpuram Palace nearThiruvalla belongs toValluvanad royal family.
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The term 'South Malabar' refers to the region of the erstwhileMalabar District that lies south of the riverKorapuzha and bears high cultural similarity with both theCentral Kerala (Southern Thrissur region) and theNorth Malabar region.[3]
Three of the largest five rivers in Kerala—theBharathappuzha,Chaliyar, andKadalundi—flow through South Malabar. The region also has several small and medium-sized tributaries, such as theBhavani River, a tributary of theKaveri. Dams have been built across tributaries of theBharathappuzha River, the largest by dimension being theMalampuzha Dam and the largest by volume being theParambikulam Dam.[55] TheBiyyam backwaters, canals such as theConolly Canal, and thePonnani Kole Wetlands are also present in South Malabar region.
ThePalakkad Gap, the largest mountain pass in Kerala'sWestern Ghats and that connects Kerala with Tamil Nadu by road throughCoimbatore city, is located in South Malabar. The region is therefore also known as "The Gateway of Kerala".
The highest peaks in theMalabar District were in theNilambur (eastern) region of Eranad, near theNilgiri Mountains.[3] The 2,554 m (8,379 ft)-highMukurthi peak, which is situated in the border of modern-day Nilambur Taluk andOoty Taluk, was the highest point of elevation in Malabar District; today, it is the fifth-highest peak in South India and the third-highest in Kerala afterAnamudi (2,696 m) andMeesapulimala (2,651 m). It is also the highest peak in Kerala outside theIdukki district.Anginda peak (2,383 m) was the second-highest peak in the district, andVavul Mala (2,339 m) was the third-highest.[3] Apart from the main continuous range of the Western Ghats, the region has many small undulating hills in the lowland.[3]
South Malabar has rich biodiversity. It is home to theNilgiri Biosphere Reserve,Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary,New Amarambalam Reserved Forest,Nedumkayam Rainforest,Silent Valley National Park, andAttappadi Reserved Forest, as well as teak plantations. The eastern regions in the modern-day districts ofWayanad,Malappuram (Chaliyar valley), andPalakkad (Attappadi Valley)—which together form parts of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and a continuation of theMysore Plateau—are known for naturalgold fields, along with the adjoining districts ofKarnataka.[56] The South Malabar region is nicknamed "the granary of Kerala".
In the British records, the easternEranad region was collectively described as "Nilambur Valley".[57] The riverbank of theChaliyar inNilambur is known for natural gold fields.[56] Mineral explorations done in the Chaliyar river valley showed reserves of the order of 2.5 million cubic meters of placers with 0.1 gram per cubic meter of gold.[58] Eranad has several tributaries of Chaliyar and Kadalundi rivers.
National Highway 66 connects Kozhikode toMumbai viaMangaluru,Udupi, andGoa to the north, andKochi andKanyakumari nearThiruvananthapuram to the south; it terminates atKanyakumari, the southern tip of India.National Highway 766 connects Kozhikode toBangalore throughKollegal inKarnataka viaMysore.National Highway 966 connects Kozhikode toPalakkad throughMalappuram, as well as connects the city to theCalicut International Airport. At Ramanattukara, a suburb of Kozhikode, it joins NH 66. State highwaysSH 29,SH 54,SH 68, andSH 34 also run through the city.
Buses, predominantly run by individual owners, ply routes within the city and nearby locations. City buses are painted green.Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) runs regular services to many destinations in the state and to neighbouring states. The city has three bus stands: private buses to the suburbs and nearby towns depart from the Palayam Bus Stand; private buses to adjoining districts depart from the Mofussil Bus Stand on Indira Gandhi Road (Mavoor Road); KSRTC buses depart from the KSRTC bus stand on Indira Gandhi Road, the largest bus stand in Kerala.[59] There are also KSRTC depots inThamarassery,Thottilpalam,Thiruvambady, andVatakara.
Private tour operators maintain regular luxury bus services toMumbai,Bangalore,Coimbatore,Chennai,Vellore,Ernakulam,Trivandrum,Ooty, andMysore, and mainly operate from the Palayam area. These are usually night services.
