Sonja Henie (8 April 1912 – 12 October 1969) was aNorwegianfigure skater and film star. She was a three-timeOlympic champion (1928,1932,1936) in women'ssingles, a ten-timeWorld champion (1927–1936) and a six-timeEuropean champion (1931–1936). Henie won more Olympic and World titles than any other ladies' figure skater. She is one of only two skaters to defend a ladies' singles Olympic title, the other beingKatarina Witt, and her six consecutive European titles have only been matched by Witt.
Henie was born on 8 April 1912 in Kristiania (nowOslo), Norway; she was the only daughter ofWilhelm Henie (1872–1937), a prosperous Norwegianfurrier, and his wife, Selma Lochmann-Nielsen (1888–1961). In addition to the income from the fur business, both of Henie's parents had inherited wealth. Wilhelm Henie had been a one-timeWorld Cycling Champion and the Henie children were encouraged to take up a variety of sports at a young age. Henie initially showed talent atskiing, then followed her older brother, Leif, to take upfigure skating. As a girl Henie also was a nationally rankedtennis player, and a skilledswimmer andequestrian. Once Henie began serious training as a figure skater, her formal schooling ended. She was educated by tutors, and her father hired the best experts in the world, including the famous Russian ballerina,Tamara Karsavina, to transform his daughter into a sporting celebrity.[1]
Henie began skating at the age of 5. She enjoyed music and dance from an early age, studyingballet and after starting her competitive skating career, admired the Russian ballet dancerAnna Pavlova after seeing her perform in London.[2]
Henie skating withArne Lie [no] in 1925Henie with British skaterCecilia Colledge during the medals ceremony at the 1936 Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.
Henie placed eighth in a field of eight at the1924 Winter Olympics, at the age of eleven.[3] Henie won the first of an unprecedented ten consecutive World Figure Skating Championships in 1927 at the age of fourteen.[4] The results of 1927 World Championships, where Henie won in 3–2 decision (or 7 vs. 8 ordinal points) over the defending Olympic and World ChampionHerma Szabo ofAustria, was "controversial",[4] as three of the five judges that gave Henie first-place ordinals were Norwegian (1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 = 7 points) while Szabo received first-place ordinals from an Austrian and a German Judge (1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 8 points). Henie went on to win first of her threeOlympic gold medals the following year, becoming one of the youngest figure skating Olympic champions. She defended her Olympic titles in 1932 and in 1936, and her world titles annually until 1936. Henie andGillis Grafström from Sweden are the only skaters to win three Olympic gold medals in single skating.[3][4] She also won six consecutive European championships from 1931 to 1936.
Henie's unprecedented three Olympic gold medals have not been matched by any ladies' single skater since, nor have her achievements as ten-time consecutive World champion. WhileIrina Slutskaya of Russia has held the record for most European titles among ladies' skaters since 2006, Henie still retains the record of most consecutive titles, sharing it withKatarina Witt ofEast Germany/Germany (1983–1988).
Towards the end of her career, she began to be strongly challenged by younger skaters includingCecilia Colledge,Megan Taylor, andHedy Stenuf. However, she held off these competitors and went on to win her third Olympic title at the1936 Winter Olympics, albeit in very controversial circumstances with Cecilia Colledge finishing a very close second. Indeed, after the school figures section at the 1936 Olympic competition, Colledge and Henie were virtually neck and neck with Colledge trailing by just a few points. As Sandra Stevenson recounted inThe Independent, "the closeness [of the competition] infuriated Henie, who, when the result for that section was posted on a wall in the competitors' lounge, swiped the piece of paper and tore it into little pieces.
The draw for the free skating [then] came under suspicion after Henie landed the plum position of skating last, while Colledge had to perform second of the 26 competitors. The early start was seen as a disadvantage, with the audience not yet whipped into a clapping frenzy and the judges known to become freer with their higher marks as the event proceeded. Years later, a fairer, staggered draw was adopted to counteract this situation".[5]
During her competitive career, Henie traveled widely and worked with a variety of foreign coaches. At home in Oslo, she trained atFrogner Stadium, where her coaches included Hjørdis Olsen and Oscar Holte. During the latter part of her competitive career she was coached primarily by the American Howard Nicholson inLondon.
In addition to traveling to train and compete, she was much in demand as a performer at figure skating exhibitions in both Europe and North America. Henie became so popular with the public that police had to be called out for crowd control on her appearances in various disparate cities such asPrague andNew York City.
It was an open secret that, in spite of the strictamateurism requirements of the time, Wilhelm Henie demanded "expense money" for his daughter's skating appearances. Both of Henie's parents had given up their own pursuits in Norway—leaving Leif to run the fur business—in order to accompany Sonja on her travels and act as her managers.
