Soran Emirate (Kurdish:میرنشینی سۆران)[1] was a medievalKurdish emirate established before the conquest ofKurdistan byOttoman Empire in 1514[2] and later revived byEmirKor centered inRawandiz from 1816 to 1836.[3] Kor was ousted in an offensive by the Ottomans.[4]
While no date has been established for the origin of the Soran Emirate, Kurdish historianSharafkhan Bidlisi mentions the Emirate inSharafnama in 1597 as established by a shepherd namedIsa. Bitlisi claims that villagers quickly followed the popular Isa and attacked the Rewan Castle where they established themselves. They took the nameSoran meaningfrom red after the red stones near the castle. Qadir Muhammad Muhammad writes that the emirate was likely established sometime between the 1330s and 1430s.[5]
Years later, during theBattle of Chaldiran in 1514 between the Ottomans and theSafavids, the Emirate was able to conquer land betweenErbil andKirkuk.[6] In 1534, Emir Ezaddin Sher was executed bySuleiman the Magnificent for his treatment of the Emperor's servants and the Emirate was given to Yazidis led by Hussein Beg who ruled as a brutal tyrant. He was soon toppled by the family of the previous Emir led by Emir Saifuddin who himself was executed by the Ottoman Emperor inConstantinople, pushing the Emirate into anarchy.[7]
The last prince of the emirate was EmirMuhammad Kor, who reigned from 1813 to 1836. His father, Mustafa Beg, peacefully handed the princedom to him. In the first few years of his rule, he consolidated his power and began launching attacks toward the neighboring principality ofBaban. He occupiedHarir in 1822,Koy Sanjaq,Altunkupri,Erbil in 1823,Akre,Ranya in 1824.[5] This established theZab river as the border between the two emirates.
As the region experienced a power vacuum due to the decline of Baban, theRusso-Turkish War from 1828 to 1829, and theEgyptian–Ottoman War from 1831 to 1833, he led atribal force toRawandiz and built a citadel in the town as they build up a military. Between 1831 and 1834 he was able to capture several towns and cities in other Kurdish emirates. 1831 he captured theBahdinan emirate ofAmedi.[8] Kor further expanded his influence toMardin,Cizre andNusaybin, compelling the ruler of theBohtan Mir Sevdin, to accept his authority, which caused serious concern in the Ottoman capitalConstantinople.[8] Kor then capturedAkre and oppressedYazidis in the newly-conquered areas.[8]
Under Emir Kor, the Soran emirate developed a powerful army. It consisted of between 30 and 50,000 tribal musketeers who were given regular salaries, having the appearance of a national army.[5] Kor himself ate each evening with 100-200 soldiers from different tribes.[5] A multitude of different tribes joined his army such as the Baliki, Rewendek, Sidek, Shirwani, Rusuri, Malibas,Muzuri, Sheikhab, Nurik, Kheilani,Khoshnaw, Hnearai,Herki, Sheikh Mahmudi, Kassan, Derijiki, Bamami, Sekw, Shikuli, Mendik, Baimar,Balak, and Piraji.[5]
Fearing a cooperation between the Soran Emirate andMuhammad Ali of Egypt, the Ottomans dispatched an army to Soran in 1834. Mire Kor was able to repeal the forces and push towardsIran.[8] This led Kurdish notables from Bradost, Akre and Amedi to complain toReşid Mehmed Pasha of the Ottoman government alleging they were oppressed by Mir Kor of Soran.[8]
Kor tried to subdue theAssyrians of LowerTyari in 1834 but suffered a humiliating defeat near the village of Lezan. This defeat prompted the Ottomans to reassess their perception of the perceived strength of the emirate and develop a plan for its subjugation.[9][10][11][12] A second Ottoman offensive was initiated in 1836 which forced Kor to retreat to Rawandiz, mainly due to the lack of support from his tribal allies.[13]
After having pressured to surrender by the situation given, Emir Kor travelled to Istanbul for negotiations, where he was given authority over the area of the Emirate of Soran. But on his way home he disappeared in the Black Sea area and the Ottoman Empire supported his brother Rasul as the Emir of the Emirate. The Emirate would ultimately fall victim to the growingcentralization of the Ottoman Empire.[14][15]
There were traits ofKurdish awareness by the Soran Emirate including the desire to unite allKurdish areas under one rule and the use ofKurdish uniforms for his army. On this, Emir Kor's brother Rasul told British writer and travellerFrederick Milingen:[16]
With an aspiring genius he had conceived the grande idée of emancipating his country from the authority of the sultans, and of consolidating the power of his family. Uniting the qualities of a conqueror and of a legislator, Mehemet Pasha succeeded in extending his sway over the neighbouring provinces of Kerkuk[sic] and Mussul [sic], and in gathering under his flag a large number of Koordish [sic] troop.
Moreover, researcher Ghalib writes:[17]
[T]hrough many centuries of Ottoman rule, they [Kurds] could not build up a sense of community between the Kurds and the dominant ruler. Kurds remembered their happiness under Soran and other Kurdish emirates. Therefore, they did not welcome the Ottoman officials. Remembering the past is important for keeping one’s own history in mind.