Like many other communities,Chinatowns face certain social problems. The early reputation of Chinatowns in the West was that of dilapidatedghettos andslums, sites ofbrothels,opium dens, andgambling halls. While Chinatowns are generally valued astourist attractions today, local governments have often sought to generate revenue by commodifying their Chinese identity and encouraging international investment. Paradoxically, such efforts have often contributed to the erosion of their Chinese identity, as gentrification has led to shrinking Chinese populations and the replacement of authentic cultural spaces with businesses catering primarily to tourist expectations rather than the needs of the community.[1][2]
In modern times, competing Asianstreet gangs andorganized crime, such as thetongs and theHong Kong-basedtriads, continue to plague the metropolitan Chinatowns worldwide where Triads have their operations, includingLondon,United Kingdom;New York City/New Jersey,Los Angeles,San Francisco,Seattle,Chicago,Philadelphia,Las Vegas, andBoston,United States;Sydney,Australia; andVancouver andToronto,Canada. Tongs are Chinese secret societies, which were prominent in the 19th and 20th centuries. There have been 'Tong wars' or Chinatown in-fighting, between the Tong groups in the older Chinatowns. A tong war occurred in a Chinatown could be spread to other Chinatown communities. Initially, many Chinatown gangs were formed to defend the community from thelo fahn (Cantonese word and transliteration for "Caucasians") but later turned on members of their own ethnic community. This had a huge impact on the gang.[3][4]
The Chinatowns of the 1960s and 1970s experiences a rapid influx of working-class immigrants fromHong Kong. Since their inception in the late 1960s, the Hong Kong-born immigrants and mostly unemployed though some work as waiters and busboysWah Ching (華青) gang members began a campaign of harassment and assault of white tourists inSan Francisco's Chinatown, which ultimately proved to be a predicament for the tourism-minded conservative Chinatown elite of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (the biggest problem is that the CCBA simply advocated tougher policing against the gangs rather than resolve Chinatown social inequalities at the core). In North America, Chinese American street gangs often have connections with the tongs and triads. Examples of such street gangs include theJoe Boys andJackson Street Boys, which are named after the major street of San Francisco's Chinatown.[5][6]
Turf wars have been common in the older Chinatowns. Gang rivalry among Chinatown gangs has sometimes have a high profile. As Chinatowns tend to be tourist attractions, tourists in Chinatowns have sometimes been victims of these gang warfare crimes. In 1977, a shoot-out occurred in a San Francisco Chinatown restaurant (where the rival gang were normally based), in which two tourists and three waiters were murdered by stray gunfire in a botched assassination attempt on a Wah Ching gang member. Eleven other people were injured. This incident is notoriously known as theGolden Dragon massacre and it mobilized theSan Francisco Police Department to create an Asian crime unit. The five suspects involved in the attack were sentenced and convicted. On June 30, 1995 involved two factions of the Jackson Street Boys. One faction opened fire on the other on a busy Chinatown street,Stockton Street, during the daytime. Seven innocent bystanders were struck, including a pregnant woman. Three males, ages 18, 16, and 14, were arrested in connection with the shooting.[7] Jackson Boys were also the primary trafficker of illegal fireworks back when fireworks were blatantly sold on the streets of Chinatown.[8][9][10][11][12] In June 1998, shots were fired at Chinese Playground, wounding six teenagers, three of them critically. A 16-year-old boy was arrested for the shooting, which was believed to be gang-related.[13]
Seattle's generally pacificInternational District-Chinatown was rocked by one particularly spectacular incident of gang violence in February 1983, when theWah Mee massacre killed 13 people at an illegal gambling club, among them several prominent restaurant owners.[14]
In the late 1970s, some amount of the ethnic Chinese refugees fromVietnam would also start gangs.
In theLos Angeles Chinatown of 1984, Chinese Vietnamese gang members shot and killed a whiteLos Angeles Police Department officer and wounded hisJapanese American partner. The officers were responding to a silent robbery alarm at a Chinatown jewelry store and a shoot-out ensued. The wounded Japanese American officer returned fire, killing three of the five suspects. A three-year trial concluded in 1988, and the remaining killers received the verdict of life imprisonment.
