The island is populated, reported to have under 30 people in 2012. A village,Bile, was founded in February 2007 with the purpose of consolidating the status of the island as an inhabited place. This happened during the period in which the island was part of a border dispute between Romania and Ukraine from 2004 to 2009, during which Romania contested the technical definition of the island and borders around it. The territorial limits of thecontinental shelf around Snake Islandwere delineated by theInternational Court of Justice in 2009,[2] providing Romania with almost 80% of the disputed maritime territory.[3]
Snake Island is located 35 km from the coast, east of the mouth of theDanube River. The island is irregularly shaped, with an area of 0.205 km2 (0.079 sq mi) and a maximum diameter of about 700m. The gently sloping terrain reaches its highest point 41 metres (135 ft) above sea level.
The nearest coastal location to the island is Kubanskyi Island on the Ukrainian part of theDanube Delta, located 35 km (22 mi) away between theBystroe Canal and Skhidnyi Channel. The closest Romanian coastal city,Sulina, is 45 km (28 mi) away. The closest Ukrainian city isVylkove, 50 km (31 mi); however, there also is a port Ust-Dunaisk, 44 km (27 mi) away from the island.
For the end of 2011 in Zmiinyi Island coastal waters, 58 fish species (12 of which are included in theRed Data Book of Ukraine)[8] and six crab species were recorded. A presidential decree of 9 December 1998, Number 1341/98, declared the island and coastal waters as a state-protected area. The total protected area covers 232 hectares (570 acres).
About 100 inhabitants live on the island's only settlement,Bile, mostly frontier guard servicemen with their families and technical personnel. In 2003, an initiative of theOdesa I. I. Mechnikov National University established the Ostriv Zmiinyi marine research station every year, at which scientists and students from the university conduct research on local fauna, flora, geology, meteorology, atmospheric chemistry, and hydrobiology.
In accordance with a 1997 Treaty between Romania and Ukraine, the Ukrainian authorities withdrew an army radio division, demolished a militaryradar, and transferred all other infrastructure to civilians. Eventually, the Romania-Ukraine international relationships soured (see "Maritime delimitation" section) when Romania tried to assert that the island is no more than a rock in the sea. In February 2007, theVerkhovna Rada approved establishing a rural settlement as part of Vylkove city which is located some distance away at the mouth of theDanube.
In addition to ahelicopter platform, in 2002 apier was built for ships with up to 8 meter draught, and construction of aharbour is[when?] underway. The island is supplied with navigation equipment, including a 150-year-oldlighthouse. Electric power is provided by a dual solar/diesel power station. The island also has civil infrastructure such as the marine research station, a post office, a bank (branch of the Ukrainian bank "Aval"), the first-aid station, a satellite television provider, a phone network, a cell phone tower, and an Internet link. Most of building structures are located either in the middle of the island by a lighthouse or the northeastern peninsula of the island by its pier.
The island lacks afresh water source.[10] Its border guard contingent is regularly resupplied by air.[11] Since 2009 the development of the island was suspended due to financing which caused a great degree of concern of local authorities asking for more funding from the state.[12]
The Snake Island Lighthouse was built in the autumn of 1842[13] by theBlack Sea Fleet of theRussian Empire. The lighthouse is anoctagonal-shaped building, 12 meters tall, located near the highest elevated area of the island, 40 meters above the sea level. The lighthouse built on site of the previously destroyed temple ofAchilles is adjacent to a housing building. The remnants of the Greek temple were found in 1823.
As lighthouse technology progressed, in 1860 new lighthouse lamps were bought from England, and one of them was installed in the Lighthouse in 1862. In the early 1890s a newkerosene lamp was installed, with lamp rotating equipment and flat lenses. It improved the lighthouse visibility to 37 kilometres (20 nmi). The lighthouse was either destroyed or damaged in the First World War (it is not clear which). It was subsequently rebuilt (see#World War I below).
The lighthouse was heavily damaged duringWorld War II bySoviet aviation andGerman retreating forces. It was restored at the end of 1944 by theOdesa military radio detachment. In 1949 it was further reconstructed and equipped by theBlack Sea Fleet. The lighthouse was further upgraded in 1975 and 1984. In 1988 a new radio beacon "KPM-300" was installed with radio signal range of 280 kilometres (150 nmi).
In August 2004, the lighthouse was equipped with a radio beacon "Yantar-2M-200", which provides differential correction signal for global navigation satellite systemsGPS andGLONASS.
The lighthouse is listed as UKR 050 by ARLHS, EU-182 by IOTA, and BS-07 by UIA.