Sonja Henie appeared on the cover ofTime magazine on 17 July 1939
After the 1936World Figure Skating Championships, Henie gave up her amateur status and took up a career as a professional performer in acting and live shows.[3] While still a girl, Henie had decided that she wanted to move toCalifornia and become a movie star when her competitive days were over, without considering that her strong accent might hinder her acting ambitions.
Henie opened up opportunities for figure skaters to use their skills to earn a living. In addition to appearing in Hollywood films, she toured North America with her own professional shows, thus amassing a great deal of personal wealth and by popularizing the ice show, opened up professional skating opportunities for other lesser-known figure skaters.[6]
In 1936, following a successful ice show inLos Angeles orchestrated by her father to launch her film career, Hollywood studio chiefDarryl Zanuck signed her to a long-term contract atTwentieth Century Fox, which made her one of the highest-paid actresses of the time. After the success of her first film,One in a Million (1936),[7] Henie's position was assured and she became increasingly demanding in her business dealings with Zanuck. Henie also insisted on having total control of the skating numbers in her films such asSecond Fiddle (1939).
Henie tried to break the musical comedy mould with the anti-Nazi filmEverything Happens at Night (1939) andIt's a Pleasure (1945), a skating variation of the often-toldA Star Is Born tale about alcoholic-star-in-decline-helps-newcomer-up. It was her only film shot inTechnicolor, but it was not as huge at the box office as her other films and also proved her limitations as a dramatic actress in her only dramatic film.
In her filmEverything Happens at Night (1939),Ray Milland andRobert Cummings star as rival reporters hot on the trail of Hugo Norden (Maurice Moscovich). Norden, a Nobel Prize winner, was supposedly murdered by the Gestapo, but is rumoured to be in hiding and writing anonymous dispatches advocating world peace. When Geoffrey and Ken track Norden to a small village in the Swiss Alps, they soon find themselves competing over the affections of beautiful Louise (Henie), who has a deeper connection to the missing Nobel laureate than the reporters realize. When Geoffrey and Ken get so distracted by romance that they begin to neglect their assignments, it almost leads to disaster as the Gestapo sets out to silence Norden once and for all. Released on 22 December 1939, it was banned in Nazi Germany.
Henie with Hitler in 1936
In addition to her film career at Fox from 1936 to 1943, Henie formed a business arrangement withArthur Wirtz, who produced her touring ice shows under the name of "Hollywood Ice Revue". Wirtz also acted as Henie's financial advisor. At the time, figure skating and ice shows were not yet an established form of entertainment in the United States. Henie's popularity as a film actress attracted many new fans and instituted skating shows as a popular new entertainment. Throughout the 1940s, Henie and Wirtz produced lavish musical ice skating extravaganzas atRockefeller Center'sCenter Theatre attracting millions of ticket buyers.
Henie broke off her arrangement with Wirtz in 1950 and for the next three seasons produced her own tours under the name "Sonja Henie Ice Revue". It was an ill-advised decision to set herself up in competition with Wirtz, whose shows now featured the new Olympic championBarbara Ann Scott. Since Wirtz controlled the best arenas and dates, Henie was left playing smaller venues and markets already saturated by other touring ice shows such asIce Capades. The collapse of a section of bleachers during a show inBaltimore, Maryland, in 1952 compounded the tour's legal and financial woes.
In 1953, Henie formed a new partnership withMorris Chalfen to appear in his EuropeanHoliday On Ice tour, which proved to be a great success. She produced her own show at New York'sRoxy Theatre in January 1956.[9] However, a subsequent South American tour in 1956 was a disaster. Henie was drinking heavily at that time and could no longer keep up with the demands of touring, and this marked her retirement from skating.
She did try to make a film series at her own expense; a series that would serve as a travelogue to several cities. Paris and London were mentioned, but onlyHello London (1958) was made with her own backing, co-starringMichael Wilding and special guest starStanley Holloway. While her ice show numbers were still worth watching, the film received few distributors and poor reviews, ending her film career.
Her autobiographyMitt livs eventyr was published in 1938. An English translation,Wings on My Feet, was released in 1940 and republished in a revised edition in 1954. At the time of her death, the 57-year-old Henie was planning a comeback for a television special that would have aired in January 1970. She was to have danced to "Lara's Theme" fromDoctor Zhivago.
Henie's connections withAdolf Hitler and other high-rankingNazi officials made her the subject of controversy before, during, and afterWorld War II. During her amateur skating career, she performed often inGermany and was a favorite of German audiences and of Hitler personally. As a wealthy celebrity, she moved in the same social circles as royalty and heads of state and made Hitler's acquaintance as a matter of course.
Controversy appeared first when Henie greeted Hitler with aNazi salute at the 1936 Winter Olympics inGarmisch-Partenkirchen and after the Games she accepted an invitation to lunch with Hitler at his resort home inBerchtesgaden in far southeasternBavaria, where Hitler presented Henie with an autographed photo with a lengthy inscription. She was strongly denounced in the Norwegian press for this.
