Smartdust^[1] is a system of many tinymicroelectromechanical systems (MEMS) such as sensors, robots, or other devices, that can detect, for example,light,temperature,vibration,magnetism, orchemicals. They are usually operated on acomputer networkwirelessly and are distributed over some area to perform tasks, usually sensing throughradio-frequency identification. Without an antenna of much greater size the range of tiny smart dust communication devices is measured in a fewmillimeters and they may be vulnerable to electromagnetic disablement and destruction by microwave exposure.

The concepts for Smart Dust emerged from a workshop atRAND in 1992 and a series ofDARPA ISAT studies in the mid-1990s due to the potential military applications of the technology.^[2] The work was strongly influenced by work atUCLA and theUniversity of Michigan during that period, as well as science fiction authorsStanislaw Lem (in novelsThe Invincible in 1964 andPeace on Earth in 1985),Neal Stephenson andVernor Vinge. The first public presentation of the concept by that name was at theAmerican Vacuum Society meeting in Anaheim in 1996.

A Smart Dust research proposal^[3] was presented to DARPA written byKristofer S. J. Pister, Joe Kahn, and Bernhard Boser, all from theUniversity of California, Berkeley, in 1997. The proposal, to build wireless sensor nodes with a volume of one cubic millimeter, was selected for funding in 1998. The project led to a workingmote smaller than a grain of rice,^[4] and larger "COTS Dust" devices kicked off theTinyOS effort atBerkeley.

The concept was later expanded upon by Kris Pister in 2001.^[5] A recent review discusses various techniques to take smartdust insensor networks beyond millimeter dimensions to themicrometre level.^[6]

The Ultra-Fast Systems component of the Nanoelectronics Research Centre at theUniversity of Glasgow is a founding member of a large international consortium which is developing a related concept: smart specks.^[7]

Smart Dust entered the GartnerHype Cycle on Emerging Technologies in 2003,^[8] and returned in 2013, as the most speculative entrant.^[9]

In 2022, a Nature paper written by Shyamnath Gollakota, Vikram Iyer, Hans Gaensbauer and Thomas Daniel, all from theUniversity of Washington, presented tiny light-weight programmable battery-free wireless sensors that can be dispersed in the wind.^[10] These devices were inspired by Dandelion seeds that can travel as far as a kilometer in dry, windy, and warm conditions.

Dust Networks started a project exploring the application of Smartdust, which included:

• Defense-related sensor networks such as battlefield surveillance, treaty monitoring, transportation monitoring, and scud hunting.
• Virtual keyboard sensors: by attaching miniature remotes to each fingernail, accelerometers could then sense the orientation and motion of each fingertip, and communicate this data to a computer in a wristwatch.
• Inventory control: by placing miniature sensors on each object in the inventory system (product package, carton, pallet, truck warehouse, internet), each component could "talk" to the next component in the system. This evolved into today'sRFID inventory control systems.
• Product quality monitoring: temperature and humidity monitoring of perishables such as meat, produce, and dairy.
• Impact, vibration and temperature monitoring of consumer electronics, for failure analysis and diagnostic information, e.g. monitoring the vibration of bearings to detect frequency signatures that may indicate imminent failure.

Smartdust has figured in conspiracy theories - which have no real basis - that claim microscopic devices are dispersed by aircraft ("chemtrails") or injected via vaccines to enable tracking or mind control. A peer-reviewed survey of atmospheric scientists found no evidence for a secret large-scale atmospheric spraying program and concluded that purported "chemtrail" evidence is consistent with ordinary contrails and atmospheric deposition.^[11] Fact-checking organizations have likewise found no evidence for related claims, including that Hitachi's so-called "smart dust" RFID chip has GPS capability or could function if ingested,^[12] and that COVID-19 vaccines contain microchips or "nanobots"; the lipid nanoparticles in mRNA vaccines are delivery vehicles for RNA, not tracking devices.^[13][14] Analyses of social-media discourse further indicate that the chemtrails narrative dominates much online discussion of geoengineering despite scientific rejection of the theory.^[15]

• Claytronics – Matter which can change its physical properties in a programmable fashionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• A Deepness in the Sky – 1999 novel by Vernor Vinge
• The Diamond Age – 1995 novel by Neal Stephenson
• Dust Networks – American semiconductor manufacturerPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Grey goo – Hypothetical end-of-the-world scenarioPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• The Invincible – 1964 novel by Stanisław Lem
• Mesh networking – Network with multiple links between nodes
• Nanotechnology – Technology with features near one nanometer
• Neural dust – Nerve sensors used in brain-computer interfaces
• Prey (novel) – 2002 novel by Michael Crichton
• Programmable matter – Matter which can change its physical properties in a programmable fashion
• RFID – Electronic tracking technology
• Self-reconfiguring modular robot – Robot that can rearrange its own parts
• Smart camera – Machine vision system
• Smart camera network
• TinyOS
• Ubiquitous computing – Concept in software engineering and computer science
• Unconventional computing – Computing by new or unusual methods
• Utility fog – Concept of a swarm of tiny robots
• Wireless sensor network – Group of spatially dispersed and dedicated sensors

• Motes atHow Stuff Works
• Open source mote designs and TinyOS operating system from UC Berkeley
• Rethinking The Internet of Things—Nature driven view of M2M cloud communications based on lightweight chirp devices.
• UC Berkeley Smart Dust Project
• Info about smart dust communications (Archived 2012-03-19 at theWayback Machine)
• Sailor research group at UCSD
• SpeckNet research groups based in Scotland
• Web of Sensors: "In the wilds of the San Jacinto Mountains, along a steep canyon, scientists are turning 30 acres (12 ha) of pines and hardwoods in California into a futuristic vision of environmental study. They are linking up more than 100 tiny sensors, robots, cameras and computers, which are beginning to paint an unusually detailed portrait of this lush world, home to more than 30 rare and endangered species. Much of the instrumentation is wireless. Devices the size of a deck of cards—known as motes, after dust motes..."
• Technologies to watch: motes
• Molecular shuttle power: Smart dust biosensors may be smaller than a grain of sand but they have big potential–AnInstant Insight from theRoyal Society of Chemistry
• Betavoltaic batteries from 2.5 micrometres cubed upwards, 10- to 30-year lifespan.

• Wireless sensor network
• Artificial materials
• Microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems
• Microtechnology
• Sensors
• Smart materials

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