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Socialist International

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the international founded in 1951. For the international founded in 1889, seeSecond International.
Political international

Socialist International
Socialist International logo
Light red: Countries with a political party affiliated with the Socialist International
Dark red: Countries with the ruling party affiliated with the Socialist International
AbbreviationSI
PredecessorLabour and Socialist International
Formation3 June 1951; 74 years ago (1951-06-03)
TypeInternational non-governmental organization
Purpose"Strengthen relations between the affiliated parties and to coordinate their political attitudes and activities"[1]
HeadquartersMaritime House
Location
Region served
Worldwide
Membership119 political parties and 13 affiliated organizations
President
Pedro Sánchez
Vice-President
Temirlan Sultanbekov
Secretary General
Benedicta Lasi
Main organ
Congress of the Socialist International
SecessionsProgressive Alliance
Budget£1.4 million(2014)[2]
Websitesocialistinternational.org
Part ofa series on
Socialism
Part ofa series on
Social democracy

TheSocialist International (SI) is apolitical international consisting mostly ofsocial democratic political parties andlabour organisations. The SI was founded in support ofdemocratic socialism,[1] albeit it has generally moderated over time.

Although formed in 1951 as a successor to theLabour and Socialist International, it has antecedents in the late 19th century. The organisation currently includes 132 member parties[3] and organisations from over 100 countries. Its members have governed in many countries, including most of Europe. In 2013, a schism in the SI led to the establishment of theProgressive Alliance.[4]

The current secretary general of the SI isBenedicta Lasi ofGhana, the current president is theprime minister of Spain,Pedro Sánchez, and the current vice-president isTemirlan Sultanbekov ofKyrgyzstan,[5] all of whom were elected at the last SI Congress held in Madrid, Spain, in November 2022.

History

[edit]

First and Second Internationals (1864–1916)

[edit]

TheInternational Workingmen's Association, also known as the First International, was the first international body to bring together organisations representing theworking class.[6] It was formed inLondon on 28 September 1864 by socialist, communist and anarchist political groups and trade unions.[7] Tensions between moderates and revolutionaries led to its dissolution in 1876 inPhiladelphia.[8]

TheSecond International was formed in Paris on 14 July 1889 as an association of the socialist parties.[9] Differences overWorld War I led to the Second International being dissolved in 1916.

Labour and Socialist International (1919–1940)

[edit]

TheInternational Socialist Commission (ISC), also known as the Berne International, was formed in February 1919 at a meeting inBern by parties that wanted to resurrect the Second International.[10] In March 1919, Communist parties formed theCommunist International ("Comintern"), the Third International, at ameeting in Moscow.[11]

Some parties did not want to be a part of the resurrected Second International (ISC) or Comintern. They formed theInternational Working Union of Socialist Parties (IWUSP, also known as Vienna International, Vienna Union, or Two-and-a-Half International) on 27 February 1921 at a conference inVienna.[12] The ISC and the IWUSP joined to form theLabour and Socialist International (LSI) in May 1923 at a meeting inHamburg.[13] The rise ofNazism and the start ofWorld War II led to the dissolution of the LSI in 1940.

Socialist International (1951–present)

[edit]

The Socialist International was formed inFrankfurt in July 1951 as a successor to the LSI.[14]

During the post-World War II period, the SI aided social democratic parties in re-establishing themselves when dictatorship gave way to democracy inPortugal (1974) andSpain (1975). Until its 1976 Geneva Congress, the SI had few members outside Europe and no formal involvement withLatin America.[15] In the 1980s, most SI parties gave their backing to theNicaraguan Sandinistas (FSLN), whose democratically electedleft-wing government was subject to a campaign to overthrow it backed by theUnited States, which culminated in theIran–Contra affair after theReagan administration covertly continued US support for theContras after such support was banned byCongress.

Willy Brandt with outgoing secretary generalBernt Carlsson (left) and new secretary generalPentti Väänänen (right) at the Socialist International Congress in 1983

In the late 1970s and in the 1980s the SI had extensive contacts and discussion with the two leading powers of theCold War period, theUnited States and theSoviet Union, on issues concerning East–West relations and arms control. The SI supporteddétente and disarmament agreements, such asSALT II,START andINF. They had several meetings and discussion inWashington, D.C., withPresidentJimmy Carter andVice PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush and inMoscow withSecretaries GeneralLeonid Brezhnev andMikhail Gorbachev. The SI's delegations to these discussions were led by theFinnish Prime MinisterKalevi Sorsa.[16]

Since then, the SI has admitted as members an increasing number of parties and organisations from Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America (see below for current list).

By the 1980s, the SI had become more favorable to asocial democratic orsocial market economy, rather than asocialist economy, arguing "a 'social market economy' needs to be developed, where economic development and a truly competitive market can be established [...]."[17] In its platform, it notes: "markets can and must function as a dynamic way of promoting innovation and signalling the desires of consumers [...]."[18]

Following theTunisian Revolution, theConstitutional Democratic Rally was expelled from the SI in January 2011;[19] later that month theEgyptianNational Democratic Party was also expelled;[20] and as a result of the2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, theIvorian Popular Front was expelled in March 2011,[21] in accordance with section 7.1 of the statutes of the Socialist International. These decisions were approved at the subsequent SI Congress in Cape Town in 2012 in line with section 5.1.3 of the statutes.[22] These were long term ruling parties of one-party states that were overthrown in the protests of theArab Spring.

Progressive Alliance split (2013)

[edit]

On 22 May 2013 theSocial Democratic Party of Germany along with some other current and former member parties of the SI founded a rival international network of social-democratic parties known as theProgressive Alliance, citing the perceived undemocratic and outmoded nature of the SI,[23][24][25][26] as well as the Socialist International's admittance and continuing inclusion of undemocratic political movements into the organization. For example, the SPD objected to the continued presence of theSandinista National Liberation Front and the delayed ouster of theTunisianDemocratic Constitutional Rally andEgyptianNational Democratic Party.[27][28]

After the 2012 Congress, the SI underwent major changes as many of the large European parties allowed their membership to lapse – for example theSocial Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and theSwedish Social Democratic Party – or downgraded their membership to observer status – for example, the BritishLabour Party and the NorwegianLabour Party (DNA). These parties now concentrate their international links on the Progressive Alliance, with the SI's focus now increasingly being on the global south.

