Asommelier (UK:/ˈsɒməljeɪ,sɒˈmɛlieɪ/SOM-əl-yay, som-EL-ee-ay,US:/ˌsʌməlˈjeɪ/SUM-əl-YAY,French:[sɔməlje]ⓘ),chef de vin orwine steward,[1] is a trained and knowledgeablewine professional, normally working in finerestaurants, who specializes in all aspects of wine service as well aswine and food pairing. The role of thesommelier infine dining today is much more specialized and informed than that of a winewaiter.Sommeliers Australia states that the role is strategically on par with that of thechef de cuisine.[2]
A sommelier may be responsible for the development of wine lists and books and for the delivery of wine service and training for the other restaurant staff. Working along with the culinary team, they pair and suggest wines that will best complement each particular food menu item.[3] This entails the need for a deep knowledge of how food and wine, beer, spirits and other beverages work in harmony. A professional sommelier also works on the floor of the restaurant and is in direct contact with restaurantcustomers. The sommelier has a responsibility to work within the taste preference and budget parameters of the patron.
In modern times, a sommelier's role may be considered broader than working only with wines, and may encompass all aspects of the restaurant's service, with an enhanced focus on wines,beers, spirits,soft-drinks,cocktails,mineral waters, andtobaccos.[2] The role of sommelier is usually taken on by amaître d'hôtel when no sommelier is employed.[1]
The modern word isFrench, deriving fromMiddle French where it referred to a court official charged with transportation of supplies.[4] This use of the term dates to a period whenpack animals would be used to transport supplies. The Middle French probably finds its origin inOld Provençal where asaumalier was a pack animal driver.[4]Sauma referred to a pack animal or the load of a pack animal. InLate Latin,sagma referred to a packsaddle.[4]
This hypothesis, upheld over time based on the concepts put forth byLittré andDu Cange, does not seem the most accurate. It is more likely that thesommelier de vins originally held a high-ranking position in the Burgundian court, derived from thesommelier de chambre, meaning the custodian of the lord's rest. Similarly, in Spain, thecamarero del rey was responsible for overseeing the royal chambers, and over time, the termcamarero came to refer to servants in general.
This phenomenon illustrates how a prestigious title could give rise to lesser positions sharing the same generic name. Due to the influence ofPhilip the Handsome’s court on that of theCatholic Monarchs, a duplication of official titles occurred at a certain point. Regarding wine, thecamarero de vinos eventually evolved intosumiller, a term that remains the Spanish equivalent ofsommelier.[5]
Thoughsommelier is a job title potentially anyone may claim, becoming a professional certified sommelier often requires some combination of experience, training, formal education (abachelor's degree is not required, but individuals may do a two-year associate degree), classes and examinations.[6] It is possible to become a sommelier by starting at the entry level in the hospitality or wine industry and working up, though many choose to become educated and professionally certified by one (or more) of the many certifying bodies. Various certifications are offered by a wide range of educators. A very basic education in wine may be attained over the course of months at a cost in the hundreds of dollars, but advanced professional certification typically requires years of study, practice and experience costing thousands of dollars. A thorough education in wine is still less expensive than typicalgraduate school costs in the US.[citation needed]
The 'Court of Master Sommeliers' (CMS), established in 1977, is an independent examining body that offers the 'Master Sommelier Diploma', the 'Advanced Sommelier Certificate', the 'Certified Sommelier Certificate', and the 'Introductory Sommelier Certificate'. It was created under the supervision of theWorshipful Company of Vintners, the Institute ofMasters of Wine, the British Hotels & Restaurants Association, theWine and Spirit Trade Association of Great Britain, and the Wholesale Tobacco Trade Association.[7] Since the Master Sommelier Diploma was introduced in 1969, a total of 249 people from around the world had become Master Sommeliers by the end of 2017.[8] The Court also offers intermediate levels of education including the annual "Advanced Sommelier Course", which prepares invited candidates to sit for the Advanced Exam, generally offered 2–3 times per year. Taking the Advanced Course and passing the Advanced Exam are mandatory before sitting for the Masters Exam.
