Aslave market is a place whereslaves are bought and sold. These markets are a key phenomenon in thehistory of slavery.

Since antiquity, cities along theSilk road of Central Asia, had been centers of slave trade. In the early middle ages, Central Asia was a transit area for European slaves sold by the Vikings in Russia toslavery in the Abbasid Caliphate via the slave markets of the Central Asia. Theslave trade in the Mongol Empire created a network of connected slave markets between Asia and Europe.

In the 19th century, theslave markets of Khiva andBukhara were still among the biggest slave markets in the world.^[1]In Bukhara, Samarkand, Karakul, Karshi, and Charju, mainlyPersians,Russians, and someKalmyk slaves, were traded by Turkmens, Kazakhs, and Kyrgyz.^[2] From the 17th to 19th centuries,Khiva was a notorious slave market for captured Persian and Russian slaves.^[3]The slave markets of central Asia were eradicated with the Russian conquest of the Islamic states of Central Asia in the 1870s.

In Somalia, the inhabiting Bantus are descended from Bantu groups that had settled in Southeast Africa after the initial expansion from Nigeria/Cameroon, and whose members were later captured and sold into the Arab slave trade.^[4]

From 1800 to 1890, between 25,000–50,000 Bantu slaves are thought to have been sold from the slave market ofZanzibar to the Somali coast.^[5] Most of the slaves were from the Majindo,Makua,Nyasa,Yao, Zalama,Zaramo andZigua ethnic groups of Tanzania, Mozambique andMalawi. Collectively, these Bantu groups are known asMushunguli, which is a term taken fromMzigula, the Zigua tribe's word for "people" (the word holds multiple implied meanings including "worker", "foreigner", and "slave").^[6][7] Bantu adult and children slaves (referred to collectively asjareer by their Somali masters^[8]) were purchased in the slave market exclusively to do undesirable work on plantation grounds.^[9]

Enslaved Africans were sold in the towns of theArab world. In 1416, al-Maqrizi told how pilgrims coming from Takrur (near theSenegal River) had brought 1,700 slaves with them toMecca. In North Africa, the main slave markets were in Morocco,Algiers,Tripoli and Cairo. Sales were held in public places or insouks.

Potential buyers made a careful examination of the "merchandise": they checked the state of health of a person who was often standing naked with wrists bound together. In Cairo, transactions involvingeunuchs andconcubines happened in private houses. Prices varied according to the slave's quality. Thomas Smee, the commander of the British research shipTernate, visited such a market in Zanzibar in 1811 and gave a detailed description:

'The show' commences about four o'clock in the afternoon. The slaves, set off to the best advantage by having their skins cleaned and burnished with cocoa-nut oil, their faces painted with red and white stripes and the hands, noses, ears and feet ornamented with a profusion of bracelets of gold and silver and jewels, are ranged in a line, commencing with the youngest, and increasing to the rear according to their size and age. At the head of this file, which is composed of all sexes and ages from 6 to 60, walks the person who owns them; behind and at each side, two or three of his domestic slaves, armed with swords and spears, serve as guard.Thus ordered the procession begins, and passes through the market-place and the principle streets... when any of them strikes a spectator's fancy the line immediately stops, and a process of examination ensues, which, for minuteness, is unequalled in any cattle market in Europe. The intending purchaser having ascertained there is no defect in the faculties of speech, hearing, etc., that there is no disease present, next proceeds to examine the person; the mouth and the teeth are first inspected and afterwards every part of the body in succession, not even excepting the breasts, etc., of the girls, many of whom I have seen handled in the most indecent manner in the public market by their purchasers; indeed there is every reasons to believe that the slave-dealers almost universally force the young girls to submit to their lust previous to their being disposed of. From such scenes one turns away with pity and indignation.^[10]

The slave trade had existed inNorth Africa since antiquity, with a supply of sub-Saharan African slaves arriving throughtrans-Saharan trade routes. The towns on the North African coast were recorded inRoman times for their slave markets, and this trend continued into themedieval age. TheBarbary slave trade on the Barbary Coast increased in influence in the 15th century, when theOttoman Empire took over as rulers of the area. Coupled with this was an influx ofSephardi Jews^[11] andMoorish refugees, newly expelled from Spain after theReconquista. The Barbary slave trade encompassed both African slavery andWhite slavery.