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Malappuram is well-connected by roads. There are fourKSRTC stations in district.[60] The district has twoNational Highways (NH 66 andNH 966) and numerousState Highways. Kerala PWD maintains 2,680 km of road in the district, of which 2,305 km are district roads and the remaining 375 km are State Highways.[61] TheNadukani ChuramGhat Road connects Malappuram withNilgiris.[62] The Nadukani–Parappanangadi Road connects the coastal area of Malappuram district with the easternmost hilly border atNadukani Churam borderingNilgiris district ofTamil Nadu, nearNilambur.[63]
The first modern road in the district was laid in the 18th century byTipu Sultan.[64] The road fromTirur toChaliyam viaTanur,Parappanangadi, andVallikkunnu was projected by him.[64] Tipu had also projected the roads fromMalappuram toThamarassery, fromMalappuram toWestern Ghats, fromFeroke toKottakkal viaTirurangadi, and fromKottakkal toAngadipuram.[65]
Palakkad has a medium-grade network of roads. It is connected toNational Highway 544 (Salem–Ernakulam) andNational Highway 966, which starts in Palakkad and joinsNH 66 atRamanattukara in Kozhikode.[66] Another important road is the Palakkad–Ponnani road, which connects NH 544 andNH 66.
Palakkad has four bus stations: theKSRTC Terminal Palakkad and three Private Bus stands (Stadium Bus Stand, Municipal Bus stand, and Town Bus Stand). The Palakkad KSRTC depot is the only such depot in the district, but is the second-most revenue-generating KSRTC depot in the state after Trivandrum.[67]Stadium Bus Stand is the largest private bus stand in the city, and offers services to the city suburbs and other areas of the district, such asThrissur andPollachi. Services toKozhikode,Mannarkkad,Cherpulassery,Kongad,Sreekrishnapuram, andKadampazhipuram start from Municipal Stand. Buses to western parts of the district (Ottapalam,Shoranur,Pattambi, and towardsGuruvayur) start from Town Stand.
Kozhikode railway station, also known as Calicut railway station, is the largest railway station in the city. At₹98 crore (equivalent to₹131 crore or US$16 million in 2023) in revenue in 2018, it is the third largest in terms of passenger revenues in Kerala, the largest inPalakkad division, and the seventh largest in Southern Railway.[68] The station has four platforms, two terminals, and a total of six tracks.[69] It is a major railway stations in Kerala, with trains connecting the city to other major cities in India.
An integrated security system was installed at the station in 2012, featuring baggage scanners, CCTVs, and vehicle scanners.[70] The 125th anniversary of the station was celebrated on 2 January 2013.[71]
The railway line to Calicut (now Kozhikode) was opened to traffic on 2 January 1888, and at that time was western terminus of theMadras Railway. The first line in Malabar was laid betweenChaliyam (at the time an important port) andTirur. With the arrival of the new line to Calicut and its growth as an administrative centre, Chaliyam diminished in significance and the railway line to it was subsequently abandoned.[72]
The other railway stations in Kozhikode includeFerok (code: FK),Kallayi Kozhikode South (code: KUL),Vellayil (code: VLL) andWest Hill (code: WH).
ThePalakkad Railway Division, one of six divisions under theSouthern Railway, manages the district's 142 kilometres[73] of railways.Malappuram City is served by the railway stations atAngadipuram (17 km away),Tirur, andParappanangadi (both 26 km, 40 minute drive away).
The history of railways in Kerala traces back to this district. The oldest railway station in the state is atTirur.[64] The stations atTanur,Parappanangadi, andVallikkunnu also form parts of the oldest railway line in the state laid from Tirur toChaliyam.[64] The line was inaugurated on 12 March 1861.[74] In the same year, it was extended from Tirur toKuttippuram viaTirunavaya.[64] In 1862, it was further extended from Kuttippuram toPattambi, and then from Pattambi toPodanur.[64] The currentChennai–Mangalore railway line was later formed as an extension of thisBeypore–Podanur line.[64]
TheNilambur–Shoranur line is among the shortest as well as picturesquebroad gauge railway lines in India.[75] It was laid by the British for the transportation of Nilamburteak.
TheNilambur–Nanjangud line is a proposed railway line connectingNilambur withMysore.[76][77]Guruvayur–Tirunavaya railway line is another proposed project.[78] The Ministry of Railways included a railway line connecting Kozhikode–Malappuram–Angadipuram in its Vision 2020 plan. Multiple surveys have been done on the line already.
| Angadipuram | Cherukara | Kuttippuram |
| Melattur | Nilambur Road | Parappanangadi |
| Pattikkad | Perassannur | Tanur |
| Thodikapulam | Tirunavaya | Tirur |
| Tuvvur | Vallikkunnu | Vaniyambalam |
ThePalakkad railway division, the smallest of the six administrative divisions of theSouthern Railway zone ofIndian Railways, is headquartered in the city ofPalakkad and manages 588 kilometers of track. It is one of the oldest railway divisions in India.
