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Solar power in the United Kingdom

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(May 2025)
Top-left:solar panels on theBedZED development in theLondon Borough of Sutton.Bottom: residentialrooftop solar PV inWetherby, Leeds.Top-right: theCIS Tower was clad inbuilding-integrated PV and connected to thegrid in 2005.
Solar power in United Kingdom
Installed capacity18 GW (2025) ([[:Solar power by country|]])
Annual generationTWh ()
Capacity per capitaW ()
Share of electricity5% (2024)

Solar power has a growing role inelectricity production in the United Kingdom, contributing around 5% of the UK's annual power generation in 2024.[1] As of 2025[update], on sunny days, it provides over 30% of the UK's power consumption at times.[2]

There were few installations until 2010, when the UK government mandated subsidies in the form of afeed-in tariff (FIT), paid for by all electricity consumers. In the following years the cost ofphotovoltaic (PV) panels fell,[3] and the FIT rates for new installations were reduced in stages until the scheme closed to new applications in 2019.[4]

As of 2023[update], over 14.4 gigawatts (GW) had been installed, a third of which wasrooftop solar.[5] Annual generation was 14.8 TWh[6] in 2024 (4.6% of UK electricity consumption) and peak generation in July 2025 reached 14.0 GW.[7] PV panels have acapacity factor of around 10% in theUK climate. Home rooftop solar panels installed in 2022 were estimated to pay back their cost in ten to twenty years.[8]

As of May 2025[update], UK solar installations had risen to a total of 18.9 GW peak capacity,[9][10] mostly ground-mounted.[10]

Solar potential

[edit]
Solar potential in the UK and on the European continent (different colour scale)

The UK's annualinsolation is in the range of 750–1,100 kilowatt-hours per square metre (kWh/m2).London receives 0.52 and 4.74 kWh/m2 per day in December and July, respectively.[11]While the sunniest parts of the UK receive much less solar radiation than the sunniest parts of Europe, the country's insolation in the south is comparable with that of central European countries, includingGermany, which generates about 10.7% of its electricity from solar power.[12]Additionally, the UK's higher wind speeds cool PV modules, leading to higher efficiencies than could be expected at these levels of insolation.[13] Capacity factors of solar PV reached values between 9.8% and 11.4% in the UK in the 2013-2022 period.[14]

Derry Newman, chief executive ofSolarcentury, argues that the UK's "famously overcast weather does not make it an unsuitable place for solar power, as solar panels work on daylight, not necessarily direct sunlight."[15] Some solar cells work better in direct sunlight, others can use more diffuse light. While insolation rates are lower in England than France and Spain, they are still usable.[16]

Solar PV installed capacity and generation

[edit]
See also:Growth of photovoltaics
Year endCapacity[17][5]
(MW)		Generation
(GW·h)		Effective
capacity factor[a]		% of total
electricity
consumption
2008[18]22170.087<0.01
2009[18]27200.084<0.01
2010[18][19]95330.0390.01
2011[20]9652440.0280.07
2012[21][22]1,7361,3540.0880.37
2013[22][20]2,8222,0100.0810.64
2014[20]5,3784,0540.0861.2
2015[20]9,1187,5330.0942.2
2016[20]11,56210,3950.1023.1
2017[17][20]12,69011,4570.1033.4
2018[17][20]12,99212,7360.1113.8
2019[17][20]13,26512,4180.1113.8
2020[5]13,57912,9030.1084.1
2021[5]13,96512,1380.0993.9
2022[5]14,66013,9210.1084.3
2023[23]16,23813,8840.1024.7
2024[23]17,84814,7890.0995.2
  1. ^0.108 here means 10.8% for example. For more information on calculations seecapacity factor
Solar PV deployment in the UK.Capacity inmegawatts (MWp)
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Source: DECC – Department of Energy & Climate Change, Statistics – Solar photovoltaics deployment (period from 2010 onward)[17]

The table above shows electricity production from solar panels as a percentage of the final consumption of electricity in the UK and not gross supply to the grid. These numbers may be updated as the UK government has an average time lag of around 6 months in completing the backlog of officially processing the large number of solar installations.

History

[edit]
PV capacity in watts per capita by region in 2013[21]
  0–1 watt
  1–10 watts
  10–50 watts
  50–100 watts
  100–200 watts
  200–350 watts

In 2006, the United Kingdom had installed about 12 MW of photovoltaic capacity,[24] which represented only 0.3% of totalEuropean solar PV of 3,400 MW.[25] In August 2006, there was widespread news coverage in the United Kingdom of the major high street electrical retailersCurrys' decision to stock PV modules, manufactured bySharp, at a cost of£1,000 per module. The retailer also provided an installation service.

