Socialist Republic of Macedonia[a] (1963–1990) Социјалистичка Република Македонија(Macedonian) Socijalistička Republika MakedonijaRepublic of Macedonia (1990–1991) Република Македонија(Macedonian) Republika Makedonija
Second World War memorial -Memorial Ossuary Kumanovo. Celebrating theYugoslav Partisan movement became one of the main components of the post-World War II Macedonian culture.Monument ofLazar Koliševski in his hometownSveti Nikole. Kolishevski was the first Prime Minister of the SR Macedonia.
Geographically, SR Macedonia borderedAlbania to the west,Greece to the south andBulgaria to the east. Within Yugoslavia, it borderedSR Serbia (includingSAP Kosovo) to the north. It was one of the two landlocked federal republics, along with SR Serbia.
Vardar Banovina wasde facto liberated from the Germans and their collaborationists in late November 1944, so the ASNOM became operational in December, shortly after the German retreat. Nevertheless, in December anti-communist Albanian nationalists in Western Macedonia tried to remain in control of the region after the Yugoslav Partisans announced victory.[21] They aimed to resist incorporation of the area into communist Yugoslavia and it was only in early 1945 that the Yugoslav Partisans were able to establish their control over the mountainous area.
The nature of the new Yugoslav state remained unclear immediately after the war. Yugoslavia was envisioned by the Partisans as a "Democratic Federation", including six federal states.[22] When Tito's nomination as Prime Minister was accepted on 29 November 1945, theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was declared, with its constitution coming into force in 1946. As a result, Macedonia changed its name to thePeople's Republic of Macedonia and was incorporated as aconstituent republic in the YugoslavFederation.
People with various degrees of allegedly being pro-Bulgarian orientation (in the most cases they were pro-Independence and anti-Yugoslav patriotic Macedonians) were purged from their positions, then isolated, arrested and imprisoned on fabricated charges. In many cases they were executed en masse, such as during theBloody Christmas of 1945. The number of victims remains unclear, Bulgarian academic sources claim 1,200 people were allegedly killed.[23] Revisionist historianZoran Todorovski estimated the number of victims during the era as 50,000, including those killed, imprisoned, deported, subject to forced labor, torture, etc.[24] However, these figures have been questioned by some Bulgarian researchers, also noting that the assertion that these individuals were persecuted and killed solely on account of their Bulgarian national consciousness is deceptive.[25]
The nationalMacedonian language was codified in 1945 and the first publishing house "Prosvetno Delo" was established on 16 April 1945. The state was formed on the territory ofVardar Banovina, a part of the widergeographical region of Macedonia, which was divided between several countries. Some Macedonian politicians from the Republic advocated the idea of aUnited Macedonia, which would includeAegean Macedonia andPirin Macedonia. The idea was somewhat supported by the federal Yugoslav authorities on some occasions, or repressed, depending on the regional and international political situation.
The establishment of the Macedonian republic inspired strong loyalty to the Yugoslav federation among the Macedonians.[26] Some people were against the federation and demandedgreater independence from the federal authorities, leading to their persecution. One of the notable victims of these purges was the firstpresident,Metodija Andonov-Čento. To wipe out the remnants ofBulgarophile sentiments, the Yugoslavian communists started a process of Macedonization andnation-building.[27][28]
The Socialist Republic of Macedonia, which was defined as anation-state of theMacedonians and also a state of itsethnic minorities, had some powers normally associated with anindependent state. The Constitution also recognized the right ofself-determination andsecession. The borders of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia could only be changed by decision of the republic's parliament. Its inhabitants held both Yugoslav citizenship and an internal Macedonian citizenship for state business.