The terminal facility of the Palakkad division is in Shoranur Junction and Mangalore Central ofKarnataka state. The city is mainly served by two railway stations:Palakkad Junction (located atOlavakkode, about 4 km from Municipal bus stand) andPalakkad Town railway station (located in the heart of the city).Broad gauge lines connect Palakkad to the major cities ofThiruvananthapuram,Ernakulam,Coimbatore,Kozhikode,Tiruchirappalli,Salem, andMangalore.[79]
Shoranur Junction is the largest railway station in Kerala and plays a major role in connecting the southwestern coast of India (Mangalore) with the southeastern coast (Chennai) throughPalakkad Gap. Due to its proximity to the gap, the station is the meeting point of three major railway lines: theMangalore–Chennai line, theNilambur–Shoranur line, andKanyakumari–Shoranur line. It also has rail connections to theKonkan Railway, enabling travel towardsGoa andBombay.
Kozhikode and Malappuram are served by theCalicut International Airport (IATA:CCJ,ICAO:VOCL), located atKaripur. The airport started operation in April 1988. It has two terminals: one for domestic flights and another for international flights.[80] The airport serves as an operating base forAir India Express and operatesHajj pilgrimage services toMedina andJeddah fromKerala. There are direct buses to the airport for transportation.
According to statistics provided by theAirports Authority of India in 2019–20, it is the17th busiest airport in the country and the third-busiest in the state.
The nearest international airport isCoimbatore International Airport, which is about 62 kilometres (39 mi) from Palakkad. However,Cochin International Airport andCalicut International Airport serve the city as well.
In 2011, there was a proposal by the civil aviation ministry of India for a mini domestic airport at East Yakkara to enhance air connectivity. 60 acres were identified for the project at East Yakkara Palakkad.[81]
Kozhikode (Calicut) is the largest economic hub is South Malabar as well as the whole Malabar region. Nedungadi Bank, the first and oldest bank in the modern state ofKerala, was established byAppu Nedungadi at Kozhikode in the year 1899.[82] Service sector dominates the economy, followed by industries.
Cyberpark, an organisation of the Government of Kerala, plans to build, operate, and manage twoIT parks for the promotion and development of investment in IT and ITES industries in the Malabar region of Kerala. It would be the third IT hub in the state, and create a total 100,000 direct job opportunities.[83][84] Other planned projects include the Birla IT Park (at Mavoor), and Malaysian satellite city (at Kinaloor) whereKINFRA plans to set up a 160-hectare (400-acre) industrial park.
In 2012, Kozhikode was given the tag of "City of Sculptures" ("Shilpa Nagaram") because of the architectural sculptures around the city.[85][86]
The city has a strong mercantile aspect. The main area of business was onceValiyangadi ("Big Bazaar") near the railway station, but has since shifted to other parts of the city. The commercial heart has moved toMittai Theruvu (Sweetmeat Street, or S. M. Street), a long street crammed with shops that sell everything fromsaris to cosmetics. It also houses restaurants and sweetmeat shops. Today, the city has multiple shopping malls, including Focus Mall (first mall of Kerala),HiLITE Mall,[87] Address Mall, and RP Mall.[88]
Thegross district value added (GDVA) of Malappuram in the fiscal year 2018–19 was estimated as ₹ 698.37 billion, with a growth of 11.30% compared to the previous year.[89] The growth rate of GDVA showed a zigzag trend between 2012 and 2017. The per capita GDVA was calculated as ₹ 154,463. Thenet district value added (NDVA) of the district in 2018–19 was ₹ 631.90 billion, and the annual growth rate was 11.59%.[89]
The economy of Malappuram significantly depends upon emigrants. Malappuram has the most emigrants in the state. According to the 2016 economic review report published by theGovernment of Kerala, every 54 per 100 households in the district are emigrant households.[90] Most of them work in theMiddle East.
The headquarters ofKerala Gramin Bank is situated at Malappuram.[91]
The Kodakkal Tile Factory was run by the Commonwealth Trust at Kodakkal,Tirunavaya, and started in 1887. It is the second tile-manufacturing industry in India. (The first tile factory was atFeroke, which was a part of the thenEranad Taluk.)
The presence ofPalakkad Gap and proximity toCoimbatore make Palakkad economically important. Palakkad City is one of the largest industrial hubs in Kerala. TheKanjikode area of Palakkad is the second-largest industrial hub of Kerala afterKochi, and home to production facilities for companies likeIndian Telephone Industries Limited (ITI), Instrumentation Limited, Fluid Control Research Institute,Saint-Gobain India Private Limited, Patspin India Ltd, Pepsi, PPS steel (Kerala) Pvt Ltd, United breweries, Empee Distilleries, Marico,BEML, Rubfila International Ltd, and Arya Vaidya Pharmacy.