Relationship with Latin America

[edit]

For a long time, the Socialist International remained distant from Latin America, considering the region as a zone of influence of theUnited States. For example, it did not denounce thecoup d'état against Socialist PresidentJacobo Árbenz in Guatemala in 1954 or theinvasion of the Dominican Republic by the United States in 1965. It was not until the1973 Chilean coup d'état that "a world we did not know" was discovered, explained Antoine Blanca, a diplomat for the FrenchSocialist Party. According to him, solidarity with the Chilean left was "the first challenge worthy of the name, against Washington, of an International which, until then, had done everything to appear subject to American strategy and NATO". Subsequently, notably under the leadership ofFrançois Mitterrand, the SI supported theSandinistas in Nicaragua and other movements in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras in their struggle against US-supported dictatorships.[29]

In the 1990s, it was joined by non-socialist parties that took note of the economic power of the European countries governed or to be governed by their partners across the Atlantic and calculated the benefits they could derive from it.[citation needed] During this period, "the Socialist International works in a clientist way; some parties come here to rub shoulders with Europeans as if they were in the upper class," says Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, one of the representatives of theParty of the Democratic Revolution (Mexico) at the SI. It is home to "the very centrist ArgentineanRadical Civic Union (UCR); the MexicanInstitutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which was not very democratically in power for seventy years; theColombian Liberal Party—under whose governments the left-wing formationPatriotic Union (1986–1990) was exterminated—introduced the neoliberal model (1990–1994) and to which, until 2002,Álvaro Uribe will belong". In the following decade, many left-wing parties that came to power (in Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador and El Salvador) preferred to keep their distance from the SI.[29]

Left splits

[edit]

As other left-wing parties distanced themselves from the SI,[29] theSocialist Party of Uruguay[30] and theDemocratic Socialists of America[31] left the international in 2017 due to members having adopted policies favoringausterity,privatization,deregulation, andcapitalism, and rejectingsocialism. The former was a founding member of theProgressive Alliance in 2013,[32] and the latter joined the anti-capitalistProgressive International in 2023.[33]

Logo

[edit]

The logo is thefist and rose, based on the 1977 design byJosé María Cruz Novillo for theSpanish Socialist Workers' Party, itself a variant of the logo drawn by Marc Bonnet for the FrenchSocialist Party in 1969. Variants of the emblem are or were used by several SI member parties.[34]

Presidents, honorary presidents and secretaries general

[edit]

Presidents

[edit]
  • As of 2025[update], there have been a total of 9 Socialist International presidents.
No.PortraitName
(born–died)		Term of officePolitical partyCongress(es)CountryVice-president
Took officeLeft officeTime in officeNameCountry
1Morgan Phillips
(1902–1963)		3 July 19516 July 19576 years, 3 daysLabour PartyI–IVUnited Kingdom
2Alsing Andersen
(1893–1962)		6 July 19579 September 19636 years, 65 daysSocial Democratic Party of DenmarkV–VIIDenmark
3Erich Ollenhauer
(1901–1963)		9 September 196314 December 1963 †96 daysSocial Democratic Party of GermanyVIIIWest Germany
4Bruno Pittermann
(1905–1983)		5 September 196426 November 197612 years, 82 daysSocialist Party of AustriaIX–XIIAustria
5Willy Brandt
(1913–1992)		26 November 197617 September 199215 years, 296 daysSocial Democratic Party of GermanyXIII–XVIIIWest Germany
6Pierre Mauroy
(1928–2013)		17 September 199210 November 19997 years, 54 daysSocialist PartyXIX–XXFrance
7António Guterres
(b. 1949)		10 November 199915 June 20055 years, 217 daysSocialist PartyXXI–XXIIPortugal
8George Papandreou
(b. 1952)		30 January 200625 November 202216 years, 300 daysPanhellenic Socialist MovementXXII–XXVGreece
Movement of Democratic Socialists
9Pedro Sánchez
(b. 1972)		25 November 2022Incumbent2 years, 364 daysSpanish Socialist Workers' PartyXXVISpainTemirlan SultanbekovKyrgyzstan

Honorary presidents

[edit]

Current and honorary presidents include:[35]

Secretaries general

[edit]
Albert Carthy, secretary general from the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1969.

Summits

[edit]

Members

[edit]

Full members

[edit]

There are 92 full members:[36][37]