Solar power installations increased rapidly in subsequent years, as a result of reductions in the cost of PV panels, and the introduction of a feed-in-tariff (FiT) subsidy in April 2010.[3]

FiT payments for new installations were cut, in a review announced byDECC on 9 June 2011.[26] As a result, large arrays of solar panels became a less attractive investment opportunity for developers, especially for projects greater than 250 kW, so large field arrays such as these were less likely to be built beyond the 1 August 2011 cut-off date.[27] At the end of 2011, there were 230,000 solar power projects in the UK,[3] with a total installed generating capacity of 750 MW.[28]

In 2012, the government announced that 4 million homes across the UK would be powered by the sun within eight years,[29] representing 22gigawatts (GW) of installed solar power capacity by 2020.[3] At the end of September 2013, retailerIKEA announced that solar panel packages for houses would be sold at 17 UK stores by July 2014. The decision followed a successful pilot project at their Thurrock store, during which one system was sold almost every day. The panels were manufactured by the Chinese companyHanergy.[30] The partnership did not last and in October 2015 Ikea ended its relationship with Hanergy.[31]

Colliery behind a solar farm in North Yorkshire in 2017

By 2016 the total installed capacity was over 10,000 MW. In the summer half-year from April to September 2016, UK solar panels produced more electricity (6,964 GWh) than did coal power (6,342 GWh); each meeting about 5% of demand.[32]

UK solar PV installed capacity at the end of 2017 was 12.8 GW, representing a 3.4% share of total electricity generation.[17] Provisionally, as of the end of January 2019 there was 13,123 MW installed UK solar capacity across 979,983 installations. This is an increase of 323 MW in slightly more than a year.[33] A new record peak generation from photovoltaics was set at 14.0 GW on 8 July 2025.[7]

New solar PV installations slowed in 2020, though to a lesser extent, with 217 MW being added in 2020 compared with 273 MW in 2019. COVID-19 restrictions may have caused delays in some projects.[17]

2022 saw a big increase in domestic installations with over 130,000 installations added in the 10 kW or less range, to take the total number of these small-scale installations to 1,179,495.[34] Total capacity as of February 2023 stood at 14,432MW, with an average of 72MW added each month over the previous six months.[34]

Solar PV by size of installations

[edit]
Cumulative installed capacity (MW)[35][36]
SizeDec 2018Dec 2019Dec 2020Dec 2021Dec 2022Dec 2023Dec 2024
0 to < 4 kW2,751.12,844.02,904.23,047.43,341.83,729.54,074.2
4 to < 10 kW258.1302.9337.8392.9558.1875.81,151.6
10 to < 50 kW850.0927.6964.21,009.31,084.91,238.21,392.2
50 kW to < 5 MW3,598.03,648.53,686.33,714.23,796.73,869.93,943.3
5 to < 25 MW4,271.04,302.04,342.24,379.24,469.14,623.44,907.6
> 25 MW1,578.41,663.11,706.31,881.21,953.22,129.02,903.0
Total13,321.213,702.713,955.714,438.815,218.416,480.418,386.5
Pre 2009 estimate
(for comparison)		14.6

Rooftop solar

[edit]

As of 2025[update] about 31% of installed capacity is residential.[37] By 2027 solar will be required on almost all new homes in England.[38]

According to a report on behalf of the European Commission, in 2015 the United Kingdom had 2,499 MW of residential solar PV capacity, with 775,000 residential solar PV producers, representing 2.7% of households.[39] The average size of residential solar PV systems was estimated to be 3.25 kW, and the technical potential for residential solar PV in the United Kingdom was estimated at 41,636 MW.[39]

MCS (Microgeneration Certification Scheme) claim 61,320 UK properties had solar panels installed in 2021, an increase of 71% on the previous year.[40] The average payback time for residential solar PV in the UK was 11.4 years as of 2015,[39] but subsequent increases in the price of domestic energy have significantly decreased this. The April 2022 rise in theprice cap saw payback times reduced on average by 2.5 years.[41]