The commercialization of Palakkad City has experienced steady economic growth in recent years.[as of?] The developments are mainly concentrated on the bypass roads, and include housing develops, shopping centres, hotels, and restaurants.
There are 1,237 schools in Kozhikode district, including 191 high schools.[92]
Kozhikode is home to two premier educational institutions of national importance: theIndian Institute of Management Kozhikode, and theNational Institute of Technology Calicut. Other institutions include theNational Institute for Research and Development in Defence Shipbuilding,[93]Indian Institute of Spices Research,[94] and National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology.[95]
Recently, Kozhikode got Kerala's first residentialInternational Baccalaureate continuum school, The White School International. It is located in Perumanna and was established in 2016.
TheUniversity of Calicut is the largest university in Kerala. It is located inThenjipalam, about 24 kilometres (15 mi) south of Calicut. This university was established in 1968 and was the second university established in Kerala. Most of the colleges offering tertiary education in the region are affiliated with this university.[96] TheCalicut Medical College was established in 1957 as the second medical college in Kerala. Since then, the institution has grown into a premier centre of medical education in the state. Presently it is the largest medical institute in the state, with a yearly intake of 250 candidates for its undergraduate programme.
In 1877, a school for youngRajas was started in Kozhikode. This was later opened to Hindu boys of all castes. In 1879, it was affiliated with the University of Madras as a second-grade college, bolstering collegiate education in the district. Secondary education has recorded appreciable progress since 1915. The erstwhile Malabar District (of which the present-day Kozhikode district formed a part) holds a high rank among the districts of the Madras Presidency in secondary education.[97]
TheKerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts, includingseries expansion for trigonometric functions.[39][98] The school was based inVettathunadu (Tirur region).[39]
The Malappuram district has 1,620 schools,[99] the most in Kerala as per the school statistics of 2019–20. There are 898 lower primary schools,[100] 363 upper primary schools,[101] 355 high schools,[102] 248 higher secondary schools,[103] and 27 vocational higher secondary schools[104] in the district. Besides these, there are 120CBSE schools and 3ICSE schools.
554 government schools, 810 aided schools, and 1 unaided school recognised by theGovernment of Kerala have been digitalised.[105][further explanation needed] In the academic year 2019–20, the total number of students studying in the schools recognised by Government of Kerala was 739,966; this was composed of 407,690 in aided schools; 245,445 in government schools; and 86,831 in the recognised unaided schools.[106]
This district plays a significant role in the higher education sector of the state. It is home to two of the main universities in the state: theUniversity of Calicut centered atTenhipalam, which was established in 1968 as the second university in Kerala,[107] and theThunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University centered atTirur, which was established in 2012.[108]AMU Malappuram Campus, one of the three off-campus centres ofAligarh Muslim University (AMU), is in Cherukara and was established by the AMU in 2010.[109][110] An off-campus of theEnglish and Foreign Languages University functions at Panakkad.[111] The district is also home to a subcentre ofKerala Agricultural University atThavanur, and a subcentre ofSree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit atTirunavaya. The headquarters ofDarul Huda Islamic University is at Chemmad. INKEL Greens at Malappuram provides an educational zone with the industrial zone.[112] Eranad Knowledge City atManjeri is a first of its kind project in the state.[113]
Palakkad city is home to the onlyIndian Institute of Technology in Kerala.Government Victoria College, Palakkad, established in 1866, is one of the oldest colleges in the state.[114] Other colleges in the state include theGovernment Medical College, Palakkad,[115] theNSS College of Engineering[116] andMercy College, Palakkad,[117] a women's college established in 1964. TheChembai Memorial Government Music College[118] is one of the main centres of excellence in teachingcarnatic music in the state.
The Kozhikode radio station ofAll India Radio has two transmitters: Kozhikode AM (100 kilowatts) and Kozhikode FM [Vividh Bharathi] (10 kilowatts). Private FM radio stations areRadio Mango 91.9 (operated by Malayala Manorama Co. Ltd.),Radio Mirchi (operated by Entertainment Network India Ltd.), andClub FM 104.8 (operated by Mathrubhumi group andRed FM 93.5 of the SUN Network). AIR FM radio stations are Kozhikode – 103.6 MHz; AIR MW radio station is Kozhikode – 684 kHz.
Since 3 July 1984, a television transmitter has relayed programmes fromDelhi andThiruvananthapuram to Kozhikode.Doordarshan has its broadcasting centre in Kozhikode at the Medical College. Malayalam channels based in Kozhikode includeShalom Television, Darshana TV, andMedia One TV. All major channels in Malayalam—Manorama News,Asianet,Surya TV,Kairali TV,Amrita TV,Jeevan TV, andJaihind—have their studios and news bureaus in the city.