CountryNameAbbrGovernmentNotesLower HouseUpper House
 AlbaniaSocialist Party of Albania[38][39][40]PSin governmentAdmitted as consultative member in 1999.[41][40] Promoted to full member in 2003.[42]
83 / 140 (59%)
 AlgeriaSocialist Forces Front[43][44][45]FFSin oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in 1992.[46] Promoted to full member in 1996.[47][45]
0 / 407 (0%)
4 / 144 (3%)
 AndorraSocial Democratic Party[48][49]PSin oppositionPromoted to full member in 2003.[42][49]
3 / 28 (11%)
 AngolaPopular Movement for the Liberation of Angola[50]MPLAin governmentAdmitted as observer member in 1996.[47] Promoted to full member in 2003.[42][50]
124 / 220 (56%)
 ArgentinaRadical Civic Union[51]UCRin oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in 1996.[47] Promoted to full member in 1999.[41][51]
34 / 257 (13%)
13 / 72 (18%)
 ArmeniaArmenian Revolutionary Federation[52][53]ARFin oppositionAdmitted (as Armenian Socialist Party) as observer member in 1996.[47][53] Promoted (as ASP) to consultative member in 1999.[41] Promoted (as ASP) to full member in 2003.[42]
10 / 107 (9%)
 BelarusBelarusian Social Democratic Party (People's Assembly)BSDPextra-parliamentaryAdmitted as observer member in 1999.[41] Promoted to consultative member in 2003.[42] Promoted to full member in November 2015.[54] Officially deregistered in Belarus since 2005.
0 / 110 (0%)
0 / 64 (0%)
 BelgiumSocialist Party[55]PSin opposition
16 / 150 (11%)
7 / 60 (12%)
 BoliviaNational Unity FrontUNextra-parliamentaryPromoted to full member in March 2017.
36 / 130 (28%)
7 / 36 (19%)
 Bosnia and HerzegovinaSocial Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina[56][49]SDP BiHin governmentAdmitted as observer member in 1996.[47] Promoted to full member in 1999.[41][49]
5 / 42 (12%)
0 / 15 (0%)
 BrazilDemocratic Labour Party[57]PDTindependentAdmitted as consultative member in 1986.[58][57] Promoted to full member in 1989.[57][59]
17 / 513 (3%)
3 / 81 (4%)
 BulgariaParty of Bulgarian Social Democrats[60]PBSDextra-parliamentary
0 / 240 (0%)
Bulgarian Socialist Party[61]BSPin governmentAdmitted as full member in 2003.[42][61]
19 / 240 (8%)
 Burkina FasoPeople's Movement for ProgressMPPextra-parliamentaryAdmitted as full member in 2016.[62]
0 / 127 (0%)
 CameroonSocial Democratic Front[63]SDFin oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in 1996.[47] Promoted to full member in 1999.[41][63]
5 / 180 (3%)
1 / 100 (1%)
 Cape VerdeAfrican Party for the Independence of Cape Verde[64]PAICVin oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in 1992.[46] Promoted to full member in 1996.[47][64]
30 / 72 (42%)
 Central African RepublicMovement for the Liberation of the Central African PeopleMLPCin oppositionAdmitted as observer member in 2008.[65] Upgraded to full member in 2018.
9 / 100 (9%)
 ChadNational Union for Democracy and RenewalUNDRextra-parliamentaryAdmitted as observer member in June/July 2014.[66] Upgraded to full member in 2017.
0 / 155 (0%)
 ChileParty for Democracy[67]PPDjunior party in coalitionAdmitted as consultative member in 1992.[46] Promoted to full member in 1996.[47][67]
9 / 155 (6%)
6 / 50 (12%)
Radical Party of Chile[68]PRSDjunior party in coalition
4 / 155 (3%)
0 / 50 (0%)
Socialist Party of Chile[69]PSjunior party in coalitionAdmitted as consultative member in 1992.[46] Promoted to full member in 1996.[47][69]
13 / 155 (8%)
7 / 50 (14%)
 ColombiaColombian Liberal Party[70]PLCjunior party in coalitionAdmitted as consultative member in 1992.[46] Promoted to full member in 1999.[41][70]
32 / 188 (17%)
14 / 108 (13%)
 Costa RicaNational Liberation Party[71]PLNin oppositionFull member since 1987.[71]
18 / 57 (32%)
 CroatiaSocial Democratic Party of Croatia[72][73]SDPin oppositionAdmitted as full member in 1999.[41][73]
37 / 151 (25%)
 CyprusEDEK Socialist Party[74][75]EDEKjunior party in coalitionFull member since 1987.[75] Promoted to full member in 1992.[46]
3 / 56 (5%)
CyprusNorthern CyprusCyprus (North)Republican Turkish PartyCTPin oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in 2008 (pending consultation).[65] Promoted to full member in June/July 2014.[66]
18 / 50 (36%)
Communal Democracy PartyTDPextra-parliamentaryAdmitted as consultative member in November 2015.[54] Promoted to full member in March 2017.
0 / 50 (0%)
 Czech RepublicSocial Democracy[76][77]SOCDEMin opposition
0 / 200 (0%)
1 / 81 (1%)
 Democratic Republic of the CongoUnion for Democracy and Social ProgressUDPSin governmentAdmitted as observer member in 2003.[42]
69 / 500 (14%)
0 / 108 (0%)
 Dominican RepublicDominican Revolutionary Party[78]PRDin oppositionFull member since 1987.[78]
4 / 190 (2%)
0 / 32 (0%)
 Equatorial GuineaConvergence for Social Democracy[79]CPDSextra-parliamentaryAdmitted as consultative member in 1996.[47] Promoted to full member in 1999.[41][79]
0 / 100 (0%)
 FinlandSocial Democratic Party of FinlandSDPin opposition
43 / 200 (22%)
 FranceSocialist Party[80]PSin opposition
65 / 577 (11%)
63 / 348 (18%)
 GhanaNational Democratic CongressNDCin governmentAdmitted as consultative member in 2003.[42] Promoted to full member in 2008.[65]
184 / 276 (67%)
 GreecePASOK – Movement for ChangePASOK-KINALin oppositionFull member since 1990.[81]
33 / 300 (11%)
 GuatemalaNational Unity of HopeUNEin oppositionAdmitted as full member in 2008.[65]
28 / 160 (18%)
 GuineaRally of the Guinean People[82][83]RPGin oppositionAdmitted (as Guinean People's Assembly) as consultative member in 1999.[41] Promoted (as GPA) to full member in 2003.[42][83]
1 / 81 (1%)
 HaitiFusion of Haitian Social Democrats[84]PFSDHextra-parliamentaryFull member since 1989.[84]
0 / 119 (0%)
0 / 30 (0%)
Social Democratic Assembly for the Progress of Haiti (RSD)RSDextra-parliamentaryAdmitted as full members in 2018[85]
0 / 119 (0%)
0 / 30 (0%)
 HungaryHungarian Socialist Party[86][87]MSzPin oppositionAdmitted as observer member in 1992.[46][87] Promoted to full member in 1996.[47]
10 / 199 (5%)
 IndiaIndian National CongressINCin oppositionOriginally joined in 1993.[88] Readmitted as full member December 2014.[89]
99 / 543 (18%)
27 / 245 (11%)
 IraqPatriotic Union of KurdistanPUKjunior party in coalitionAdmitted as observer member in 2003.[42] Promoted to full member in 2008.[65]
17 / 329 (5%)
 IsraelThe DemocratsDemocratsin opposition
4 / 120 (3%)
 ItalyItalian Socialist PartyPSIextra-parliamentary
0 / 400 (0%)
0 / 200 (0%)
 JamaicaPeople's National Party[90]PNPin oppositionFull member since 1952.[90] Temporarily demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36]
29 / 63 (46%)
8 / 21 (38%)
 JapanSocial Democratic Party[91]SDPin oppositionFull member since 1951 as theJapan Socialist Party.[91]
1 / 465 (0.2%)
2 / 248 (0.8%)