The island was namedLeuke (Ancient Greek:Λευκή, 'White Island') by the Greeks, and was similarly known by Romans asAlba, probably because of its white marble formations. According toDionysius Periegetes, it was called Leuke because the serpents there were white.[14] According toArrian, it was called Leuke due to its color.[15] He andStephanus of Byzantium mentioned that the island was also referred to as the Island of Achilles (Ancient Greek:Ἀχιλλέως νῆσος[15] andἈχίλλεια νῆσος[16]) and theRacecourse of Achilles (Δρόμον Ἀχιλλέως[15] andἈχίλλειος δρόμος[16]), though this is now identified with theTendra Spit. Pliny wrote that it was also known as Macaron (Μακάρων, 'Island of the Blessed').[17]
The island was sacred to the heroAchilles and had a temple of him with a statue inside.[18]Solinus wrote that on the island there was a sacred shrine.[19] According to Arrian, in the temple there were many offerings to Achilles andPatroclus.[15] Furthermore, people came to the island and sacrificed or set animals free in honour of Achilles.[20] He also added that people said that Achilles and Patroclus appeared in front of them as hallucinations or in their dreams while they were approaching the coast of the island or sailing a short distance from it.[21]Pliny the Elder wrote that the tomb of the hero was on the island.[22] According to the legend, on the island no bird flew higher than the temple of Achilles.[23]
The uninhabited isleAchilleis ("ofAchilles") was the major sanctuary of the hero, where "seabirds dipped their wings in water to sweep the temples clean", according to Constantine D. Kyriazis. Several temples of ThracianApollo can be found here, and there are submerged ruins.
According to Greek myths the island was created byPoseidon for Achilles to inhabit, but also for sailors to have an island to anchor at theEuxine Sea,[24] but the sailors should never sleep on the island.[25] According to a surviving epitome of the lostTrojan War epic ofArctinus of Miletus, the remains ofAchilles andPatroclus were brought to this island byThetis, to be put in a sanctuary, furnishing theaition, or founding myth of the Hellenic cult of Achilles centred here. According to another myth Thetis gave the island to Achilles and let him live there.[15] The oracle ofDelphi sentLeonymus (other writers called him Autoleon[26]) to the Island, telling him that thereAjax the Great would appear to him and cure his wound.[27] Leonymus said that on the island he saw Achilles, Ajax the Great,Ajax the Lesser,Patroclus,Antilochus andHelen of Troy. In addition, Helen told him to go toStesichorus atHimera and tell him that the loss of his sight was caused by her wrath.[28]Pomponius Mela wrote that Achilles was buried there.[29]
InAndromache, a work ofEuripides, Thetis mention the island and said that Achilles was "dwelling on his island home".[30]
Ruins believed to be of a square temple dedicated to Achilles, 30 meters to a side, were discovered by the Russian naval Captain N. D. Kritzkii in 1823, but the subsequent construction of a lighthouse on the site obliterated all trace of it.[31]Ovid, who was banished toTomis, mentions the island, so doPtolemy andStrabo.[32] The island is described inPliny the Elder'sNatural History, IV.27.1. It is also described inArrian's Letter toEmperor Hadrian, a historical document movingly drawn upon byMarguerite Yourcenar in herMemoirs of Hadrian.
Several ancient inscriptions were found on the island, including a 4th-century BCOlbiopolitan decree which praises someone for defeating and driving out the pirates that lived on the "holy island". Another inscription which found on the island and dates back to the fifth century BC writes: "Glaukos, son of Posideios, dedicated me to Achilles, lord of Leuke"[23]
A fragment was found on the island which was signed by the ancient painterEpiktetos and the potterNikosthenes.[33]
The island was one of the three sites in the Black Sea which stand out in the cult of Achilles, the other two being theRacecourse of Achilles and thePontic Olbia.[23]
The Greeks during the Ottoman Empire renamed it Fidonisi (Greek:Φιδονήσι, 'Snake Island') and the island gave its name to the navalBattle of Fidonisi, fought between the Ottoman and Russian fleets in 1788, during the course of theRusso-Turkish War of 1787–1792.