Satellite television services are available throughDD Direct+,Dish TV,Sun Direct DTH, andTata Sky.Asianet Digital TV is popularly known as ACV telecasts daily city news. Spidernet is another local channel. Other local operators include KCL and Citinet.
The Calicut Press Club was established in 1970 as the centre of all regional media activities, both print and electronic. Beginning with around 70 members, this Press Club became a prestigious and alert media centre in the state, with a present membership of over 280.[119][better source needed]
TheMalayala Manorama,Mathrubhumi,Madhyamam,Chandrika,Deshabhimani,Suprabhaatham, andSiraj daily newspapers have printing centres in and aroundMalappuram City.The Hindu also has an edition and printing press at Malappuram. A few periodicals—monthlies, fortnightlies, and weeklies, mostly devoted to religion and culture—are also published.
Almost all Malayalam channels and newspapers, as well as the Malappuram Press Club, have their bureau at Up Hill, adjacent to Municipal Town Hall.Doordarshan has two major relay stations in the district: one at Malappuram and one at Manjeri. The government of India'sPrasar Bharati National Public Service Broadcaster has an FM station in the district (AIR Manjeri FM), broadcasting on 102.7 Mhz. Despite lacking private FM stations, Malappuram, Ponnani, and Tirur are among the top ten towns with the highest radio listenership in India.[120]
Major Malayalam newspapersMalayala Manorama,Mathrubhumi,Deshabhimani,Suprabhaatham Daily, andThe Hindu have printing centers in city. A few evening newspapers are also published in the city. Local news channels like ACV also function in city. A private FM station operates in Palakkad at Ahalia Campus; there is a long-term demand for setting up a government FM station in Palakkad.[citation needed]
Kozhikode district has made significant contributions toMalayalam literature. During the 17th century, His Highness SriSamoothiriManavedan Maharaja authoredKrishnattam, amanipravala text describing the childhood of Lord Krishna in eight volumes. The district is famous for folk songs or ballads known asVadakkan Pattukal. The most popular songs celebrate the exploits ofThacholi Othenan andUnniyarcha.
An intellectual debate is held for Vedic scholars, wherein winners receive the title of "Pattathanam". This debate takes place at theThali Temple during the month ofThulam.
Many prominent writers of Malayalam literature hail from Kozhikode. Among them areS. K. Pottekkatt,Thikkodiyan,Punathil Kunjabdulla,U. A. Khader,Akbar Kakkattil,N. N. Kakkad,P. Valsala, and M. N. Karassery. Pottekkatt was perhaps the most celebrated writer from Kozhikode whose award-winning workOru Theruvinte Katha is set inS. M. Street. Several leading Malayalam publishing houses are based in the city, including Poorna,Mathrubhumi, Mulberry, Lipi, and Olive. The Kozhikode Public Library and Research Centre atMananchira was constructed in 1996.[121]
In addition to theMalabar Mahotsavam, the annual cultural fest of Kozhikode,[122] the Tyagaraja Aradhana Trust has conducted a five-day music festival in honour ofTyagaraja every year since 1981. The festival is complete with the Uncchavritti, rendering of Divyanama Kritis andPancharatna Kritis, and concerts by professional and student musicians throughout the day.[123]
Kozhikode has a tradition ofghazal andHindustani music appreciation. There are many Malayalamghazals. The late film director and singerM. S. Baburaj, from Kozhikode, was influenced byghazal and Hindustani music traditions.[124]
Hindi songs are popular in this city. The Mohammed Rafi Foundation organises musical events on the anniversaries of the birth (on 24 December) and death of legendary singerMohammed Rafi. These events are estimated to be the largest such "Rafi Nite" gatherings anywhere in India.[125]
The film history of Kozhikode dates back to the 1950s. Some of the main production companies of Malayalam films—like Grihalakshmi productions, Kalpaka, and Swargachithra—are Kozhikode based companies. The city was also an important centre for filmmakers likeI. V. Sasi andT. Damodaran. Kozhikode produced such notable actors asUmmer,Mammukoya,Balan K. Nair,Santha Devi, andKuthiravattam Pappu. The composerM. S. Baburaj, lyricist and screenwriterGireesh Puthenchery, directorsRanjith,V. M. Vinu,A. Vincent,Shajoon Kariyal,Anjali Menon, and cinematographerP. S. Nivas also hail from Kozhikode. Also from Kozhikode include the actorsNeeraj Madhav,Madhupal,Anoop Menon,Nellikode Bhaskaran,Augustine, and Vijayan Malaparamba.