 KazakhstanNationwide Social Democratic PartyJSDPin oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in 2012.[92] Promoted to full member in November 2015.[54]
4 / 98 (4%)
KyrgyzstanSocial DemocratsSDKin oppositionLegal successor to the Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan.
1 / 90 (1%)
 LebanonProgressive Socialist Party[93]PSPin oppositionFull member since 1980.[93]
8 / 128 (6%)
 LithuaniaSocial Democratic Party of Lithuania[94]LSDPin governmentFull member since the 1990s.[94]
52 / 141 (37%)
 LuxembourgLuxembourg Socialist Workers' Party[95][96]LSAP/POSLin oppositionFull member since 1951.[96]
12 / 60 (20%)
 MaliAlliance for Democracy in Mali[97]ADEMA-PASJin oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in 1996.[47] Promoted to full member in 1999.[41][97] Promoted to full member in 2008.[65] Status unclear following the2020 Malian coup d'état.
24 / 147 (16%)
Rally for MaliRPMin oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in 2003.[42] Status unclear following the2020 Malian coup d'état.
51 / 147 (35%)
 MaltaLabour Party[98]PLin governmentFull member since 1955, leading to the entire party beinginterdicted by the Catholic Church in 1961.[98][99] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36] Delisted in December 2014. Rejoined in 2025.[100]
43 / 79 (54%)
 MauritaniaRally of Democratic ForcesRFDextra-parliamentaryAdmitted as observer member in 2003.[42] Promoted to full member in 2008.[65]
0 / 176 (0%)
 MauritiusLabour Party[101]PTRin governmentFull member since 1969.[101]
35 / 66 (53%)
Mauritian Militant Movement[102]MMMin governmentAdmitted as consultative member in 1996.[47] Promoted to full member in 2003.[42][102] Part of the Alliance of the Heart.
18 / 66 (27%)
 MexicoInstitutional Revolutionary Party[103]PRIin oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in 1996.[47] Promoted to full member in 2003.[42][103]
68 / 500 (14%)
13 / 128 (10%)
 MoldovaEuropean Social Democratic Party[104]PSDEextra-parliamentaryAdmitted as consultative member in 2008.[65] Promoted to full member in 2012.[92]
Part ofAlliance for European Integration.
0 / 101 (0%)
 MongoliaMongolian People's Party[105][106]MPPin governmentAdmitted (asMongolian People's Revolutionary Party) as observer member in 1999.[41][106]
Promoted (as Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party) to full member in 2003.[42][106]
68 / 126 (54%)
 MontenegroDemocratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro[107]DPSin oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in 2003.[42] Promoted to full member in 2008.[65]
17 / 81 (21%)
Social Democratic Party of Montenegro[107][108][109]SDPextra-parliamentaryAdmitted as observer member in 1996.[47] Promoted to consultative member in 1999.[41] Promoted to full member in 2003.[42][109]
0 / 81 (0%)
 MoroccoSocialist Union of Popular Forces[110][111][112]USFPin oppositionPromoted to full member in 1992.[46]
37 / 395 (9%)
8 / 120 (7%)
 MozambiqueFrelimo Party[113]FRELIMOin governmentAdmitted as consultative member in 1996.[47] Promoted to full member in 1999.[41]
171 / 250 (68%)
 NamibiaSouth West Africa People's OrganisationSWAPOin governmentPromoted to full member in 2008.[65]
51 / 96 (53%)
28 / 42 (67%)
 NepalNepali Congress[114][115]NCin coalitionAdmitted as consultative member in 1989.[59] Promoted to full member in 1999.[41][115]
88 / 275 (32%)
16 / 59 (27%)
 NigerNigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism[116]PNDSin oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in 1996.[47] Promoted to full member in 2003.[42][116] Status unclear following the2023 Nigerien coup d'état.
79 / 171 (46%)
 PakistanPakistan Muslim League (N)[116]PMLNin governmentAdmitted as consultative member in 1982.[59] Promoted to full member in 2018.[42][117]
5 / 336 (1%)
10 / 100 (10%)
 ParaguayProgressive Democratic PartyPDPextra-parliamentaryAdmitted as consultative member in 2008.[65] Promoted to full member in November 2015.[54]
0 / 80 (0%)
0 / 45 (0%)
 PeruPeruvian Aprista Party[118]PAPextra-parliamentaryPromoted to full member in 1999.[41]
0 / 130 (0%)
 PhilippinesPhilippine Democratic Socialist PartyPDSPextra-parliamentaryAdmitted as consultative member in 1992.[46] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36] Delisted in December 2014. Reinstated in 2019.
0 / 316 (0%)
0 / 24 (0%)
 PortugalSocialist Party[119]PSin opposition
58 / 230 (25%)
 Puerto RicoPuerto Rican Independence Party[120]PIPin oppositionConsultative member in 1987, full member in 1994.[120] Promoted to full member in 1992.[46]
3 / 51 (6%)
2 / 27 (7%)
 RomaniaSocial Democratic Party[121][122]PSDin governmentAdmitted as consultative member in 1996.[47] Promoted to full member in 1999.[41]PSDR admitted as consultative member in 1992, full member in 2001.[122] Admitted as full member in 2003.[42] Both parties merged intoPSD in 2001.
86 / 330 (26%)
36 / 136 (26%)
 San MarinoParty of Socialists and Democrats[116]PSDjunior partner in coalitionConsultative member in 1961, full member in 1980.[116]
8 / 60 (13%)
 SenegalSocialist Party of Senegal[123][124]PSjunior partner in coalitionFull member since the 1970s.[124] Boycottedlast election.
0 / 150 (0%)
 SlovakiaDirection – Social Democracy[125]SMER-SDin governmentFull member.[125]
42 / 150 (28%)
 South AfricaAfrican National Congress[126]ANCin governmentAdmitted as full member in 1999.[41][126]
159 / 400 (40%)
43 / 90 (48%)
 SpainSpanish Socialist Workers' Party[127]PSOEin governmentFull member since 1951.[127]
120 / 350 (34%)
91 / 266 (34%)
 TunisiaDemocratic Forum for Labour and LibertiesFDTL—Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[42] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36] Promoted to full member in 2012.[92] Boycotted the2022–23 Tunisian parliamentary election.[128]
0 / 217 (0%)
 TurkeyRepublican People's Party[129][130][131]CHPin oppositionTookSocial Democratic Populist Party's place in 1995.[131]
139 / 600 (23%)
 UruguayNew Space[132][133]PNEin oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in 1999.[41] Promoted to full member in 2003.[42][133]Party does not individually stand in elections but participates as part of theBroad Front.
 VenezuelaA New EraUNTextra-parliamentaryAdmitted as consultative member in 2013.[134] Promoted to full member in November 2015.[54]
0 / 277 (0%)
Democratic Action[135][136]ADin oppositionObserver member in 1966, consultative member in 1981, full member mid 1980s.[136]
11 / 277 (4%)
Popular WillVPextra-parliamentaryAdmitted as full member in December 2014.[89]
0 / 277 (0%)
 YemenYemeni Socialist PartyYSPin oppositionAdmitted as observer member in 2003.[42] Promoted to consultative member in 2008.[65]
Promoted to full member in 2012.[92]
8 / 301 (3%)