InChinatown, Manhattan in May 1985, a gang-related shooting injured seven people, including a 4-year-old boy, at 30 East Broadway. Two males, who were 15 and 16 years old and were members of a Chinese street gang, were arrested and convicted.[15][16]
Suburban Chinatowns are also not entirely immune fromextortion. In the so-called "new Chinatown" ofRichmond,British Columbia, theRoyal Canadian Mounted Police arrested six male suspects in connection with extortion that involved assaulting a Chinese Canadian waiter and then vandalizing the restaurant in 1999. In the summer of 2003, in theLos Angeles County community ofSan Gabriel, California, Asian gunmen shot out a window of a Chinese restaurant, allegedly to send a message to the owner to pay protection; instead, they killed a waitress, a Mainland Chinese immigrant. Triad extortion activity is also rife in several Chinatowns of Sydney, Australia. Chinese restaurants have especially been targeted in Sydney.[17]
Many Chinese victims in Chinatown and other areas areprostitutes and reluctant to report any incidents of gang harassment to authorities because they fear possible retaliation. First-generation immigrants, who often speak limited English, may be in the country illegally or have a general distrust of the police or of government in general. Many immigrants emigrated from countries where the police routinely intimidate the population—such as with Communist China and Taiwan under PresidentChiang Kai-shek's martial law—or where the government persecuted the population, as withThailand andVietnam. InHong Kong, until recently,[when?] the police were often corrupt and ineffective. [Needs Citation]
Also compounding to the problem is that Chinese immigrant restaurateurs and storekeepers sometimes dismiss the exploitativeextortion as another cost of doing business in the form of a "business tax" and thus simply shrug it off. In Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and many areas of Mainland China, extortion is figured into the cost of running a business, and many immigrant business owners presume that it is the same in their newly adopted country as well. [Needs Citation]
The triads are also primarily responsible for smugglingillegal immigrants into the Chinatowns of Australia, Europe, and North America, often from China and Vietnam. These Asian smugglers are called "snakeheads". In order to pay for their passage, many of these immigrants end upindentured in "under the table" low-wage (often lower than the minimum wage) service jobs, e.g., as restaurantwaiters or dishwashers, masseuses inmassage parlors,prostitutes, andgarment sweatshops.
Such social problems have been the subject for several Hollywood police films such asThe Corruptor (starringMark Wahlberg andChow Yun-fat),Year of the Dragon (starringMickey Rourke) andRevenge of the Green Dragons (executive produced byMartin Scorsese).
Whereas a few Chinatowns, notably the ones inManhattan and Chicago, have been experiencing population growth and urban renewal, many others (such as San Francisco,Houston andVancouver) have been facingurban decay over the years. Social ills such ashomelessness anddrug-related problems occur with some Chinatowns in urban areas. Many (often non-Chinese)[citation needed] unhoused individuals can be observed panhandling on the streets, making them unattractive for investment.
Homelessness has been a problem in the Chinatowns ofHonolulu,Los Angeles,San Francisco, and especially Vancouver's Chinatown, which neighborsDowntown Eastside.[citation needed] In Vancouver, Los Angeles, and other cities where the Chinatown is widely perceived as part of an unsafe inner city, few people will venture there at night, so many Chinatown businesses close around 5 or 6 p.m; often only a handful of restaurants remain open.[citation needed] These Chinatowns become virtual ghost towns by evening. By contrast, the vibrant suburban Chinatowns in North America have a bustling nightlife with a number of restaurants with longer business hours, and the Chinatowns in New York City, Seattle, and London remain popular late-night destinations.
There have been programs such asgraffiti removal, in which Chinatown community members and the local police work together to improve the safety and aesthetics of Chinatowns, and, as police forces diversify, many have made more successful outreach to Chinatowns than in the past. As a case study, Chinatown in Los Angeles has improved notably in these respects although there has been political wrangling with the Chinatown leaders and city of Los Angeles. However, several revitalization plans have failed to take off due in the past to low funding. Vancouver's Chinatown has attempted to counterparking problems by erecting a largeparking structure, but drug problems and perceived police ineffectiveness to clamp down on property crime in Chinatown have hampered efforts.[18]
The exodus of ethnic Chinese from Chinatowns and their gradual acculturation into the larger society has caused some loss of revenue. Elderly Chinese-speaking customers remain in Chinatowns and patronize Chinatown businesses, but without a large immigrant and descendant population to sustain their communities, Chinatowns increasingly rely on tourism. The Chinatown ofHavana,Cuba (otherwise known as thebarrio chino) with its small and declining population of Chinese origin, promotes its exotic image to the tourist trade.
Social problems aside, several longtime popular and historic Chinese restaurants have also closed in the Chinatowns of San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Toronto, thus leading to the decline.[citation needed]
The old Chinatowns now face heavy competition from the ethnic Chinese and pan-Asian large supermarkets, shopping centers, and mini-malls found in the suburbs. Many old Chinatowns have experienced declining revenue. For example, inCalifornia the Chinatowns of San Francisco and Oakland compete with the large shopping centers inCupertino andSilicon Valley, and the Los Angeles Chinatown faces distinct challenges from theSan Gabriel Valley's multiple Chinatowns. With a multitude of acclaimed Chinese cuisine restaurants, the gleaming suburban Chinese Canadian business district ofRichmond, British Columbia, has nearly rendered the aging Vancouver Chinatown obsolete for business and revenue, superseding it as the focal point of Chinese culture in greater Vancouver; its influence is felt even across the border in thePuget Sound area.[citation needed] Manhattan's Chinatown continues to grow (having almost completely engulfedLittle Italy) but its ever-higher property values have driven many Chinese New Yorkers – both businesses and customers – to theFlushing Chinatown inQueens, not to mention Chinese New Yorkers moving toParsippany, New Jersey andEdison, New Jersey. In Houston the older Chinatown inDowntown Houston has been largely replaced with anew Chinatown in southwest Houston. InSouth Africa,Johannesburg Chinatown has fallen victim to crime in that city and is being largely replaced by a new Chinatown in suburbanCyrildene. In Sydney, Australia, there are also multiple quasi "Chinatowns" in the suburbs, notably in the communities of Cabramatta, Chatswood, Parramatta, among others, which are rapidly outpacing the old Chinatown in Sydney proper.[19] New shopping centers in the suburbs of Boston are also replacing Chinatown. With new developments and investments of new shopping centers in the suburbs, many ethnic Chinese immigrants in those areas now do not need to head to overcrowded and congested old Chinatowns to gain access to the goods and services.