The 1947Douglas Fairbanks Jr. Hollywood thriller,Sinbad the Sailor, mentions Kozhikode.
As the largest city in the Malabar region, Kozhikode also has a vital role in the entertainment segment. The city's first theatre, Calicut Crown, was opened as early as 1925. The city has more than 10 theatres and two multiplexes, the PVS Film City (the first multiplex in Malabar), and the Crown Theatre.[126]
Kozhikode is known as the "second Mecca" offootball, afterKolkata.[127] TheEMS Stadium has hosted many international football matches of major football teams. The city is home to international footballers such asT. Abdul Rahman (who played for the nation in many international games, including the 1956Melbourne Olympic Games), K.P. Sethu Madhavan, Premnath Phillips, Muhamad Najeeb, M. Prasannan, and Sudheer. Theseven-a-side form of football is famous in the city.
Other popular games in Kozhikode includecricket,[128] basketball, badminton, and volleyball.
P. T. Usha is a famous Kozhikode athlete who is regarded as one of the greatest athletes India has ever produced; she is often called the "queen of Indian track and field". Currently, she runs the Usha School of Athletics at Koyilandy in Kerala. Other sports personalities include Jimmy George,Tom Joseph, and Premnath Phillips.Jaseel P. Ismail,V. Diju,Aparna Balan, andArun Vishnu are international badminton players from the city.
The Sports & Education Promotion Trust (SEPT) was established to promote sports development in India, with a focus on football. Started in 2004 and based in Kozhikode, the trust has set up 52 centres called "football nurseries" spread across thirteen districts in Kerala.[129]
Since 2010, theCalicut Mini Marathon has been organised by IIM Kozhikode, with a participation of around 7,000 people every year.
TheMalayalam alphabet was first adopted byThunchath Ezhuthachan, who was born atTirur and is known as the father of the modern Malayalam language.[41] Tirur is the headquarters of the Malayalam Research Centre. TheMappila paattu poetMoyinkutty Vaidyar was born atKondotty. He is considered as one of theMahakavis (a title for 'great poet') of Mappila songs.[41]
Additional renowned writers of Malayalam includeAchyutha Pisharadi, Alamkode Leelakrishnan,Edasseri Govindan Nair,K. P. Ramanunni,Kuttikrishna Marar, Kuttippuram Kesavan Nair,Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri, N. Damodaran,Nandanar,Poonthanam Nambudiri,Pulikkottil Hyder,Uroob,V. C. Balakrishna Panicker, Vallathol Gopala Menon, andVallathol Narayana Menon, all of whom were natives of the district.[41] WritersM. Govindan,M. T. Vasudevan Nair, andAkkitham Achuthan Namboothiri hailed from Ponnani Kalari based atPonnani.[41]Nalapat Narayana Menon,Balamani Amma,V. T. Bhattathiripad, andKamala Surayya also hail from the erstwhilePonnani Taluk.
Malappuram was the main centre ofMappila Paattu literature in the state.[41]Mappila Paattu poets such as the aforementioned Moyinkutty Vaidyar and Pulikkottil Hyder, as well as Kulangara Veettil Moidu Musliyar (popularly known as Chakkeeri Shujayi), Chakkeeri Moideenkutty, Manakkarakath Kunhikoya, Nallalam Beeran, K. K. Muhammad Abdul Kareem, Balakrishnan Vallikunnu, Punnayurkulam Bapu, andVeliyankode Umar Qasi, chose to work from Malappuram.[41]
The district has also contributed toKathakali, the classical dance form of Kerala.[41] TheVeṭṭathunāṭu rulers, who controlled parts of present-day Tirurangadi, Tirur, and Ponnani Taluks, were noted patrons of arts and learning. A Veṭṭathunāṭu Raja (r. 1630–1640) is said to have introduced innovations in Kathakali, which has come to be known as the "Veṭṭathu Tradition".[130] Thunchath Ezhuthachchan and Vallathol Narayana Menon hail from Vettathunad, the latter of whom is considered the resurrector of modern Kathakali through the establishment of theKerala Kalamandalam school.[41] Kathakali trainerVazhenkada Kunchu Nair and Kathakali singersSankaran Embranthiri andTirur Nambissan were also from Malappuram.[41]Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma, who played a major role in resurrectingMohiniyattam in the modern Kerala, hailed fromTirunavaya.[41]Mrinalini Sarabhai, an Indian classical dancer, hailed from erstwhile Ponnani Taluk.Kottakkal Chandrasekharan,Kottakkal Sivaraman, andKottakkal Madhu are famous Kathakali artists hailing from the group Kottakkal Natya Sangam, established byVaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier inKottakkal.