While the Macedonians were the majority and were one of the constituent nations of SFR Yugoslavia (official term:narod) the rights of theethnic minorities (official term:narodnosti) were guaranteed by the Constitution. The official language of SR Macedonia was Macedonian,[31] howeverMacedonian Albanians andMacedonian Turks had the right to use their own languages within the school system and the media.[32] The constitution of the SR Macedonia defined the state as the national state of the ethnic Macedonians, but also as the state of Albanians and Turks.[32]
From the start of Yugoslav rule in Macedonia, accusations surfaced that the new authorities were involved in retribution against people who did not support the formation of the new Macedonian national identity.[33] The number of victims due to organized killings ofBulgarians is unclear. Bulgarian sources claim that thousands of people were killed after 1944 and that more than 100,000 people were put in prison under the "Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor".[34] Per political scientist Mirjana Maleska,Bulgarophobia increased almost to the level ofstate ideology in SR Macedonia.[35][36]
In 1990 theform of government peacefully changed fromsocialist state toparliamentary democracy. The first pluralist elections were held on 11 November the same year. The once rulingcommunist party took a reformist direction and renamed itselfLeague of Communists of Macedonia – Party for Democratic Change led byPetar Gošev. After the head of the last communist presidencyVladimir Mitkov[37] resigned,Kiro Gligorov became the first democratically elected president of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia on 31 January 1991.[b]
On 16 April, parliament adopted aconstitutional amendment removing "Socialist" from the official name of the entity, and on 7 June the new name Republic of Macedonia was officially established.[13] After the process ofdissolution of Yugoslavia began, the Republic of Macedonia issued a Sovereignty Declaration on 25 January 1991[38] and later proclaimed itself a fully independent country, following a referendum held on 8 September 1991.
TheRepublic of North Macedonia is the legal successor to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. It was known as the Republic of Macedonia until February 2019 when it underwent an official name change following thePrespa agreement with Greece in June 2018 which resolved a long-standing naming dispute.
^Веднаш штом е завршено штембилувањето на бугарските левови и албанските лекови, со цел упростување на валутното прашање во Македонија, лековите се заменети со левови. За тоа повереникот за финансии при Президиумот на АСНОМ реферира пред претставниците на народноослободителните одбори на конференцијата што е одржана во ослободено Скопје во врска со финансиските проблеми. На тој начин, штембилуваниот лев остана единствена валута на подрачјето на Македонија... Види и Закон за курсевите за повлекување на окупационите банкноти и за регулирање на обврските (Сл. лист на ДФЈ“, број 23 од 19 април 1945). For more see: ASNOM vo sozdavanjeto na državata na makedonskiot narod. Referati od naučen sobir održan od 29 do 31 oktomvri 1984 godina vo Skopje (1987) Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite, str. 380.
^Howard M. Berlin (2015) World Monetary Units. An Historical Dictionary, Country by Country. McFarland Incorporated,ISBN9781476606736, p. 100.
^Bulgarian currency had been used by the short-livedpro-German puppet government in the autкmn of 1944. After thecapture of Skopje in November 1944, the new Macedonian authorities confiscatedлв.430 million, stamps, and other securities from the formerBulgarian National Bank building. They refused to give the funds to Sofia, and GeneralDamyan Velchev ordered a Bulgarian artillery regiment to return from South Serbia to shell Skopje and confiscate the funds. The order was rescinded after the intervention ofMarshal of the Soviet UnionFyodor Tolbukhin, preventing an armed conflict. For more see: Добрин Мичев, Македонският въпрос и българо-югославските отношения: 9 септември 1944-1949, Унив. изд-во "Св. Климент Охридски", 1994,ISBN9540701821, стр. 119.
^According to the article, the author of which is a Bulgarian banking expert and doctor of finance, the used Bulgarian banknotes were stamped with the inscription:Democratic Federative Yugoslavia Finance Commission for Macedonia. When withdrawing at the beginning of September 1944, the Bulgarian authorities took the available banknotes to the headquarters of the Bulgarian National Bank in Skopje. However, the Bulgarian currency remained in circulation under German occupation. By order ofAdolf-Heinz Beckerle, additional quantitieslev were printed at theGerman Reich printing house in Berlin, where the Bulgarian banknotes were printed, and were sent to Macedonia. For more: Костадин Христов, За първите македонски банкноти.Управление на риска ООД, 20.09.2017 г.