Some of the advantages of small scale residential solar include eliminating the need for extra land, keeping cost saving advantages in local communities and empowering households to become producer/consumers of renewable electricity, raising awareness of wasteful consumption habits and environmental issues through direct experience. It will take anything from 4 to 20 years to recoup the money spent on solar panels, this depends on a number of factors for example how many modules are installed, how big they are, if they are south facing, and the location. Some studies have found thatfeed in tariff schemes have disproportionately benefited wealthier households with little or no assistance to help poorer household access financial loans or affordable schemes, whilst the costs of schemes are distributed evenly across utility bills.[citation needed]

In hisSpring Statement of March 2022, ChancellorRishi Sunak announced a reduction of VAT on the installation of energy-saving materials (including solar PV systems) to 0% (previously 5%) for a period of five years from 1 April 2022, stating "the measure is intended to incentivise the take-up of ESMs in line with the government's net zero objectives".[42]

Large-scale solar farms

[edit]
No.NameCapacity
(MW)		CountyCountryStatus
1Botley West Solar Farm840OxfordshireEnglandProposed[43]
2Great North Road Solar and Biodiversity Park800NottinghamshireEnglandProposed[44]
3Springwell Solar Farm800LincolnshireEnglandProposed[45]
4Meridian Solar Farm750LincolnshireEnglandProposed[46]
5Whitestone Solar Farm750South YorkshireEnglandProposed[47]
6One Earth Solar Farm740NottinghamshireEnglandProposed[48]
7High Grove Solar Farm720NorfolkEnglandProposed[49]
8Cottam Solar Project600LincolnshireEnglandApproved[50]
9Droves Solar Farm500NorfolkEnglandProposed[51]
10East Pye Solar500NorfolkEnglandProposed[52]
11Gate Burton - Solar & Energy Storage Park500LincolnshireEnglandApproved[53]
12Green Hill Solar Farm500NorthamptonshireEnglandProposed[54]
13Heckington Fen Solar Park500LincolnshireEnglandApproved[55]
14Kingsway Solar Farm500CambridgeshireEnglandProposed[56]
15Leoda Solar Farm500–600LincolnshireEnglandProposed[57]
16Light Valley Solar500North YorkshireEnglandProposed[58]
17Lime Down Solar500WiltshireEnglandProposed[59]
18Sunnica Energy Farm (East and West)500CambridgeshireEnglandApproved[60]
19Tillbridge Solar Farm500LincolnshireEnglandApproved[61]
20West Burton Solar Project480LincolnshireEnglandApproved[62]
21Beacon Fen Energy Park400LincolnshireEnglandProposed[63]
22East Yorkshire Solar Farm400East Riding of YorkshireEnglandApproved[64][65]
23Future Energy Llanwern400NewportWalesProposed[66]
24Kilnside Energy Park400RutlandEnglandProposed[67]
25Longfield Solar Energy Farm400EssexEnglandApproved[68]
26Steeple Renewables Project400NottinghamshireEnglandProposed[69]
27Cleve Hill Solar Park373KentEnglandOperational since 2025 (July)[70]
28Maen Hir Solar360Isle of AngleseyWalesProposed[71]
29Amlwch / Llyn Alaw350AngleseyWalesProposed[72]
30Mallard Pass Solar Farm350LincolnshireEnglandApproved[73]
31Kingfisher Solar Farm320East Riding of YorkshireEnglandProposed[74]
32Peartree Hill Solar Farm320East Riding of YorkshireEnglandProposed[75]
33EcoPower Suffolk250SuffolkEnglandProposed[76]
34Fenwick Solar Farm237.5South YorkshireEnglandProposed[77]
35Shepway Energy Park200KentEnglandProposed[78]
36Helios Renewable Energy Project190North YorkshireEnglandProposed[79]
37Byers Gill Solar Farm180County DurhamEnglandApproved[80][81]
38Little Crow Solar Park150LincolnshireEnglandApproved[82]
39Oaklands Farm Solar Park138DerbyshireEnglandApproved[83]
40Wentlooge Renewable Energy Hub125GwentWalesProposed[82]
41Stonestreet Green Solar99.9KentEnglandApproved[84][85]
42Hedgehog Grove Solar Farm98EssexEnglandProposed[86]
43Llanwern Solar farm75NewportWalesOperational since 2021
44Shotwick solar farm72FlintshireWalesOperational since 2016[87]
45West Raynham Solar Farm49.9NorfolkEnglandOperational since 2015[88]
46The Grange solar farm49.9NottinghamshireEnglandOperational since 2021[88]
47Larks Green Solar Farm49.9GloucestershireEnglandOperational since 2023[88]
48Melksham Solar Farm49.6WiltshireEnglandOperational since 2016[88]