The district has also contributed to traditionalayurveda medicine.[41]Arya Vaidya Sala atKottakkal is one of the largest ayurvedic medicinal networks in the world.[41]
Kerala Varma Valiya Koyi Thampuran (poet),Raja Raja Varma (poet), andRaja Ravi Varma (painter) were from different branches of theParappanad Royal Family fromParappanangadi.[131] According to some scholars, the ancestors ofVelu Thampi Dalawa also belong toVallikkunnu near Parappanangadi. The Chief Editor ofThe Hindu (1898–1905) and Founder Chief Editor ofThe Indian Patriot, Divan Bahadur C. Karunakara Menon (1863–1922), was also from Parappanangadi.[132]O. Chandu Menon wrote his novelsIndulekha (the first major novel written inMalayalam) andSaradha while he was the judge at Parappanangadi Munciff Court. K. Madhavan Nair, the founder ofMathrubhumiDaily, comes from Malappuram.
ThePonnani region was the working platform of freedom fighters such asK. Kelappan (popularly known as "Kerala Gandhi"), A. V. Kuttimalu Amma, andMohammed Abdur Rahiman.[41] Other independence activists from Ponnani Taluk includedLakshmi Sehgal,V. T. Bhattathiripad, andAmmu Swaminathan. The ashes ofMahatma Gandhi,Jawaharlal Nehru, andLal Bahadur Shastri, were deposited in Kerala atTirunavaya, on the bank of the riverBharathappuzha.[28][41] K. Madhavanar, who translated Gandhi's autobiography into Malayalam, was also a native of Malappuram.
Ponnani's trade relations with foreign countries since ancient times paved the way for a cultural exchange.[41] Persian–Arab art forms and North Indian culture came to Ponnani via this trade. This was also the origin of the hybrid languageArabi Malayalam, which has been used in the composition of some regional poetry.[41] The language'sscript (also known as Ponnani script) was created during the late 16th century and early 17th century.[41] The script was widely used in the district during the last centuries.[41] Hindustaniqawwali andghazals, which came here as part of the cultural exchange, still thrive in Ponnani. EK Aboobacker, Main, and Khalil Bhai (Khalil Rahman) are some of the famousqawwali singers of Ponnani.
The original headquarters of thePalakkad Rajas were atAthavanad.[28] Several aristocratic Nambudiri Manas are present in the Tirur, Perinthalmanna, and Ponnani taluks.Tirunavaya, the seat of the medievalMamankam festival, is also present in the district.E. M. S. Namboodiripad, the first Chief Minister of Kerala, hails fromPerinthalmanna in the district.[41]
During the medieval period, the district was a centre ofVedic andIslamic studies.[41] TheValiya Juma Masjid at Ponnani was one of the largest centres of Islamic studies in Asia during the medieval period. It is believed thatMalik Dinar visited Ponnani.[133]Parameshvara,Nilakantha Somayaji,Jyeṣṭhadeva,Achyutha Pisharadi, and Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri, who were the main members of theKerala school of astronomy and mathematics, hailed from the Tirur region.[41]Zainuddin Makhdoom II, a judge and the first known Keralite historian, also hails from the district.[41]
Playwrights and actors from the district includeK. T. Muhammed,Nilambur Balan,Nilambur Ayisha,Adil Ibrahim,Aneesh G. Menon,Aparna Nair,Baby Anikha,Dhanish Karthik,Hemanth Menon,Rashin Rahman,Ravi Vallathol,Sangita Madhavan Nair,Shwetha Menon, andSooraj Thelakkad.Sukumaran—who is also the father of two notable actors and playback singers of Malayalam film industry, namelyPrithviraj Sukumaran andIndrajith Sukumaran—also was a native of the district. Other playback singers from the district includeKrishnachandran,Parvathy Jayadevan,Shahabaz Aman,Sithara Krishnakumar, Sudeep Palanad, andUnni Menon. The district has also produced some notable film producers, lyricists, cinematographers, and directors includingAryadan Shoukath,Deepu Pradeep,Hari Nair,Iqbal Kuttippuram,Mankada Ravi Varma,Muhammad Musthafa,Muhsin Parari,Rajeev Nair,Salam Bappu,Shanavas K Bavakutty, Shanavas Naranippuzha,T. A. Razzaq,T. A. Shahid,Vinay Govind, andZakariya Mohammed. Most notable painters from district includeArtist Namboothiri,K. C. S. Paniker,Akkitham Narayanan, andT. K. Padmini.[41]M. G. S. Narayanan, one among the most notable historians of Kerala, also hail from here.[41] Social reformers from the district includeVeliyankode Umar Khasi,Chalilakath Kunahmed Haji,E. Moidu Moulavi, andSayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal.[41]
Malappuram is often known as "The Mecca of Kerala Football",[134][135] and is home to theMalappuram District Sports Complex & Football Academy andKottappadi Football Stadium complexes.MDSC Stadium was selected as one of two stadiums, along with theJawaharlal Nehru Stadium, to host thegroup stages of the2013–14 Indian Federation Cup.[136] Other major stadiums include the Rajiv Gandhi Municipal Stadium at Tirur, and the Perinthalmanna Cricket Stadium at Perinthalmanna.
