45°29′52″N88°59′20″W / 45.49778°N 88.98889°W /45.49778; -88.98889
Zaka'aaganing | |
|---|---|
 Seal of the Sokaogon Chippewa Community | |
| Total population | |
| 1,377[1] (2010) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 United States ( Wisconsin) | |
| Languages | |
| English,Ojibwe | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| otherOjibwe people |
TheSokaogon Chippewa Community, or theMole Lake Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, is afederally recognized tribe of theLake Superior Chippewa, many of whom reside on theMole Lake Indian Reservation, located southwest of the city ofCrandon, in the Town ofNashville,Forest County, Wisconsin. The reservation is located partly in the community ofMole Lake, Wisconsin.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Mole Lake Indian Reservation was 2.94 square miles (7.6 km2) in 2020. The band also had 2.16 square miles (5.6 km2) ofoff-reservation trust land.[2] Including the community's additionalfee land, the Sokaogon Chippewa Community managed a total of 4,904.2 acres (7.6628 sq mi; 19.847 km2) as of 2010. The reservation includes land around Rice Lake, Bishop Lake, and Mole Lake.[1] The combined population of Sokaogon Chippewa Community and Off-Reservation Trust Land was 507 at the2020 census.[3] About 500 members of the tribe live on the reservation, while an additional 1,000 members of the community live off it. The tribe is active in the harvest ofwild rice in the swampy areas on and off their reservation.[4]
The area was the site of the 1806Battle of Mole Lake between Chippewa and Sioux warriors.
The constitution and by-laws of the Sokaogon Chippewa Community were approved November 9, 1938, and the charter was approved October 7, 1939 as part of the Indian Reorganization Act.[5]
The 1983 decision by theUnited States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in the Lac Courte Oreilles v. Lester B. Voigt case, commonly called the Voigt decision, reaffirmed that the Sokaogon and other Chippewa tribes in northern Wisconsin should be allowed to exercise their treaty rights even off their reservations.[6] This allowed the Sokaogon to harvest rice even on areas that the tribe did not own.
Mole Lake is the site of one of Wisconsin's oldest surviving log cabins, now referred to as theDinesen Log House. This special piece of historic American architecture built in the late 1860s–early 1870s was listed on Wisconsin's most endangered properties in 2003 and was listed on theNational Register of Historic Places in 2005. It has undergone a complete restoration and opened to the public in April 2010.[7]
In the early 1870s, Wilhelm Dinesen, a Danish adventurer, traveled to northern Wisconsin and took residence in the cabin and became friends with the Mole Lake Chippewa. He called the cabin "Frydenlund", or "Grove of Joy". After 14 months of hunting, fishing, fur trapping, and roaming the wilderness, went back to Denmark.[8] He fathered a daughter when he returned to his homeland, who grew up as the authorKaren Blixen, or Isak Dinesen and wrote a book entitledOut of Africa, which went on to become a major Hollywood motion picture.
As stated in the April 2003 issue ofWisconsin Trails magazine, "Wilhelm Dinesen's legacy among the Chippewa is assured. A few months after he left Denmark, you see, Kate, the Chippewa woman who had been his cook and housekeeper, bore a daughter, Emma, who went on to have children of her own."[9]
The log cabin will be the center of an annual August event and visitors may see and hear history, folk music, enjoy traditional Native American food, Native American arts and crafts, Woodland Indian beadwork, birch bark basketry, and buckskin moccasin demonstrations, wild rice soup, introduction to the Ojibwe language, walk-through of historical displays, early fur trappers and traders camp and more. This event promises to be the beginning of a new era of opportunity for Wisconsin and its citizens.[10]
In the late 1960s, Exxon discovered a zinc-copper ore deposit near Mole Lake,[citation needed] one of the richest ore deposits of its kind in North America.[citation needed] In 1976, Exxon announced its plans to explore the zinc-copper resources, which were in close proximity to four indigenous communities (including rice fields used by the Sokaogon Chippewa).[11] The proposed mining spurred a controversy lasting three decades.[citation needed] "From the perspective of the area's Indian tribes—the Sokaogon Chippewa, the Potawatomi, the Menominee, and the Stockbridge Munsee—the environmental and social impacts of the proposed mine were inseparable. Any contamination of the area's surface of groundwaters was a threat to survival."[12] Concerns about the impact of the proposed mine were diverse. In addition to the Sokaogan Chippewa's concerns regarding the impact of the mine on their wild rice fields, further downstream, the Menominee took issue with the "3000 gallons of wastewater per minute" the mine was predicted to release into a tributary leading to the Wolf River.[13]
Along with the neighboringForest County Potawatomi Community, the Sokaogon Chippewa took over ownership and bought the nearbyCrandon mine at a price of $16.5 million to prevent its reopening. The tribes argued that the opening of the zinc and copper mine would harm the environment and jeopardize access to their rice fields. The land is now under the control of the two tribes and no mining is planned into the future.[14]
| Native American tribes inWisconsin | |
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Municipalities and communities ofForest County, Wisconsin,United States | ||
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| City |  | |
| Towns | ||
| CDPs | ||
| Other communities | ||
| Indian reservations | ||
| Ghost towns | ||
| Footnotes | ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties | |
| International | |
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| National | |