Consultative parties

[edit]

There are 19 consultative parties:[36][37]

CountryNameAbbrGovernmentNotesLower HouseUpper House
 BotswanaBotswana Democratic PartyBDPin oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in June/July 2014.[66]
4 / 61 (7%)
 Democratic Republic of the CongoUnified Lumumbist PartyPALUin oppositionAdmitted as observer member in December 2014.[89] Upgraded to consultative in 2019.
17 / 500 (3%)
2 / 108 (2%)
DjiboutiMovement for Democratic Renewal and DevelopmentMRD—Admitted as consultative members in 2019.
EswatiniPeople's United Democratic MovementPUDEMO—Admitted as consultative member in 2013.[134] Political parties are banned in Eswatini.
 GabonGabonese Progress PartyPGP—Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[47]
0 / 143 (0%)
 GambiaUnited Democratic PartyUDPin oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in 2012.[92]
15 / 58 (26%)
 GeorgiaSocial Democrats for the Development of GeorgiaSDDextra-parliamentaryAdmitted as consultative member in 2013.[134]
0 / 150 (0%)
 GhanaConvention People's PartyCPPextra-parliamentaryAdmitted as consultative member in 2018
0 / 275 (0%)
 Guinea-BissauAfrican Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape VerdePAIGCin oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in 2008.[65]
47 / 102 (46%)
 IranDemocratic Party of Iranian KurdistanPDKI—Admitted as observer member in 1996.[47] Promoted to consultative member in 2008.[65] Officially banned in Iran.
Komala Party of Iranian KurdistanKPIK—Admitted as observer member in 2014[137] Promoted to consultative member in 2018[138] Officially banned in Iran.
PalestinePalestinian National Initiative[139]PNIin oppositionAdmitted as observer member in 2008.[65] Promoted to consultative member in 2012.[92]
2 / 132 (2%)
Palestinian Popular Struggle FrontPPSFjunior partner in coalitionAdmitted as consultative member in 2018.
0 / 132 (0%)
Sahrawi RepublicPolisario FrontPOLISARIOin governmentAdmitted as observer member in 2008.[65] Promoted to consultative member in 2017.[140][141]
51 / 51 (100%)
São Tomé and PríncipeMovement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe/Social Democratic PartyMLSTP/PSDin oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in 2013.[134]
18 / 55 (33%)
SyriaDemocratic Union PartyPYDextra-parliamentary oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in November 2015.[54]
0 / 250 (0%)
 TogoDemocratic Convention of African PeoplesCDPAextra-parliamentary oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in 1999.[41]
0 / 91 (0%)
 UkraineSocial Democratic Party of Ukraine[142]SDPUextra-parliamentary oppositionAdmitted as consultative member in 2003.[42]
0 / 450 (0%)