Malabar Premier League was initiated in 2015 to strengthen football in the district.[137] The Calicut University Synthetic Track atTenhipalam is the apex synthetic track in the district, and is associated with the C. H. Muhammad Koya Stadium.[138] Other major stadiums include those atAreekode, Kottakkal, and Ponnani. A football hub to internationalise the eight major football stadiums of district is proposed.[139] Two new stadium complexes inTanur andNilambur are under construction.[140]
Palakkad district has produced several notable poets, playback singers, and actors. TheThrithala–Pattambi region can be described as the cultural capital of the district.
The Indira Gandhi Municipal Stadium in the center of Palakkad city, once used for major sport events, has fallen into disrepair due to the lack of maintenance; however, the municipality has proposed a renovation of the stadium with international facilities.[141]Fort Maidan,[142] a multi-usestadium in Palakkad, is mainly used forcricket matches. In 2003, theRanji Trophy was introduced in Fort Maidan. The city has an indoor stadium[143] located nearGovernment Victoria College, Palakkad, with an eight-lane synthetic track.[144]
Centuries of maritime trade has given South Malabar a cosmopolitan cuisine that combines traditionalKerala,Persian,Yemenese, andArab food culture,[145] and offers a variety of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes.Pathiri, a type of rice flour pancake, is a primary food throughout South Malabar, and a common breakfast item.[citation needed] Variants ofpathiri includeneypathiri (made with ghee),poricha pathiri (fried rather than baked),meen pathiri (stuffed with fish), andirachi pathiri (stuffed with beef).[145]Kallummakkaya (mussels)curry,irachi puttu (irachi meaning "meat"),parottas (soft flatbread),[145] andghee rice are some other specialties. Spices are a hallmark of South Malabar cuisine—black pepper,cardamom, andclove are used profusely. Vegetarian fare includesSadya, a traditional meal served on a banana leaf.
TheMalabar version ofbiryani (Malayalam:kuzhi mandi) is another popular item, which has influences fromYemen.[145] Various varieties ofbiriyanis like Kozhikodebiriyani[146] and Ponnanibiriyani[147] are prepared in South Malabar.[145]
Another specialty isbanana chips, which are made crisp and wafer-thin. Other popular dishes are prepared using seafood such as prawns, mussels, and mackerel. Snacks includeunnakkaya (deep-fried, boiled ripebanana paste covering a mixture of cashew,raisins, andsugar),[148]pazham nirachathu (ripe banana filled withcoconut grating,molasses, or sugar),[148]muttamala made ofeggs,[145]chatti pathiri (adessert made of flour, like a baked, layeredchapati with rich filling),arikkadukka,[149] and more.[145] Many of these snacks have their own style in thePonnani area.[150]
Kozhikode is also famous forhaluva, called "sweet meat" by Europeans due to the texture of the sweet. A main road in Kozhikode is named "Mittai Theruvu" ("Sweet Meat Street"), so named for the numeroushalwa stores which used to dot it.
However, newer generations are more inclined towards Chinese and American food. Chinese food is very popular among the locals.
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This national park is located in the rich biodiversity ofNilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Additional nearby protected areas include theKarimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary,New Amarambalam Reserved Forest,Nedumkayam Rainforest,Attappadi Reserved Forest, andMukurthi National Park.Mukurthi peak, the fifth-highest peak in South India, andAnginda peak are also located in its vicinity.Bhavani River (a tributary ofKaveri River),Kunthipuzha River (a tributary of theBharathappuzha), and theKadalundi River originate in the vicinity of Silent Valley.
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{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore theTransactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the serieswithout the calculus, but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case, the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution.
{{cite news}}:|last= has generic name (help)One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore theTransactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the serieswithout the calculus, but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case, the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution.
Football and Cricket – the Most Popular Games
Contemporary evaluation within India tends to the view that the Malabar Rebellion was a war of liberation, and in 1971 the Kerala Government granted the remaining active participants in the revolt the accolade of Ayagi, "freedom fighter"
