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| Sons of Liberty | |
|---|---|
 The Rebellious Stripes Flag | |
| Leaders | See below |
| Dates of operation | 1765 (1765)–1776 (1776) |
| Motives | Before 1766: Opposition to theStamp Act After 1766: Independence of theUnited Colonies fromGreat Britain |
| Active regions | Massachusetts Bay Rhode Island New Hampshire New Jersey New York Maryland Virginia |
| Ideology | Initial phase: "No taxation without representation" Rights of Englishmen Later phase: Classical liberalism Republicanism Separatism |
| Major actions | Public demonstrations,direct action,destruction of Crown goods and property,boycotts,tar and feathering,pamphleteering |
| Notable attacks | Gaspee Affair,Boston Tea Party, attack onJohn Malcolm |
| Allies |  Patriot revolutionaries |
| Opponents |  Parliament of Great Britain Royal Colonial Governments Tories and otherCrown Loyalists |
TheSons of Liberty was a loosely organized, clandestine, sometimes violent,political organization active in theThirteen American Colonies founded to advance therights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government. It played a major role in most colonies in battling theStamp Act in 1765[1] and throughout the entire period of theAmerican Revolution. Historian David C. Rapoport called the activities of the Sons of Liberty "mob terror."[2]
In popular thought, the Sons of Liberty was a formal underground organization with recognized members and leaders. More likely, the name was an underground term for any men resisting the new Crown taxes and laws.[3] The well-known label allowed organizers to make or create an anonymous summons to aLiberty Tree, "Liberty Pole", or other public meeting-place. Furthermore, a unifying name helped to promote inter-colonial efforts against Parliament and the Crown's actions. Their motto became "No taxation without representation."[4]
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In 1765, the British government, already deeply indebted from theSeven Years' War, stationed an army of 10,000 officers and soldiers, and intended that the American colonists contribute financially to that force.[5] The American colonies had been the theater of relatedFrench and Indian War. The British passed a series of taxes aimed at the colonists, but many refused to pay, arguing that they should not be held accountable for taxes that were decided upon without any form of their consent through a representative. This became commonly known as "No Taxation without Representation." Parliament claimed authority to rule the colonies, even though the colonists had no representative in Parliament.[6] The most incendiary tax was theStamp Act of 1765, which caused a firestorm of opposition through legislative resolutions (starting in the colony ofVirginia), public demonstrations,[7] threats, and occasional hurtful losses.[8]
The name is presumed to have been inspired by the phrase's use in a pro-American, anti-taxation speech in the House of Commons on February 6, 1765, by Irish-born MPIsaac Barré, a British veteran of the Seven Years' War.[9][10][11] A precursor of the Sons of Liberty in Boston was theLoyal Nine, which burned effigies of Stamp Act commissionerAndrew Oliver in Boston on August 14, 1765. When he did not resign, the group escalated to burning down his office building. Even after he resigned, they almost destroyed the whole house of his close associate, Lieutenant GovernorThomas Hutchinson. It is believed that the Sons of Liberty did this to excite the lower classes and get them actively involved in rebelling against the authorities. Their actions made many of the stamp distributors resign in fear.
The organization spread after independent starts in several different colonies under various names.[12] The name Sons of Liberty was used beginning in November in New York and Connecticut. By November 6, a committee was set up inNew York City to correspond with other colonies, and by November 11, a meeting inWindham, Connecticut laid out organizational plans. In December, an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut, and the name of Sons of Liberty was first used in Boston. January bore witness to a correspondence link between Boston and New York City, and by March,Providence, Rhode Island had initiated connections with New York,New Hampshire, andNewport, Rhode Island. March also marked the emergence of Sons of Liberty organizations in New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia.
To celebrate the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766, the Sons of Liberty inDedham, Massachusetts, erected thePillar of Liberty.[13]
The Sons of Liberty popularized the use oftar and feathering to punish and humiliate offending government officials starting in 1767. This method was also used against British Loyalists during the American Revolution. This punishment had long been used by sailors to punish their mates.[14]
On August 14, 1769, the Boston Sons of Liberty held a public rally in celebration of the 4th Anniversary of their founding. At 11 in the morning, they gathered at the Liberty Tree in Boston, where they gave speeches and made toasts; they then paraded to the Liberty Tree Tavern in nearby Dorchester, where they held a celebratory dinner of 300 members of the organization in a tent set up next to the tavern, where "Music played, and at proper Intervals Cannon were fired. [...] About five o'clock, the Company left [the tavern] in a Procession that extended near a Mile and a half, and before Dark entered the City, went round the State House and retired each to his own House."[15]
At this time in the history of their organization, they still considered themselves to be loyal subjects of the monarchy of Great Britain; when it came time at both events to give a round of toasts, the first toasts were to "The King, the Queen and the Royal Family";[15] only much later during the course of the Revolution did they begin to stridently oppose giving any support to the monarchy.