In her revised 1954 biography,[10] she states that no Norwegian judge was in the panel for the 1936 Olympics—as she was entitled to as a Norwegian. She therefore made the best of it and won her third Olympic medal. When she—as a gold medal winner—passed Hitler's tribune with silver medalistCecilia Colledge and bronze medalistVivi-Anne Hultén, neither she nor the others honored Hitler with the Nazi salute. The1936 European Figure Skating Championships also took place in Berlin and neither Henie, Colledge, norMegan Taylor paid obeisance to Hitler.[11]
Henie is credited with being the first figure skater to use dancechoreography, to adopt the short skirt in figure skating, and to wear white boots,[12] which deemphasized the heaviness of skates and produced a lighter and longer appearance of the skater's legs that was "a focal point for judges' and spectators' gaze".[13] When white boots quickly became standard for female skaters, Henie began wearing beige boots because she wanted to remain unique.[13]
Her innovative skating techniques and glamorous demeanor transformed the sport permanently and confirmed its acceptance as a legitimate sport in the Winter Olympics.[14] Figure skating writer and historian Ellyn Kestnbaum credits Henie with transforming figure skating into what she calls "a spectacle of the skater's body" and for "shifting [the sport's] meanings firmly in the direction of femininity".[13] Kestnbaum argues that Henie influenced female skaters' costumes that emphasized their wealth, especially her fur-trimmed outfits, which were emulated at the1930 World Championships, held for the first time in North America, inNew York City.[13] Henie incorporated dance elements into her figure skating, through the placement of spins, jumps, and choreography to reflect the mood of the music she used.[2]
Kestnbaum argues that although Henie's skating was "athletic and powerful for her day",[2] she added elements,such as using the toepicks of her skates to run or pose on the ice, in movements similar to the use ofpointe technique in ballet. Kestnbaum argues that although toe steps are used as "occasional couterpoints to thelegato flow of skating movement", Henie might have overused them, calling them "mincing and ineffective".[15]
Also according to Kestnbaum, "Henie's largest contribution to public images of skating"[15] was in her professional ice shows and in her Hollywood films, which were often the first time audiences were exposed to figure skating through the mass media. As a result, the image of the figure skater was linked to "the image of the glamorous movie star",[15] within the conventions of film and stage musicals of the 1930s. Kestnbaum argues that the costumes Henie wore in her shows and films, which were short, revealing, full ofsequins and feathers, and more reminiscent of the costumes of female entertainers than of the clothes worn in the more conservative world of competitive figure skating of the time, most likely contributed to the "showiness" that influenced the costume choices of later generations of female competitive figure skaters.[15]
Henie was married three times: toDan Topping (1940–1946), Winthrop Gardiner Jr. (1949–1956),[16] andNiels Onstad (1956–1969), a Norwegian shipping magnate and art patron. After her retirement in 1956, Henie and Onstad settled in Oslo and accumulated a large collection of modern art that formed the basis for the Henie Onstad Art Centre atHøvikodden inBærum nearOslo.
Henie was diagnosed withchronic lymphocytic leukemia in the mid-1960s.[18] She died of the disease at age 57 in 1969 in anambulance plane flight fromParis toOslo.[3][19] She is buried with Onstad in Oslo on the hilltop overlooking the Henie Onstad Art Centre.
For a time, Sonja Henie's picture adorned the tail of aBoeing 737-300 of the airlineNorwegian Air Shuttle. As the Boeing 737-300 was being phased out, her picture was placed on the tail of aBoeing 737-800 of the same airline and in 2013 to the tail of Norwegian Air Shuttle's firstBoeing 787 Dreamliner.[citation needed] One of the airline's trademarks is having portraits of famous deceasedNorwegians on the tails of its aircraft.[23]
In 2012, thePosten Norge (Norwegian postal service) issued two stamps featuring Sonja Henie.[24]
Her name and likeness were mentioned and portrayed by an ice skatingDonald Duck in Walt Disney's 1939The Hockey Champ.
Her name and appearance was shown in episode 285 of MASH 4077.
Her animated counterpart appeared in the Disney short,The Autograph Hound when Donald asked for her autograph.
She is mentioned by Ty Webb, Chevy Chase's character inCaddyshack, as a possible but unavailable substitute for Rodney Dangerfield's character (Al Czervik) in the final “golf wager” round before Michael O’Keefe's Danny Noonan is chosen.
^Henie, Sonja (1954).Wings on My Feet (revised ed.). p. 39.
^Sonja Henie - isens dronning (Documentary) (in Norwegian). NRK. 27 December 1993.Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved3 January 2021.
^Jacobs, Laura (11 February 2014)."Sonja Henie's Ice Age".Vanity Fair.Archived from the original on 23 July 2017. Retrieved3 September 2018.
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