Gentrification has reversed decline in Chicago's Chinatown and it may reverse that of Vancouver as well, as the downtown condo tower boom of that city is now moving toward its Chinatown. New upscale 40-story condo towers are being constructed, as are urban retail centres.
Gentrification and urban renewal both have positive and negative aspects. There are fears that non-Chinese-inspired gentrification will change Chinatowns into something entirely different. Hence, there have been various organized vocal opposition and protests in the Chinatowns. Proposals for London's Chinatown include development of posh shops and relocation of its historic pagoda structure. In San Francisco's Chinatown, a proposed development of luxury apartments amidst a large working-class community was thwarted. In Los Angeles, development of an artist colony with non-Chinese-owned art galleries - many have replaced old Chinese American storefronts - in Chinatown has altered the landscape. Toronto's Chinatown is also facing the prospect of inevitable gentrification, with a declining Chinese population. The politics of gentrification has also been felt in the Chinatowns ofPhiladelphia (where aPhiladelphia Phillies baseball stadium was once proposed),Boston, andWashington, D.C. (where theCapital One Arena has significantly shrunk the Chinatown). The local population of Montreal's Quartier Chinois has thwarted a scheme that would have placed a casino within the district.[20] For the most part, Los Angeles's Chinatown has embracedbohemian gentrification without much vocal opposition; Seattle'sChinatown/International District, which has long been more a commercial than a residential neighborhood, has seen a great deal of new construction and some gentrification; nearly all of this recent development is by Asians or Asian Americans, if not always by Chinese.[citation needed]
Across multiple Chinatowns throughout the world, residents and activists have been fighting for their livelihood. New businesses, buildings, or people move within or near these areas, which incites fear amongst these people.[21]
For example,Philadelphia Chinatown has fought since the 1950s to voice their opinions in local development affairs, attempting to resist various constructions of Stadiums, Expressways, and Convention Centers. In 2022, thePhiladelphia 76ers proposed a new stadium nearly a block away from Chinatown. This basketball arena would seat 18,500 people, and similarly to the stadium, residents fear that the arena and the influx of people that come along with it would destroy Chinatown.[22]
Additionally, inChinatown, Manhattan the prices of buildings including rent and the types of building themselves are pushing local businesses and residents out. Many of the residents are low-income or immigrants and with the newly constructed high rises, this affects residents and their cost of living. This change in prices pushes them out and causes various effects for the people of Manhattan’s Chinatown so local groups and activists resist these changes.[23]
Overall, residents inChinatown, Vancouver and all other Chinatowns fight that provisions should be taken to protect their areas and the deep culture and history that comes with it.[24] As prices start to rise in Chinatowns, the original inhabitants feel foreign or unwelcome in their own towns and some must leave altogether to be able to afford their lifestyle. This leads to the decay of Chinatowns since those who contribute to the culture or remember the historical significance would not be in these areas.
Because Toronto has become the home for a large number of Chinese immigrants, many Chinese Canadians travel to and from Asia on a regular basis. In 2003, several deaths attributed to the outbreak of theSARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) virus in Toronto prompted a major scare as it was spread by a Chinese Canadian woman who had visited Hong Kong, contracted the virus during her visit, and died upon her return to Canada. A panic spread across cities with Chinatowns in Canada and in the United States as many Chinese businesses urged people who had recently been traveling in China (where SARS was first reported) or Hong Kong to stay away. In addition, many Chinese restaurants and shopping centers, especially in theChinatowns ofToronto andMarkham, Ontario, saw a reduction in business because of the perceived SARS threat.
As a result, manyChinese Canadians and evenChinese Americans faced an economic impact on their businesses. (During the peak of the hype, several businesses in Chinatowns old and new even capitalized on the fear by selling face masks and SARS "survival kits".) To allay some of the public fears in Canada and worldwide, Canadian Prime MinisterJean Chrétien and Toronto MayorMel Lastman had lunch in a Toronto Chinatown restaurant to show that the restaurants and Chinatown in general were safe for tourism.
There were rumors circulating around Chinese communities and the Internet (especially with e-mailchain letters) to avoid certain Chinese restaurants and supermarkets in many urban and suburban Chinatowns because they could allegedly contract the virus. Some authorities[who?] have theorized these warnings were initiated by rival competing Chinese businesses. There was no factual basis found for these claims.