| Sochi conflict | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part ofWorld War I andRussian Civil War | |||||||||
 Georgian artillerymen in Sochi, 1919 | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
Military support: |
| ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
 Giorgi MazniashviliIoseb Gedevanishvili [ka]Valiko Jugheli Friedrich Kress von Kressenstein |  Anton Denikin | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||||
TheSochi conflict was a three-party armed conflict which involved the counterrevolutionaryWhite Russian forces,BolshevikRed Army and theDemocratic Republic of Georgia, each of which sought control over the strategicBlack Sea town ofSochi. The conflict was fought as a part of theRussian Civil War and lasted with varying success from June 1918 to May 1919, and ended throughBritish mediation.
Georgian claims came from the fact that the area was politically dominated by the medievalKingdom of Georgia at the height of its prestige and strength, and then came under the rule of a successor, theKingdom of Imereti and, eventually, thePrincipality of Abkhazia. The area of increasing tourist interest, part of this region was detached by theTsar's decree of December 25, 1904, from theSukhumi district (Kutais Governorate) to become part of theBlack Sea Governorate. The region was inhabited by a significant number ofArmenians andGeorgians.
According toPeter Kenez, "The collapse of the Turkish front, which resulted directly from the fall of theProvisional Government, meant a great danger to this area: Georgians and Armenians, traditional enemies of the Turks, remained defenseless. Politicians formed afederal government, theTranscaucasian Commissariat, with the participation of Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, and Russians in order to cope with the immediate problems of the area and to organize some sort of defense." After theTreaty of Brest-Litovsk, each member of the federation declared their own independence. Kenez states, "Whatever theGeorgian Mensheviks felt about the Germans, the Republic desperately needed their help; they were the only force with the means to restrain the Turks. Indeed the German Command pressured the Turks into accepting a reasonable treaty with Georgia. German troops soon arrived and took possession of the most important roads and railways."[1]
The Russian generalAnton Denikin and his colleagues insisted, however, that the border between Georgia (though not yet recognized by either White or Soviet leadership) and the White-controlledKuban People's Republic should be that between the formerRussian governorates of Kutais and Black Sea, i.e. slightly in the north to theBzyb River.
The conflict was preceded by a pro-Bolshevik revolt inAbkhazia. In March 1918, local Bolsheviks in Abkhazia under the leadership ofNestor Lakoba, a close associate ofJoseph Stalin, capitalized on agrarian disturbances and, supported by the revolutionary peasant militias,kiaraz, won power in Sukhumi in April 1918. TheTranscaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, which claimed the region as its part, sanctioned the suppression of the revolt and, on May 17, theNational Guard of Georgia ousted the Bolshevik commune in Sukhumi.
Another revolt took place in June 1918 that made the local Abkhazian government, Abkhaz People's Council, which emerged after theFebruary Revolution in Russia, to request aid from theDemocratic Republic of Georgia and join it as an autonomous entity (June 8, 1918).[2] A Georgian force under Major GeneralGiorgi Mazniashvili was deployed in the region and joined by Abkhaz cavalry provided by local nobility. Mazniashvili repulsed a Bolshevik offensive fromSochi late in June.[3][2]
The Georgians armed theKuban Cossacks, and prevented a Red Army advance south along the Black Sea coast. By the middle of July the Georgians had occupiedTuapse.[2] Mazniashvili was soon ordered to take control of the Tuapse-Maykop railway line, the Caspian oil pipeline, and Sochi. Denikin sent E.V. Maslovskii asVolunteer Army's representative.[1] Kenez states, "The first month in the history of the relations between the Volunteer Army and Georgia was the best." The Volunteer Army helped stop a Bolshevik advance on Tuapse, after the Georgians retreated to Sochi.[1]
On September 18, a Council for Sochi (a legislature formed by the localMensheviks andSRs in August) declared the unification of the city and its district to theDemocratic Republic of Georgia as a "temporary measure" against the threats from bothLenin andDenikin. The annexation by Georgia followed immediately and caused an acute protest from the leaders of the White forces.
On September 25–26, 1918, the Volunteer Army met inEkaterinodar with the a Georgian delegation consisting of E. P. Gegechkori, foreign minister, and General G. I. Mazniashvili. The main issue discussed at the conference was the possession of Sochi. However, negotiatians broke off without an agreement after heated exchanges. According to Kenez, "The Ekaterinodar meeting set the pattern for future relations. The history of these relations is a dreary series of bitter exchanges, border skirmishes, and at times even large-scale fighting."[1]
On February 6, 1919, the Georgian troops were forced back to the Bzyb river with their commander General Konyev (Koniashvili), and his staff captured by the Russians atGagra. Georgia sent reinforcements, but theBritish representatives intervened establishing a demarcation line along the Bzyb. The captured Georgian officers were released.On March 14, 1919, a Georgian delegation presented at Paris peace conference a project of the borders of the country in which it demanded a part of the former Black Sea province up to the small river Makopse 14 km southeast to the town Tuapse. The negotiations, however, yielded no results.
On April 12, 1919, aSukhumi-based Georgian People's Guard and army units under General Mazniashvili launched a counteroffensive. Avoiding the British peacekeeping posts at the Bzyb river, theyretook Gagra after a bloody clash and, in cooperation with the"Green" Russian guerillas, moved to the Mekhadiri river. The British intervention however halted the Georgian advance. A new demarcation line was established south to Adler, on thePsou River. Along the border, a British expeditionary force took positions to prevent further outbreak of the war. On May 23–24, Georgian, Russian Volunteers' and British representatives met inTbilisi to find a peace resolution. Actually, this was the end of the conflict. Occasional skirmishes occurred, however, until the late 1919.
The establishment of the current official Russian-Georgian border along the Psou was perhaps the main outcome of the Sochi conflict. The new border was de jure recognized by theRussian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (May 1920) and theAllies (January 1921).