In 1829, following theRusso-Turkish War of 1828–1829, the island became part of theRussian Empire until 1856.Adèle Hommaire de Hell andXavier Hommaire de Hell who traveled through the region, described their experiences in a book published in 1847, noting that the Russians had retained the original Greek name of Fidonisi. They also observed that the island was long uninhabited and mentioned the presence of ruins, suggesting that it would be of interest to explore them further, as some inscriptions had been discovered there.[34][35]
As part of theRomanian alliance with Russia, the Russians operated a wireless station on the island, which was destroyed on 25 June 1917 when it was bombarded by the OttomancruiserMidilli (built as SMSBreslau of the German Navy). The lighthouse (built byMarius Michel Pasha in 1860) was also damaged and possibly destroyed.[36]
The island, under Romanian control during the Second World War, was the location of a radio station used by the Axis forces, which turned it into a target for the SovietBlack Sea Fleet.[37] The island's defences mainly consisted of several 122 mm and 76 mm anti-aircraft guns, captured from the Russians.[38] The Romanian marine platoon defending the island was also equipped with two 45 mm coastal guns, two 37 mm anti-aircraft guns, and two anti-aircraft machine guns.[39]
The first naval action took place on 23 June 1941 (one day after theWehrmacht had begun theWar against the Soviet Union), when the Soviet destroyer leaderKharkov together with the destroyersBezposhchadny andSmyshlyonyi and several torpedo boats ran a patrol near the island, but found no Axis ships.[40]
On 9 July 1941, the Soviet destroyer leaderTashkent together with four other destroyers (Bodry,Boiky,Bezuprechny, andBezposhchadny) conducted a shipping sweep operation near the island, but did not make any contacts.[41]
On 7 September 1941, two Soviet submarines of theShchuka class (Shch-208 andShch-213) and three of theM class (M-35,M-56, andM-62) conducted a patrol near the island.[42]
On 1 December 1942, while the Soviet cruiserVoroshilov together with the destroyerSoobrazitelny were bombarding the island with forty-six 180 mm and fifty-seven 100 mm shells, the cruiser was damaged by Romanian mines, but it managed to return toPoti for repairs under her own power. During the brief bombardment, she struck the radio station, barracks and lighthouse on the island, but failed to inflict significant losses.[44][45][46][47][48]
On 11 December 1942, the Soviet submarineShch-212 was sunk by a Romanian minefield near the island along with all of her crew of 44.[49][50][51] The Soviet submarineM-31 was either sunk as well by the Romanian mine barrages near the island on 17 December,[52] or sunk with depth charges by the Romanian flotilla leaderMărășești on 7 July 1943.[53]
On 25 August 1943, two Romanian motorboats spotted a Soviet submarine near the island and attacked her with depth charges, but it managed to escape.[54]
The Romanian marines were evacuated from the island and Soviet troops occupied it on 29–30 August 1944.[55][56]
Until 1948, Snake Island was a part of Romania. On 4 February 1948, during the delimitation of the frontier, Romania and the Soviet Union signed a protocol that left Snake Island and several islets on theDanube south of the 1917 Romanian-Russian border under Soviet administration. Romania disputed the validity of this protocol, since it was never ratified by either of the two countries; nevertheless it did not make any official claim on the territories.
The same year, in 1948, during theCold War, a Soviet radar post was built on the isle (for both naval and anti-aircraft purposes).
The Soviet Union's possession of Snake Island was confirmed in the Treaty between the Government of the People's Republic of Romania and the Government of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics on the Romanian-Soviet State Border Regime, Collaboration and Mutual Assistance on Border Matters, signed inBucharest on 27 February 1961.
Between 1967 and 1987, the USSR and Romanian side negotiated the delimitation of the continental shelf. The Romanian side refused to accept a Russian offer of 4,000 km2 (1,500 sq mi) out of 6,000 km2 (2,300 sq mi) around the island in 1987.
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine inherited control over the island. A number of Romanian parties and organizations consistently claimed it should be included in its territory. According to the Romanian side, in the peace treaties of 1918 and 1920 (afterWorld War I), the isle was considered part of Romania, and it was not mentioned in the 1947 border-changing treaty between Romania and theSoviet Union.
In 1997, Romania and Ukraine signed a treaty in which both states "reaffirm that the existing border between them is inviolable and therefore, they shall refrain, now and in future, from any attempt against the border, as well as from any demand, or act of, seizure and usurpation of part or all the territory of the Contracting Party". However, both sides have agreed that if no resolution on maritime borders can be reached within two years, then either side can go to theInternational Court of Justice to seek a final ruling.
In 2007, the island's only settlement Bile was founded.