^In April 1945 war - time and pre - war currencies were called in and replaced by a new dinar with an exchange rate of one new to ten old dinars. For more: Clifford Darby (1966) Short History of Yugoslavia, Cambridge University Press,ISBN9780521046763, p. 237.
^Tomasevich, Jozo (2002) War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press.ISBN9780804779241, p. 705.
^Das makedonische Jahrhundert: von den Anfängen der nationalrevolutionären Bewegung zum Abkommen von Ohrid 1893–2001, Stefan Troebst, Oldenbourg Verlag, 2007,ISBN3486580507, S. 234.
^Axis Forces in Yugoslavia 1941–45, Nigel Thomas, K. Mikulan, Darko Pavlović, Osprey Publishing, 1995,ISBN1-85532-473-3,p. 33.
^World War II: The Mediterranean 1940–1945, World War II: Essential Histories, Paul Collier, Robert O'Neill, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2010,ISBN1-4358-9132-5,p. 77.
^War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: occupation and collaboration, Jozo Tomasevich, Stanford University Press, 2001,ISBN0-8047-3615-4,p. 168.
^Curtis, Glenn E., ed. (1992).Yugoslavia: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. xxxvii.
^Nikolaos Zahariadis,Essence of political manipulation: emotion, institutions, & Greek foreign policy, Peter Lang (publisher), 2005;ISBN0820479039, p. 85.
^Yugoslav Communists recognized the existence of a Macedonian nationality during WWII to quiet fears of the Macedonian population that a communist Yugoslavia would continue to follow the former Yugoslav policy of forced Serbianization. Hence, for them to recognize the inhabitants of Macedonia as Bulgarians would be tantamount to admitting that they should be part of the Bulgarian state. For that the Yugoslav Communists were most anxious to mold Macedonian history to fit their conception of Macedonian consciousness. The treatment of Macedonian history in Communist Yugoslavia had the same primary goal as the creation of the Macedonian language: to de-Bulgarize the Macedonian Slavs, and to create an national consciousness that would inspire identification with Yugoslavia. For more see: Stephen E. Palmer, Robert R. King, Yugoslav communism and the Macedonian question, Archon Books, 1971,ISBN0208008217, Chapter 9: The encouragement of Macedonian culture.
^abSpasov, Ljudmil; Arizankovska, Lidija.Hierarhizacija jezikov v Republiki Makedoniji in Republiki Sloveniji glede na jezikovno politiko Evropske unije,(161. – 169.)Archived 18 September 2010 at theWayback Machineu:Vidovič-Muha, Ada. (ur.)Slovenski knjižni jezik – aktualna vprašanja in zgodovinske izkušnje : ob 450-letnici izida prve slovenske knjige, Zbirka »Obdobja – metode in zvrsti« (vol. 20,ISSN1408-211X), Center za slovenščino kot drugi/tuji jezik pri Oddelku za slovenistiko Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, 2003.,ISBN961-237-057-5,str. 163., 164.
Prvi členUstave SR Makedonije (Ustav na SRM, 1974) je SRM definiral kot nacionalno državo makedonskega naroda ter albanske in turške narodnosti v njej. V členih 220 in 222 je bilo zapisano, da ljudje lahko prosto uporabljajo svoj jezik in pisavo za izražanje in razvijanje svoje kulture.
— Vidovič-Muha, 2003., 163.
Poleg tega so makedonske (in slovenske) javne osebe v okvirih SFRJ (zunaj SR Makedonije oziroma SR Slovenije) zelo redko upoštevale pravico do uporabe svojega jezika v javnem sporazumevanju, in to je dajalo vtis, da je edini uradni jezik na ravni države SFRJ srbohrvaščina.
— Vidovič-Muha, 2003., 164.
^Djokić, Dejan (2003).Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918–1992, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers (pg. 122);ISBN1-85065-663-0.
^Anastas Vangeli, Antiquity musing: reflections on the Greco-Macedonian symbolic contest over the narratives of the ancient past, MA thessis; Central European University, Budapest; 2009, p. 87.
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