The Bostonian branch of the Sons of Liberty was responsible for organizing and executing the famousBoston Tea Party of 1773 in response to theTea Act.
Early in the American Revolution, the former Sons of Liberty generally joined more formal groups, such as theCommittee of Safety.
"The association of the Sons of Liberty was organized in 1765, soon after the passage of the Stamp Act, and extended throughout the colonies, from Massachusetts to South Carolina. It appears that New York was the central post from which communications were dispatched, to and from the east and to the south as far as Maryland..."[16]
While the exact name "Sons of Liberty" may not have been taken up as their official moniker by the leaders of the New York opposition to the Stamp Act in 1765 - they were popularly known there around that time as "The Liberty Boys" - it appears that they were known to other "Sons of Liberty" organizations in other states by that name not long after that time. There is a letter written by the "Sons of Liberty" in Baltimore, Maryland, "to the Sons of Liberty in New York", dated 6 March 1766, in which the Baltimore "Sons" thanked their New York brethren for having forcedZachariah Hood, who had been appointed stamp-master for Maryland, into resigning his commission. Hood had arrived in New York on a ship from London, and as soon as his mission became known to The Liberty Boys of New York, they arranged for a meeting with him at which they reasoned with him in their own inimitable way and thus secured his "resignation."[17]
A list of New York members of the Sons of Liberty compiled by the Sons in Maryland, written on 1 March 1766, lists the following correspondents in the colony of New York: "New York [city] —John Lamb,Isaac Sears,William Wiley, Edward Laight, Thomas Robinson, Flores Bancker, Charles Nicoll,Joseph Allicoke, and Gershom Mott.Jer. Van Rensselaer, Maynard Roseboom, Rob. Henry, andThos. Young, Albany.John S. Hobart, Gilbert Potter, Thomas Brush, Cornelius Conklin, and Nathaniel Williams, Huntington, Long Island. George Townsend, Barack Sneething, Benjamin Townsend, George Weeks, Michael Weeks, and Rowland Chambers, Oyster Bay, Long Island."[18]
In December 1773, a new group calling itself the Sons of Liberty issued and distributed a declaration in New York City called theAssociation of the Sons of Liberty in New York, which formally stated that they were opposed to theTea Act and that anyone who assisted in the execution of the act was"an enemy to the liberties of America" and that"whoever shall transgress any of these resolutions, we will not deal with, or employ, or have any connection with him."[19]
After the end of theAmerican Revolutionary War,Isaac Sears,Marinus Willet, andJohn Lamb revived in New York City the Sons of Liberty. In March 1784, they rallied an enormous crowd that called for the expulsion of any remaining Loyalists from the state, starting May 1. The Sons of Liberty were able to gain enough seats in the New York assembly elections of December 1784 to pass a set of punitive laws against Loyalists. In violation of theTreaty of Paris (1783), they called for the confiscation of the property of Loyalists.[20]Alexander Hamilton defended the Loyalists, citing the supremacy of the treaty.
An original flag flown from the Liberty Tree is in the collection of Revolutionary Spaces in Boston at the Old State House. The flag is wool with nine vertical stripes, four white and five red. The owner of the flag post-Revolution, Samuel "Rat-Trap" Adams, claimed that the flag was used by the Sons of Liberty, although there is no contemporary documentation of a non-British striped flag used by the Sons of Liberty.A flag having 13 horizontal red and white stripes was used by the Continental Navy and by American merchant ships during the war, although the two styles of flag do not appear to be related.[21][22]
At various times, small secret organizations took the name "Sons of Liberty". They generally left very few records. In the early 19th century, there was an organization inBennington, Vermont named the Sons of Liberty; this organisation included local notables such as military officerMartin Scott and Hiram Harwood.[32]
TheImproved Order of Red Men, established in 1834, claimed to be descended from the original Sons of Liberty, noting that the Sons participated in theBoston Tea Party dressed as their idea of "Indians".
The name was also used during theAmerican Civil War.[33] TheCopperhead group, theKnights of the Golden Circle, reorganized in 1863 as the "Order of American Knights". In 1864, it became theOrder of the Sons of Liberty, with the Ohio politicianClement L. Vallandigham, most prominent of the Copperheads, as its supreme commander. In most areas, only a minority of its membership was radical enough to discourage enlistments, resist the draft, and shield deserters. The group held numerous peace meetings. A few agitators, some of them encouraged by Southern money, talked of a revolt in theOld Northwest, to end the war.[34] In 1864, both the KGC and the Order of the Sons of Liberty were prosecuted for treason by federal authorities, especially in Indiana.[35]
In 1948, a radical wing of theZionist movement, calling itself the "Sons of Liberty", launched a boycott of British films in the U.S.; this was in response to British policies inPalestine.[36]
Notes
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