Per capitatobacco smoking rates inRussia have historically ranked among the highest in the world, making it a prized market for tobacco companies facing declining growth in the heavily-regulated Western world. Russia was the fourth-largest consumer of cigarettes with an annual consumption of about 400 billion cigarettes. In 2012, approximately 44 million Russians were smokers, or about 40% of the population (60% were men and 22% were women). Since then, however, the smoking rates have fallen significantly, mostly in part due to aggressive tobacco control reforms implemented by thePutin administration in the early 2010s. As of 2024, 18.6% of the current population are daily smokers.[1]
According to thePublic Chamber of Russia, smoking kills around 400,000 Russians per year. These smoking-related deaths cost the Russian economy about 3% of its annual GDP, amounting to $36 billion.[2]
English merchants first introduced tobacco to Russia in the 1560s. In 1634 the patriarch of Russia condemned smoking and snuff as a mortal sin, and the Tsar criminalized its use. Offenders risked whippings and nose slitting, or even the death penalty. The ban was not well enforced; Tobacco steadily became more popular in elite circles. In the 1690sPeter the Great reversed course, allowed usage, and sold monopoly rights to an English company to import and sell Virginia tobacco.[3] The imperial court now hailed smoking as a welcome sign of development and Westernization.
Russians smoked thepapirosa, a hollow cardboard tube, extended by athin paper tube which the user fills with tobacco.[4] The cardboard tube acts as a holder. Tobacco consumption expanded thanks to the reforms ofTsar Alexander II in the 1860s and 1870s, especially the emancipation of the serfs and the modernization of the military. Thereby tobacco went from a minor product of occasional use to become a mainstay of Russian identity by 1914, when the average urban male smoked a pack of papirosa a day. This happened despite the hostility of the established church, which taught that smoking contradicted Russian Orthodox traditions.[5][6] Peasants in Ukraine grew tobacco on their small plots. Very harsh working conditions for the women and children who worked in the papirosa factories sparked labor unrest in 1905 and 1917.[7]
Although the Soviet regime condemned tobacco, smoking continued to grow and spread in the country. More women took up smoking. The unique style of papirosa smoking flourished and had broad cultural, social, and gendered consequences.[8] According toTricia A. Starks, the Soviet Union in the 1920s launched an antismoking campaign carried out by the Communist party on a national scale. It was led byNikolai Semashko in his role asCommissar of Public Health. The program sought with little success to reduce tobacco cultivation and production. However it did launch an intense propaganda attack against tobacco. The campaign was highly innovative in its approach to antismoking propaganda and treatment programs. These initiatives involved the mass distribution of antismoking materials such as posters, pamphlets, articles, plays, and films, alongside the implementation of special state-sponsored smoking cessation programs that claimed high success rates.[9]
During and after thecollapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, there was a summer-long cigarette shortage which led to public outrage and protests in major cities. InMoscow, the city council decided to ration cigarette purchases to half a pack of cigarettes per day. The shortage was caused when half of all cigarette factories in the country were closed for repair, and imports fromBulgaria plunged. PresidentGorbachev pleaded with Washington for help, and the largest American tobacco companies hurriedly made plans to ship 34 billion cigarettes to Russia, at a dollar a pack.[10][11][12] The crisis eased and a new opportunity emerged. As Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe and the USSR, 1989-1991,Philip Morris,R.J. Reynolds andReemtsma (the main German firm) moved in and bought out 75% of the old tobacco industry. Marlboro and the other Western brands replaced the old papirosa, with a plentiful supply and massive advertising. They were welcomed as "liberators."[13]
As of 2025, the regions with the highest rates of smoking are in theFar Eastern Federal District—with the highest in theJewish Autonomous Oblast at 34.4%, followed by theAmur Oblast at 28.8%,Buryatia at 27.7%,Tuva at 27.1%, and theAltai Republic at 26.9%.[14] The regions with the lowest smoking rates are primarily in theNorth Caucasian Federal District—with the lowest inChechnya at 0.2%, followed byIngushetia at 6.2%,Kabardino–Balkaria at 10.3%, andKarachay–Cherkessia at 11.2%.
In 2013 the government imposed bans on smoking in public places.[15] According to theWorld Health Organization, per-capita smoking in Russia fell 20% between 2000 and 2020.[16]
Smoking in Asia | |
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