Observer parties

[edit]

There are eight observer parties:[36][37]

CountryNameAbbrGovernmentNotes
 EswatiniSwazi Democratic PartySWADEPA—Admitted as observer member in June/July 2014.[66]
 IrelandLabour Party[143][144]in opposition
 KenyaLabour Party of KenyaAdmitted as observer member in 2012.[92]
 KosovoVetëvendosjeVVin governmentAdmitted as observer member in 2018.
 LesothoLesotho Congress for DemocracyLCDjunior party in coalitionAdmitted as observer member in June/July 2014.[66]
 SerbiaSocial Democratic Party of SerbiaSDPSjunior party in coalitionAdmitted as observer member in 2018.
 SomalilandJustice and Welfare PartyJWPin oppositionAdmitted as observer member in 2013[145]
 United KingdomLabour Party[146]in governmentMember since 1951.[146] Currently holds a majority in Westminster, following the2024 United Kingdom general election.Welsh Labour isin governmentin Wales andLondon Labourholds theLondon Mayoralty. The party asked to be downgraded to observer status in February 2013 "in view of ethical concerns, and to develop international co-operation through new networks."[147] The request was accepted later that year.
 United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)Social Democratic and Labour Party[148][149]SDLPin oppositionAdmitted as a full member in 1974.[149]

Former members

[edit]
This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(July 2024)
CountryNameAbbrNotes
 AlbaniaSocial Democratic Party of Albania[150]PSDAdmitted as consultative member in 1992.[46] Promoted to full member in 1996.[47][150] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36] Delisted in December 2014.
AlgeriaNational Liberation FrontFLNExpelled following the2019 Algerian protests.
 AndorraNew DemocracyNDAdmitted as consultative member in 1999.[41]
 Antigua and BarbudaAntigua and Barbuda Labour PartyALPAdmitted as consultative member in 2008.[65]
 ArgentinaPopular Socialist PartyPSPAdmitted as full member in 1992.[46] Merged with theDemocratic Socialist Party to form theSocialist Party.
Socialist Party[151][152]PSFull member since 1951.[152]
 AzerbaijanAzerbaijani Social Democratic PartyASDPAdmitted as observer member in 1996.[47] Promoted to consultative member in 2003.[42] Readmitted as consultative member in June/July 2014.[66] Admitted as full member in 2016.[62] Party dissolved in 2023.[153]
 ArubaPeople's Electoral Movement[50]MEPPromoted to full member in 1992.[46] Full member since 1994.[50] Delisted in December 2014.
 AustraliaAustralian Labor Party[154]ALPAdmitted as full member in 1966.[154] Delisted in December 2014.
 AustriaSocial Democratic Party of AustriaSPÖAdmitted as a full member in 1951.[155] Delisted in 2022.
 BarbadosBarbados Labour Party[156]BLPAdmitted as full member in 1987.[156] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36] Delisted in December 2014.
 BelgiumBelgian Socialist PartyPSB/BSPFounder member. Split in 1978.
ForwardDelisted in 2017.
 BeninDemocratic Union of Progressive ForcesUDFPAdmitted as observer member in 1992.[46]
Social Democratic Party[157]PSDAdmitted as consultative member in 1999.[41][157] Promoted to full member in 2003.[42][157]
 Bosnia and HerzegovinaAlliance of Independent Social DemocratsSNSDAdmitted as consultative member in 2003.[42] Promoted to full member in 2008[65] Expelled in August 2012.[92]
 BotswanaBotswana National FrontBNFAdmitted as observer member in 1996.[47]
 BoliviaRevolutionary Left Movement[158]MIRAdmitted as consultative member in 1986.[58] Consultative member in 1987.[158] Promoted to full member in 1992.[46][158]
 BulgariaBulgarian Euro-LeftBEL[159]Admitted as observer member in 1999.[41]
 Burkina FasoParty for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party[67]PDP/PSAdmitted as full member circa 1995.[67] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36] Delisted in December 2014.
 BurundiFront for Democracy in BurundiFRODEBUAdmitted as consultative member in 2003.[42] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36]
Delisted in December 2014.
CanadaCo-operative Commonwealth FederationCCFBecame theNew Democratic Party in 1961.
 CanadaNew Democratic Party[160]NDP/NPDDelisted in 2018.[161][failed verification]
 Central African RepublicMovement for Democracy and Social ProgressMDPSAdmitted as observer member in 1992.[46]
 IranKurdistan Democratic PartyKDPAdmitted as a full member in November 2015.[54] Party dissolved in 2022.[162]
KyrgyzstanSocial Democratic Party of KyrgyzstanSDPK[163]
 Ivory CoastIvorian Popular Front[164]FPIAdmitted as consultative member in 1992.[46] Promoted to full member in 1996.[47][164] Expelled in March 2011.[21]
 ColombiaAlternative Democratic PolePDAFormer observer member. Delisted in December 2014.
M-19 Democratic AllianceAD/M-19Admitted as observer member in 1992.[46]
 CuraçaoPartido MANMANPromoted to full member in 1989.[59] Delisted in 2017.
 DenmarkSocial DemocratsSDFounding member. Withdrew in 2017.
 DominicaDominica Labour PartyDLPAdmitted as consultative member in 1996.[47] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36] Delisted in December 2014.
 EcuadorDemocratic Left[165]PIDMember since 1987.[165] Delisted in 2017.
 EgyptEgyptian Social Democratic PartyESDP (or HMDI inArabic)Admitted as consultative member in 2012.[92] Promoted to full member in November 2015.[54] Delisted in 2019 due to non-payment of membership fees.
National Democratic Party[71]NDPAdmitted as full member in 1989.[59] Full member since 1992.[71] Expelled in January 2011.[166][167][168]
 El SalvadorDemocratic PartyPDAdmitted as observer member in 1996.[47]
 EstoniaSocial Democratic Party[169][170]SDEMember since 1990.[170] Withdrew in 2017.
 FijiFiji Labour PartyFLPAdmitted as consultative member in 1992.[46] Expelled in 2008, due to the party's participation in a government issued from amilitary coup.[65]
 FranceFrench Section of the Workers' InternationalSFIOFounding member. Member in 1951–1969.
 GeorgiaUnion of Citizens of GeorgiaCUGAdmitted as observer member in 1996.[47] Party disbanded in 2003.
 GermanySocial Democratic Party of GermanySPDFounding member. Withdrew in 2017.
 GreenlandSiumutAdmitted as consultative member in 1986.[58] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36] Delisted in December 2014.
 GuatemalaSocial Democratic Convergence[171]CSDAdmitted as consultative member in 2003.[42][171]
 HaitiParty of the National Congress of Democratic MovementsKONAKOMAdmitted as consultative member in 1992.[46] Promoted to full member in 1996.[47]
Struggling People's OrganizationOPLAdmitted (as Lavalas Political Organisation) as observer member in 1996.[47]
Revolutionary Progressive Nationalist PartyPANPRAAdmitted as consultative member in 1989.[59] Promoted to full member in 1992.[46]
 HungarySocial Democratic Party of HungaryMSZDPMember since 1990. Admitted as observer member in 1992. Promoted to consultative member in 1999.