The National Wine School (NWS) is a U.S.–based wine education and certification body founded in 2009 inLos Angeles, California.[9] It offers a five-level professional curriculum, including the Level III Sommelier Certification and the Level IV Advanced Sommelier Certification.[10][11]
Independent reviewers describe NWS as emphasizing U.S. educational-standards compliance. According to the wine-education review site SOMM.us, the school “was developed to deal with the structural deficits inherent in the British-owned certification agencies” and is “fully compliant in the state they are located in … and require[s] their affiliate schools to be regionally accredited colleges and universities.”[12] The same review characterizes NWS as “a good option if you want a rock-solid professional wine trade certification” and notes that its online program “is the best online sommelier course available today.”[13]
The 'International Sommelier Guild' (ISG) educates and certifies sommeliers throughout North America, Europe, Asia, South America and Africa.[14] It was founded in 1982 and the programme consists of Level 1 Wine Fundamentals, Level 2 Wine Fundamentals and a Sommelier Diploma. They also offer a 'Certified Sommelier Instructor' diploma.[15]
The International Wine Guild was founded in 1998 and is approved and regulated by theColorado Department of Higher Education.[16] The independent school offers the Level IV 'Guild Master Wine Educator Diploma', the Level III 'Guild Wine Master Diploma and Certification', the Level II 'Advanced Wine Course and Executive Sommelier Certification' and the Level I 'Introductory Wine Sommelier Certification'. The International Wine & Spirits Guild was established to encourage study to develop technical and professional understanding and increased knowledge of wine throughout all areas of the wine, spirits and food service industry. IWSG also offers professional courses and certifications for Wine Judges, Wine Instructors, and in FineSpirits andSake.
The North American Sommelier Association was founded in 2006 and is the official representative in the United States and Canada of the Worldwide Sommelier Association (WSA). Its Certified Sommelier course is divided into three phases but is offered as one entire course and includes extensive class time, lectures, educational visits to wineries, and educational dinners. Unlike other groups, NASA has only two tiers of Sommelier qualification: Silver-Pin and Gold-Pin. The Gold-Pin qualification is obtained through a series of extensive requirements and certifications (Master Wine Taster, Master Of Service...) as well as proof of experience in the industry. Aside from the Sommelier Certification, NASA also provides various smaller proprietary specialization courses, such as 'Italian Wine Specialist', 'American Wine Specialist', 'Spanish Wine Specialist' and various master-classes such as 'Master Of Terroir', 'Master of Sangiovese', 'Master of Service', and 'Master Wine Taster'.[citation needed]
InFrance, theUnion des Sommeliers[17] (UDS) was founded in 1907 to ensure social protection for its members, both sommeliers and cellar masters inParis region. The approach and role of the association developed throughout the years as it lost its autonomy by merging with theMutualité Hôtelière in 1959.[17][18] Ten years later, sommeliers regained their independence as theAssociation des Sommeliers de Paris (ASP) was founded in 1969.[17] In the same year theAssociation de la Sommellerie Internationale (ASI) was created and federated other organisations in the world,[19] and in 1970 the old UDS was renamed inUnion de la Sommellerie Française, UDSF, which supervises today the 21 regional associations in France (including ASP).[20] The title ofMention Complémentaire Sommellerie (MCS) andBrevet Professionnel de Sommelier (BP)[21] can be achieved studying for many different approved providers, and the final qualification ofMaître Sommelier[22] can be achieved after an accurate career assessment, requiring at least 10 years of professional experience.
In Italy, theItalian Sommelier Association,[23] 'AIS', founded on 7 July 1965, is one of the oldest sommelier associations of the world. It is officially recognised and legally acknowledged by the Italian government.[24] The Italian Sommelier Association is part and founding member of theWorldwide Sommelier Association (WSA),[25] which is officially recognized throughout the world. It is actually the largest sommelier association ever featuring over 33,000 members only in Italy. AIS / WSA is famous worldwide for its technical tasting approach and methodology, patented food & wine pairing technique, publications, service standards and three-levels course structure which leads to theCertified Sommelier qualification. AProfessional Sommelier qualification and diploma is issued by AIS, after a candidate's career assessment, for those sommeliers actually working in a food and beverage establishment.
TheWine & Spirit Education Trust, often referred to as 'WSET', does not offer sommelier certifications. Despite this, many sommeliers choose to earn these qualifications due to similar curriculum and the WSET's structured approach that allows one to gain knowledge through tutored coursework.
TheAssociation de la Sommelerie Internationale (ASI) organizes the World’s Best Sommelier Contest every 3 years since 1969.[26] The event in 2019 crowned the German candidate named Marc Almert. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 17th edition of the contest took place in 2023 instead of 2022 in Paris.[27]
Other specialized beverage service roles take on the term "sommelier". These include:beer sommelier (also called acicerone)[28] andsake sommelier.[29]
Media related toSommeliers at Wikimedia Commons
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