| Smacker | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Filename extension | .smk |
| Internet media type | video/vnd.radgamettools.smacker |
| Type code | Smk2 |
| Developed by | Epic Games Tools |
| Type of format | Video codec |
| Container for | Smacker |
Smacker video is avideo file format (with the.SMKfile extension) developed byRAD Game Tools, and primarily used forfull-motion video invideo games.[1] Smacker uses an adaptive 8-bitRGB palette. RAD's format for video at higher color depths isBink Video. The Smacker format specifies acontainer format, a video compression format, and an audio compression format.[2] Since its release in 1994, Smacker has been used in over 2300 games.[1] Blizzard used this format for the cinematic videos seen in its gamesWarcraft II,StarCraft andDiablo I.[3]
The format has been reverse engineered and implemented inlibavcodec.[4][5][6] A non-commercialSourceForge projectlibsmacker released an open source decoder in 2013.[7]
Smacker defines its owncontainer format.[2] A Smacker file can contain a Smacker video track and up to seven audio tracks. Each audio track can have either one channel (mono) or two channels (stereo) with abit depth of either 8-bit or 16-bit. The audio can either be uncompressedPCM, compressed in the Smacker Audio format, or, in newer versions of Smacker, compressed in theBink Audio format.[2]
Smacker video supports 256 colors, but no transparency support.[2] While being apalette-based format, which is inherently limited to having not more than 256 colors in each frame, Smacker videos may still contain more colors in total due to "palette rotation", whereby the palette is updated on a per-frame basis.[2] This usually results in SMK files that look better if the source video has more than 256 colors. The compression rate depends on the content. The encoding of a video consisting of still or barely moving frames is after the first frame practically free.[2] Frames with random colors might more than double the raw size.[citation needed]
In Smacker video, a frame is split into 4×4 blocks in raster-scan order.[2] Each block can be coded in one of six coding modes: skip, fill, mono, and three full modes. Each mode can be signaled for multiple blocks in arun-length encoding scheme. In skip mode, the current block is copied from the previous frame in aconditional replenishment fashion. In fill mode, the current block is filled with a single color. In mono mode, the palette is locally reduced from 256 colors to two colors. Both colors are written to the bitstream and one bit per pixel is used to indicate which of the two colors a pixel should be.[2] The mono mode can be interpreted asvector quantization, where a three-dimensional vector with the components red, green, and blue isquantized using an adaptive codebook with two entries. There are three full modes, one was specified in version 2 of the Smacker format, while the other two were added in version 4.[2] In the original full mode, 16 colors are transmitted, one for each pixel, equivalent to raw uncompressed PCM. The two full modes added in version 4 use 4 and 8 colors in a block, respectively.[2] In the 4-color mode, the 4×4 block is split into four 2×2 blocks, each of which is filled with a solid color. In the 8-color mode, the 4×4 block is split into eight 1×2 blocks, each of which is filled with a solid color.[2]
Further compression is achieved byentropy coding usingHuffman coding of the various bitstream elements that result from the process above.[2] There are four separate Huffman tables, each with 16-bit entries: one for mode decision, run-length, and fill color in fill color mode, one for the color indices in mono mode, one for the bitmap in mono mode, and one for all data in the full mode. Each table is adaptive and transmitted once per file in the header. The Huffman tables in the header are themselves compressed: the 16 bit values in the leaves of the code tree are split into a high byte and a low byte. Each byte is compressed using a Huffman table that is also contained in the header.[2]
Smacker audio is one of the audio formats that can be used in the Smacker container. For compression,Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) is used. The difference between two successive samples is compressed usingHuffman coding. The Huffman tables are adapted once per audio frame.[2]