Promoted to full member in 2003. Delisted in 2020 due to inactivity

 IcelandSocial Democratic PartyAMember since 1987.[172] FormedSocial Democratic Alliance in 2000.
Social Democratic AllianceSWithdrew in 2017.
 IranLeague of Iranian SocialistsJoined in 1960.[173] It was dissolved in 1980s.
 ItalyDemocratic Party of the LeftPDSAdmitted as full member in 1992.[46] Merged with others to formDemocrats of the Left in 1998.
Democrats of the Left[174]DSFull member since 1992 asDemocratic Party of the Left.[174] Merged with other movements to form theDemocratic Party in 2007. Listed as SI member until XXIV Congress in 2012.
Italian Socialist PartyPSIParty dissolved in 1994 and succeeded by theItalian Socialists (who formed theItalian Democratic Socialists in 1998 and resumed as theItalian Socialist Party in 2007).
Italian Democratic Socialist PartyPSDIFounding member. Party merged into theItalian Democratic Socialists in 1998 (renamed intoItalian Socialist Party in 2007).
 JapanDemocratic Socialist PartyDSP/Minsha-tōAdmitted as SI member in 1961.[175] Merged with non-socialist movements to form theNew Frontier Party in 1994.
Japan Socialist PartyJSP/Shakai-tōAdmitted as SI member in 1951.[91] Refounded as theSocial Democratic Party in 1996.
 JordanJordanian Democratic Party of the LeftJDPLAdmitted as observer member in 2003.[42]
 KyrgyzstanAta Meken Socialist Party[176]Admitted as observer member in 2008.[65]
 LatviaLatvian Social Democratic Workers' Party[177]LSDSPFull member since 1994.[177] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36]
Delisted in December 2014.
Social Democratic Party "Harmony"SDPSAdmitted as consultative member in June/July 2014.[66] Withdrew in 2017.
 North MacedoniaSocial Democratic Union of Macedonia[178][179][180]SDSMAdmitted as observer member in 1996.[47] Promoted to full member in 2003.[42][180] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36] Delisted in December 2014.
 MadagascarParty for National UnityVITMAdmitted as consultative member in 1989.[59]
 MalaysiaDemocratic Action Party[181][136]DAPFull member since 1987.[136] Delisted in 2017.[181]
 MexicoParty of the Democratic Revolution[182]PRDAdmitted as full member in 1996.[47][182]
 MoldovaSocial Democratic Party of MoldovaPSDMAdmitted as observer member in 1996.[47]
 MongoliaMongolian Social Democratic Party[106]MSDPAdmitted as consultative member in 1992.[46][106] Promoted to full member in 1996.[47] Merged with others in 2000 to form theDemocratic Party.
 NamibiaCongress of DemocratsCoDAdmitted as consultative member in 2003.[42] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36] Delisted in December 2014.
 NetherlandsLabour Party[183]PvdADecided to minimise involvement in SI in December 2012.[184] Delisted in December 2014.
 New ZealandNew Zealand Labour Party[133]NZLPMember since 1952.[133] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36] Delisted in December 2014.
NicaraguaNicaraguaSandinista National Liberation FrontFSLNExpelled in January 2019 because of violation of human rights during theNicaraguan protests
NigeriaAll Progressives Congress[139]APCAdmitted as consultative member in December 2014.[89]
North VietnamVietnamese Socialist Party[185]Consultative member between 1955 and 1969.[185]
 NorwayLabour Party[186][187]DNAMember since 1951.[187] Withdrew in 2016.
 ParaguayParty for a Country of Solidarity[188]PPSAdmitted as consultative member in 2003.[42] Promoted to full member in 2008.[65]
Revolutionary Febrerista Party[189][190]PRFAdmitted as full member in the 1970s.[190]
 PhilippinesAkbayanAdmitted as consultative member in 2003.[42]
 PolandDemocratic Left Alliance[191][192]SLDFull member since 1996.[192] Withdrew in 2017.
Labour Union[193]UPAdmitted as full member in 1996.[47][193] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36]
Delisted in December 2014.
Social Democracy of the Republic of PolandSdRPAdmitted as full member in 1996.[47] Absorbed into theDemocratic Left Alliance in 1999.
 RomaniaDemocratic PartyPDAdmitted as consultative member in 1996.[47] Promoted to full member in 1999.[41] Merged with theLiberal Democratic Party to form theDemocratic Liberal Party.
 RussiaA Just Russia — Patriots — For Truth[194][195]SRZPAdmitted as observer member in 2008.[65] Promoted to consultative member in 2010. Promoted to full member in 2012.[92][196] Expelled in March 2022 for its support for theRussian invasion of Ukraine.[197]
 RussiaSocial Democratic Party of RussiaSDPRAdmitted as consultative member in 2003.[42]
 Saint Kitts and NevisSaint Kitts and Nevis Labour PartySKNLPAdmitted as consultative member in 1992.[46] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36] Delisted in December 2014.
 Saint LuciaProgressive Labour PartyExpelled in 1992.[46]
Saint Lucia Labour PartySLPAdmitted as consultative member in 1992.[46] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36] Delisted in December 2014.
 Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesSaint Vincent Labour PartySVGLPAdmitted as consultative member in 1989.[59] Merged with theMovement for National Unity in 1994 to form theUnity Labour Party.
Unity Labour PartyULPDemoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36] Delisted in December 2014.
 SerbiaDemocratic Party[198]DSAdmitted as consultative member in 2003.[42] Promoted to full member in 2008.[65]
Social Democratic Party[198]SDPAdmitted as consultative member in 2003.[42] Promoted to full member in 2008.[65]
Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36] Ceased to exist in 2009[198]
 SingaporePeople's Action PartyPAPResigned in 1976 in response to theDutch Labour Party's charges of violations of human rights and detention of political prisoners without trial,[199] and DLP and theBritish Labour Party's charges of media censorship.[200][201]
 SlovakiaParty of the Democratic LeftSDĽAdmitted as full member in 1996.[47] Merged withDirection – Social Democracy in 2005.
Social Democratic Party of SlovakiaSDSSAdmitted as full member in 1992.[46] Merged withDirection – Social Democracy in 2005.
 SloveniaSlovenian Democratic PartySDSAdmitted (as the Social Democratic Party of Slovenia) as observer member in 1992.[46]
Social Democrats[202]SDAdmitted (asUnited List of Social Democrats) as full member in 1996.[47][202] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[36] Delisted in December 2014.
 SwedenSwedish Social Democratic PartySAPWithdrew in March 2017.[203]
 SwitzerlandSocial Democratic Party of Switzerland[204]SP/PSWithdrew in 2017.
 TanzaniaChama Cha MapinduziCCMAdmitted as full member in 2013.
 Timor-LesteRevolutionary Front for an Independent East TimorFRETILINAdmitted as consultative member in 2003.[42]
 TunisiaDemocratic Constitutional Rally[57]RCDAdmitted as full member in 1989.[59] Full member since 1993.[57] Expelled in January 2011.[19]
Popular Unity MovementMUPAdmitted as consultative member in 1989.[59]
 TurkeyDemocratic Left PartyDSPAdmitted as consultative member in 1986.[58] Expelled in 1992.[46]
Democratic People's PartyDEHAPAdmitted as observer member in 2003.[42] Merged with the Democratic Society Movement to form theDemocratic Society Party which in turn was succeeded by thePeace and Democracy Party.
Social Democratic Populist PartySHPAdmitted as consultative member in 1986.[58] Promoted to full member in 1989.[59] Merged with theRepublican People's Party in 1995.
 UkraineSocialist Party of UkraineSPUAdmitted as consultative member in 2003.[42] Expelled in July 2011.[205]
 United StatesDemocratic Socialists of AmericaDSAHad been a member of SI since founding in 1982, withdrew in August 2017.[206]
Democratic Socialist Organizing CommitteeDSOCMember since 1976,[207] merged with theNew American Movement in 1982 to form the Democratic Socialists of America, which remained a member until 2017.[206]
Social Democrats, USA[202]SDUSAMember since 1972.[202] Withdrew in 2005.
 UruguayParty for the Government of the PeoplePGPAdmitted as consultative member in 1992.[46] Merged with theColorado Party in 1994.
Socialist Party of Uruguay[208]PSUAAdmitted as full member in 1999.[41][208] Withdrew in 2017.[209]
 VenezuelaFor Social DemocracyPODEMOSAdmitted as consultative member in 2008.[65]
Movement for SocialismMASAdmitted as consultative member in 2003.[42]
 ZambiaPatriotic FrontPFAdmitted as consultative member in 2013.[134]
 ZimbabweMovement for Democratic ChangeMDCAdmitted as full member in 2008.[65] Delisted in 2017.