The first solar park in Wales became operational in 2011 atRhosygilwen, northPembrokeshire.[89]

On 13 July 2011, construction of the largest solar park in the United Kingdom was completed inNewark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire.The 4.9 MW free-field system was built in just seven weeks after being granted planning permission.The system generates an estimated 4,860 MWh of electricity (an average power of 560 kW) into the national grid each year.[90]There are several other examples of 4–5 MW field arrays of photovoltaics in the UK, including the 5 MWLangage Solar Park, the 5 MWWestmill Solar Farm, the 4.51 MWMarsten Solar Farm and Toyota's 4.6 MW plant in Burnaston, Derbyshire.[91]

The first large solar farm in the United Kingdom, a 32 MW solar farm, began construction in November 2012 inLeicestershire, between the runways of the former military airfield, Wymeswold.[92]

As of June 2014 there were 18 schemes generating more than 5 MW and 34 in planning or construction in Wales.[93]

In 2023, the queue for grid connection was a problem.[94]

Planning considerations

[edit]

Adding solar panels to the external elevations and roofs of a dwelling will change the appearance of both the property and the local street view. This in some cases will requireplanning permission from the local authority. For aListed Building or in aConservation Area, planning permission is mandatory. Otherwise, the owner of a domestic dwelling where solar panels are being installed can in most cases proceed under their Permitted Development rights, as long as certain height limitations are adhered to.

Government programmes

[edit]

TheEnergy Saving Trust that administers government grants for domestic photovoltaic systems, theLow Carbon Building Programme, estimated in 2008 that an installation for an average-sized house would cost between £5,000 and £8,000, with most domestic systems usually between 1.5 and 3 kWp, and yield annual savings between £150 and £200.[95]

Also around 2008, the Green Energy for Schools programme was intended to provide 100 schools across the UK with solar panels. The first school in Wales was atTavernspite, in Pembrokeshire, and received panels worth £20,000.[96]

In 2025, theLabour government indicated that most new-build homes would soon be required to have solar panels.[97] At the same time, 45–47GW of solar generation was stated as the goal for 2030, through installations on homes and car parking.[98]

Feed-in tariff

[edit]
Main article:Feed-in tariffs in the United Kingdom

Discussion on implementation of a feed-in tariff programme concluded on 26 September 2008, and the results were published in 2009.[99] The UK government agreed in April 2010 to pay for all grid-connected generated electricity at an initial rate of up to 41.3 pence (US$0.67) per kWh, whether used locally or exported.[100] The rates proved more attractive than necessary, and in August 2011, were drastically reduced for installations over 50 kW,[101] a policy change criticised as marking "the end of the UK's solar industry as we know it".[102] Subsequently, feed-in tariff rates were adjusted annually by the government,[103] and a requirement was introduced for new claims that the home's rating on theEnergy Performance Certificate (EPC) had to be 'D' or better.[104] The amount of electricity exported is not usually measured for domestic installations; instead it is calculated by assuming that 50% of the electricity produced is exported into the grid.

TheDepartment for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy published a consultation on 19 July 2018, stating their intention to close the FIT scheme to new applicants from 1 April 2019[105] and not replace it with a new subsidy.[106] The Feed-in Tariff was closed to new entries on 1 April 2019, but households are still able to claim on existing tariffs where available.

Smart Export Guarantee

[edit]

On 10 June 2019, Ofgem announced[107] that BEIS had introduced theSmart Export Guarantee (SEG), in force from 1 January 2020. This is not a direct replacement of the feed-in tariff scheme, but rather an initiative that rewards solar generators for electricity exported to the grid. Energy suppliers with more than 150,000 domestic customers must provide at least one export tariff.[108] The export tariff rate must be greater than zero. Export is measured bysmart meters which the energy supplier will install free of charge.

The SEG is available to households that generate up to 5 MW from solar PV, wind,micro-combined heat and power, hydro oranaerobic digestion.[109]

Contracts for Difference

[edit]

TheContracts for Difference (CfD) scheme, introduced in 2013 to replace the Renewables Obligation, excluded solar PV schemes from the competitive auctions in 2015. The majority of successful CfD auction bidders came from the wind sector. In 2020 the UK government reversed this decision, opening the door for PV projects to compete in the CfD auctions against onshore wind projects.[110]

Future

[edit]

Decentralised smaller scale generators which are not connected directly to the transmission network are forecast to increase.[111] New solar farms andbattery storage may help to meet increased demand fromelectric vehicles.[112]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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