In 2008, twelve Ukrainian border guards died when their helicopter flying from Odesa to Snake Island crashed, killing all but one on board.[11]
Until 18 July 2020, the island belonged toKiliia Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number ofraions of Odesa Oblast to seven. The area of Kiliia Raion was merged into Izmail Raion.[57][58]
Militarily, Snake Island, 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the coast of Ukraine, is within the range of missile, artillery, and drone strikes from the shore, and exposed to attacks from all directions from air and sea.[59] It is a strategically significant island in the Black Sea, and Russian control over the island would allow a total blockade of the Ukrainian port city ofOdesa.[59]
On 24 February 2022, on the first day of theRussian invasion of Ukraine, twoRussian naval warshipsVasily Bykov andMoskva, attacked Snake Island.[62] Upon receiving a transmission from one of the Russian naval warships requesting surrender or else threatening bombardment, a Ukrainian border guard responded, "Russian warship, go fuck yourself."[63] The response gained worldwide attention and became a symbol of Ukrainian resistance.[64][65] Later on the same day, Russian forces landed and captured the island.[66]
Initially, the Ukrainian government erroneously reported that all 13 members of the garrison had died in the attack, and President Volodymyr Zelensky "posthumously" awarded theHero of Ukraine, Ukraine's highest award, to the 13 defenders.[64][65][67] The Ukrainian navy clarified later in February that the garrison were alive.[68] On 29 March 2022, the Defence Ministry of Ukraine posted on Twitter that the speaker of the phrase had been freed from captivity and given a medal for bravery.[69][70] The Ukrainian Postal Service in April 2022 issued a stamp showing a Ukrainian soldier showingthe finger (an offensive gesture of defiance) to the Russian shipMoskva.[71]
Ukrainian forces launched an operation to expel the Russians from Snake Island, targeting exposed Russian positions in an over four month-long campaign.[59][72] Ukrainian military sources said they carried out attacks on both the island proper and on any Russian vessels bringing troops and weapons to it.[59] New Western weapons supplies to Ukraine were key to turning the tide of the campaign in Ukraine's favor, especially theHIMARS rocket system.[73]
In late June 2022, Russian forces withdrew from the island[72] in what the BBC referred to as both a symbolic and strategic victory for Ukraine.[59][74] Ukrainian sources claimed the Russians fled in two speedboats after being unable to withstand Ukrainian strikes.[75] Russia referred to the withdrawal as a "gesture of goodwill" after completing its military objectives on the island.[76]
On 8 July 2023 president Zelensky visited the island to commemorate Ukrainian soldiers who defended it.[77] On 13 July 2023 Russian forces dropped a single aerial bomb on the island.[78]
The status of Snake Island was important for delimitation ofcontinental shelf andexclusive economic zones between Romania and Ukraine. If Snake Island were recognized as an island, thencontinental shelf around it should be considered as Ukrainian water. If Snake Island were not an island, but anislet,[10] then in accordance withinternational law themaritime boundary between Romania and Ukraine should be drawn without taking into consideration the isle location.
On 4 July 2003, thePresident of RomaniaIon Iliescu and thePresident of RussiaVladimir Putin signed a treaty about friendship and cooperation. Romania promised not to contest territories of Ukraine or Moldova, which it lost to theSoviet Union afterWorld War II, but requested that Russia as a successor of the Soviet Union recognized in some form its responsibility for what had happened.[79]
On 16 September 2004, the Romanian side brought a case against Ukraine to theInternational Court of Justice (ICJ) in a dispute concerning the maritime boundary between the two States in the Black Sea.[80]
In 2007, Ukraine founded the small settlement of Bile on the island, which was criticized by Romania.[81]
On 3 February 2009, the ICJ delivered its judgment, which divided the sea area of the Black Sea along a line which was between the claims of each country. The Court invoked the disproportionality test in adjudicating the dispute, noting that the ICJ, "as its jurisprudence has indicated, it may on occasion decide not to take account of very small islands or decide not to give them their full potential entitlement to maritime zones, should such an approach have a disproportionate effect on the delimitation line under consideration" and owing to a previous agreement between Ukraine and Romania, the island "should have no effect on the delimitation in this case, other than that stemming from the role of the 12-nautical-mile arc of its territorial sea" previously agreed between the parties.[82]
^Rotaru, Jipa; Damaschin, Ioan (2000).Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940–1945 (in Romanian). Ion Cristoiu Publishing. p. 105.
^Moșneagu, Marian.Politica navală postbelică a României (1944–1958) (in Romanian). p. 402.
^Donald A Bertke,World War II Sea War, Vol 4: Germany Sends Russia to the Allies, p. 73
^Donald A Bertke,World War II Sea War, Vol 4: Germany Sends Russia to the Allies, p. 134
^Donald A Bertke,World War II Sea War, Vol 4: Germany Sends Russia to the Allies, p. 260
^Nicolae Koslinski, Raymond Stănescu,Marina română in al doilea război mondial: 1942–1944, pp. 53–54 (in Romanian)
^Rotaru, Jipa; Damaschin, Ioan (2000).Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940–1945 [Glory and drama: Romanian Royal Navy, 1940–1945] (in Romanian). Bucharest: Ion Cristoiu Publishing. pp. 93–94.ISBN978-9-73995-447-1.
^Dowling, Timothy C (2015).Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 128.ISBN978-1-59884-947-9.
^Tucker, Spencer C (2012).World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 114.
^Koslinski, Nicolae; Stănescu, Raymond (1997).Marina Română in al Doilea Război Mondial Vol 2: 1942–1944 [Romanian Navy in the Second World War Volume 2: 1942–1944] (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Făt-Frumos. p. 56.OCLC493419659.
^Yakubov, Vladimir; Worth, Richard. "The Soviet Light Cruisers of the Kirov Class". In Jordan, John (ed.).Warship 2009. p. 92.
^Donald A Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell,World War II Sea War, Vol 8: Guadalcanal Secured, p. 77
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