Fraternal organisations

[edit]

Associated organisations

[edit]

See also

[edit]
Portals:

Leftist Internationals include:

United left wing

Anarchist

Socialist and labour

Communist

Trotskyist

Democratic socialism

  • Socialist International (est. 1951)

Reunification efforts

  • Fifth International, a phrase referring to socialist and communist groups aspiring to create a new workers' international

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ab"Statutes of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
  2. ^"Finances of the International". Socialist International.
  3. ^"About Us". Socialist International.
  4. ^Nathan Gilbert Quimpo (2020)."The Post-war Rise and Decline of the Left". In Toby Carroll; Shahar Hameiri; Lee Jones (eds.).The Political Economy of Southeast Asia: Politics and Uneven Development Under Hyperglobalisation. Springer Nature. p. 150.ISBN 978-3-03-028255-4.
  5. ^"Presidium". Socialist International.
  6. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 176.
  7. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. xxiv.
  8. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. xxv.
  9. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 302.
  10. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 52.
  11. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 77.
  12. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 177.
  13. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 197.
  14. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 320.
  15. ^The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of South America, Routledge, 1989
  16. ^Väänänen, Pentti (2012).Purppuraruusu ja samettinyrkki (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Kellastupa. pp. 192–194.ISBN 9789525787115.
  17. ^"General Congress Resolution of the XX Congress of the Socialist International, New York".Socialist International. Retrieved30 August 2025.
  18. ^"Declaration of principles".Socialist International. June 1989. Retrieved30 August 2025.
  19. ^ab"SI decision on Tunisia". Socialist International. 17 January 2011.
  20. ^"Socialist International finally kicks out Mubarak".Foreign Policy. 3 February 2011. Retrieved31 December 2022.
  21. ^ab"SI Presidium addresses situation in Côte d'Ivoire". Socialist International. 19 March 2011.
  22. ^"Statutes".Socialist International. Retrieved3 May 2019.
  23. ^Bruderzwist unter Sozialisten – Politik – Süddeutsche.de. Sueddeutsche.de. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
  24. ^Progressive Alliance: Sozialdemokraten gründen weltweites Netzwerk – SPIEGEL ONLINE. Spiegel.de (22 May 2013). Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
  25. ^Sozialdemokratie: „Progressive Alliance“ gegründet – Politik. FAZ. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
  26. ^(in German)Sozialistische Internationale hat ausgedient: SPD gründet "Progressive Alliance". n-tv.de. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
  27. ^"SPD will Sozialistischer Internationale den Geldhahn zudrehen und den Mitgliedsbeitrag nicht zahlen – SPIEGEL ONLINE".Der Spiegel. 22 January 2012. Retrieved23 May 2013.
  28. ^Sigmar Gabriel (3 February 2011)."Gastbeitrag: Keine Kumpanei mit Despoten | Meinung – Frankfurter Rundschau" (in German). Fr-online.de. Archived fromthe original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved23 May 2013.
  29. ^abcLes enfants cachés du Général Pinochet. Précis de Coups d'État Modernes et autres tentatives de déstabilisation. Éditions Don Quichotte. 2015. pp. 613–614.
  30. ^"El PS pasó a la Alianza Progresista y se desafilió de la Internacional Socialista".El País (in Spanish). 4 March 2017. Retrieved30 August 2025.
  31. ^Botz, Dan La (8 August 2017)."Successful Convention Moves DSA to Left".New Politics. Archived fromthe original on 10 January 2025. Retrieved30 August 2025.
  32. ^PS, Info (12 March 2017)."El Partido Socialista integra la dirección de la Alianza Progresista".Partido Socialista de Uruguay (in Spanish). Retrieved30 August 2025.
  33. ^"Announcing: 13 parties, unions and movements join the membership of the Progressive International".Progressive International. 4 October 2023.
  34. ^"Cruz Novillo JR: "Sería bueno que el PSOE entendiera el valor de preservar el patrimonio de su logo"".Gràffica (in Spanish). 7 September 2022. Retrieved19 September 2022.
  35. ^"Honorary Presidents of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
  36. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw"Member Parties". Socialist International.
  37. ^abc"Social Democratic Parties". Broad Left. 1 June 2005. Archived fromthe original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved14 July 2012.
  38. ^"Key Political Parties in Albania".Balkan Insight. 27 September 2010.
  39. ^"Albania". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived fromthe original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved14 July 2012.
  40. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 323.
  41. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy"XXI Congress of the Socialist International, Paris – Decisions of the Congress Regarding Membership". Socialist International.
  42. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanao"XXII Congress of the Socialist International, São Paulo – Decisions of the Congress Regarding Membership". Socialist International.
  43. ^"FFS (Socialist Forces Front)". European Institute for Research on Euro-Arab Co-operation. Archived fromthe original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved14 July 2012.
  44. ^"Algeria". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived fromthe original on 24 January 2014.
  45. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 319.
  46. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacad"XIX Congress of the Socialist International, Berlin – Decisions on Membership of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
  47. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalam"XX Congress of the Socialist International, New York – Congress Decisions Regarding Membership". Socialist International.
  48. ^"Benvinguts" (in Catalan).Social Democratic Party (Andorra). Archived fromthe original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved14 July 2012.
  49. ^abcdLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 311.
  50. ^abcdLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 270.
  51. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 286.
  52. ^"In the Socialist International".Armenian Revolutionary Federation. 22 December 2009. Archived fromthe original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved14 July 2012.
  53. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 37.
  54. ^abcdefgh"Meeting of the SI Council in Luanda, Angola 27–28 November 2015". Socialist International.
  55. ^"L'Action Internationale" (in French).Socialist Party (Belgium). Archived fromthe original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved14 July 2012.
  56. ^"Bosnia Herzegovina". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived fromthe original on 9 September 2015.
  57. ^abcdeLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 101.
  58. ^abcde"XVII Congress of the Socialist International, Lima – Decisions on Membership of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
  59. ^abcdefghijk"XVIII Congress of the Socialist International, Stockholm – Decisions on Membership of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
  60. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 67.
  61. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 68.
  62. ^ab"SI Member Parties in Government".www.socialistinternational.org. Socialist International. 18 March 2019. Retrieved9 June 2019.
  63. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 307.
  64. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 25.
  65. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"XXIII Congress of the Socialist International, Athens – Decisions of the Congress Regarding Membership". Socialist International.
  66. ^abcdefg"SI Council Meeting in Mexico City". Socialist International.
  67. ^abcdLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 265.
  68. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 314.
  69. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 325.
  70. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 211.
  71. ^abcdLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 245.
  72. ^"Croatia". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived fromthe original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved14 July 2012.
  73. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 312.
  74. ^"Movement for Social Democracy".Movement for Social Democracy.
  75. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 308.
  76. ^"Our Party".Czech Social Democratic Party. Archived fromthe original on 13 August 2012.
  77. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 95.
  78. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 108.
  79. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 87.
  80. ^"L'internationale socialiste" (in French).Socialist Party (France). Archived fromthe original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved14 July 2012.
  81. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 262.
  82. ^"Attack on President Condé an assault on democracy". Socialist International. 19 July 2011.
  83. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 148.
  84. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 351.
  85. ^"Meeting of the SI Council at the United Nations in Geneva".Socialist International. Retrieved3 May 2019.
  86. ^"A Magyar Szocialista Párt…" (in Hungarian).Hungarian Socialist Party. Archived fromthe original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved14 July 2012.
  87. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 158.
  88. ^Gabriel Sheffer (1993).Innovative Leaders in International Politics. SUNY Press. p. 202.ISBN 978-0-7914-1520-7. Retrieved30 January 2013.
  89. ^abcd"Meeting of the SI Council at the United Nations in Geneva". Socialist International.
  90. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 271.
  91. ^abcLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 186.
  92. ^abcdefghij"XXIV Congress of the Socialist International, Cape Town – Decisions on Membership". Socialist International.
  93. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 283.
  94. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 214.
  95. ^"LSAP aujourd'hui" (in French).Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party. Archived fromthe original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved14 July 2012.
  96. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 217.
  97. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 29.
  98. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 220.
  99. ^Grech, Sergio."Contextualising the 1961 Interdict in Malta".OAR@UM.
  100. ^Sansone, Kurt."Labour Party re-joins Socialist International once snubbed by Joseph Muscat".MaltaToday.
  101. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 230.
  102. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 229.
  103. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 167.
  104. ^"Moldova". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived fromthe original on 5 April 2015.
  105. ^"Party History".Mongolian People's Party. Archived fromthe original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved14 July 2012.
  106. ^abcdeLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 238.
  107. ^ab"Montenegro". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived fromthe original on 18 April 2005.
  108. ^"Socijalistička internacionala" (in Montenegrin).Social Democratic Party of Montenegro. Archived fromthe original on 21 February 2014.
  109. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 313.
  110. ^"Relations internationales" (in French).Socialist Union of Popular Forces. Archived fromthe original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved14 July 2012.
  111. ^"Morocco". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived fromthe original on 10 September 2014.
  112. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 328.
  113. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 132.
  114. ^"Introduction".Nepali Congress.
  115. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 250.
  116. ^abcdefLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 267.
  117. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 261.
  118. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 273.
  119. ^Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 280.
  120. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 285.
  121. ^"Afiliere internationala" (in Romanian).Social Democratic Party (Romania). Archived fromthe original on 16 April 2013.
  122. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 293.
  123. ^"Le Parti en bref" (in French).Socialist Party of Senegal. Archived fromthe original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved14 July 2012.
  124. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 326.
  125. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 107.
  126. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 24.
  127. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 336.
  128. ^"Tunisie : Une coalition politique annonce son boycott des prochaines législatives".Gnet news (in French). 19 September 2022. Retrieved30 December 2023.
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  130. ^"Turkey". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. Archived fromthe original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved14 July 2012.
  131. ^abLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 289.
  132. ^"Nuevo Espacio" (in Spanish).New Space (Uruguay). Archived fromthe original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved14 July 2012.
  133. ^abcdLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 253.
  134. ^abcde"Decisions of the Council"(PDF).socialistinternational.org. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 7 September 2018. Retrieved2 March 2020.
  135. ^"Propuestas" (in Spanish).Democratic Action. Archived fromthe original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved14 July 2012.
  136. ^abcdLamb & Docherty 2006, p. 100.
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