TheVelekete Slave Market established in 1502 inBadagry,Lagos State,^[12][13] was significant during theAtlantic slave trade in Badagry as it served as a business point where African middlemen sold slaves to European slave merchants which made it one of the most populous slave markets inWest Africa.^[14]

The maritime town ofLagos, Portugal, was the first slave market created in Portugal for the sale of imported African slaves, theMercado de Escravos, which opened in 1444.^[15][16] In 1441, the first slaves were brought to Portugal from northernMauritania.^[16] PrinceHenry the Navigator, major sponsor of the Portuguese African expeditions, as of any other merchandise, taxed one fifth of the selling price of the slaves imported to Portugal.^[16] In 1550, there were around 50,000 black African slaves in Lisbon.^[17] By 1552, African slaves made up 10% of the population ofLisbon.^[18][19] In the second half of the 16th century, the Crown gave up the monopoly on slave trade and the focus of European trade in African slaves shifted from import to Europe to slave transports directly to tropical colonies in the Americas—in the case of Portugal, especiallyBrazil.^[16] In the 15th century, one third of the slaves were resold to the African market in exchange of gold.^[20]

In the early middle ages,Dublin andPrague belonged to the biggest slave markets in Europe. Dublin was one of the centers of the viking slave trade. People taken captive during the Viking raids in Western Europe, such as Ireland, could be brought to Scandinavia or sold toMoorish Spain via theDublin slave trade.^[21] Captives from Viking raids in Eastern Europe could be transported toHedeby or Brännö and from there via theVolga trade route to Russia, where slaves and furs were sold to Byzantine and Muslim merchants^[22] in exchange for Arabic silverdirham andsilk, which have been found inBirka,Wollin andDublin;^[23] initially this trade route between Europe and the Abbasid Caliphate passedvia the Khazar Kaghanate,^[24] but from the early 10th-century onward it wentvia Volga Bulgaria and from there by caravan toKhwarazm, to theSamanid slave market in Central Asia and finally via Iran tothe Abbasid Caliphate.^[25]

Prague was the center of thePrague slave trade, to which Pagan Eastern Europeans where trafficked from Eastern Europe to Prague, where they were purchased by slave traders who sold them toslavery in al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula. Among other European slave markets,Genoa, andVenice (center of theGenoese slave trade and theVenetian slave trade) were some well-known markets, their importance and demand growing after thegreat plague of the 14th century which decimated much of the European work force.^[26]

In theOttoman Empire during the mid-14th century, slaves were traded in special marketplaces called "Esir" or "Yesir" that were located in most towns and cities. It is said that SultanMehmed II "the Conqueror" established the first Ottoman slave market in Constantinople in the 1460s, probably where the former Byzantine slave market had stood. According toNicolas de Nicolay, there were slaves of all ages and both sexes, they were displayed naked to be thoroughly checked by possible buyers.^[27]

In the early 18th century, theCrimean Khanate maintained amassive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East, exporting about 2 million slaves from Russia and Poland-Lithuania over the period 1500–1700.^[28]Caffa (modern Feodosia) became one of the best-known and significant trading ports and slave markets.^[29]

The last slave market in Europe was in Constantinople, the Ottoman capital. It was a destination for slaves trafficked from Europe via theCrimean slave trade and theCircassian slave trade, and from Africa via theTrans-Saharan slave trade, theRed Sea slave trade, and theIndian Ocean slave trade.The slave market was divided in different sections for male and female slaves. In the market bazaar for female slaves, theAvret Pazari, slave girls were exposed naked on the auction block and tied in position for presumptive buyers to inspect.^[30] The huge slave market in the Ottoman capital was closed by theDisestablishment of the Istanbul Slave Market edict in 1847. This edict did not ban the sale of slaves, but moved it indoors, thereby making it less visible.^[31]

In thehistory of slavery in the United States, thedomestic slave trade had become a major economic activity by 1815, and lasted until the 1860s.^[32] Between 1830 and 1840, nearly 250,000 slaves were taken across state lines.^[32] In the 1850s, more than 193,000 were transported, and historians estimate nearly one million in total took part in the forced migration of this new Middle Passage. By 1860, the slave population in the United States had reached 4 million.^[32]

In the 1840s, almost 300,000 slaves were transported, with Alabama and Mississippi receiving 100,000 each. During each decade between 1810 and 1860, at least 100,000 slaves were moved from their state of origin. In the final decade before the Civil War, 250,000 were moved. Historian Ira Berlin wrote:

The internal slave trade became the largest enterprise in the South outside the plantation itself, and probably the most advanced in its employment of modern transportation, finance, and publicity. The slave trade industry developed its own unique language, with terms such as "prime hands, bucks, breeding wenches, and "fancy girls" coming into common use.^[33]

The expansion of the interstate slave trade contributed to the "economic revival of once depressed seaboard states" as demand accelerated the value of slaves who were subject to sale.^[34]

Some traders moved their "chattels" by sea, withNorfolk toNew Orleans being the most common route, but most slaves were forced to walk overland incoffles. Others were shipped downriver from such markets asLouisville on the Ohio River, andNatchez on the Mississippi. Traders created regular migration routes served by a network ofslave pens, yards, and warehouses needed as temporary housing for the slaves. In addition, other vendors provided clothes, food, and supplies for slaves. As the trek advanced, some slaves were sold and new ones purchased. Berlin concluded, "In all, the slave trade, with its hubs and regional centers, its spurs and circuits, reached into every cranny of southern society. Few southerners, black or white, were untouched".^[35]

New Orleans, where French colonists had establishedsugarcane plantations and exported sugar as the chief commodity crop, became nationally important as a slave market and port, as slaves were shipped from there upriver bysteamboat to plantations on the Mississippi River; it also sold slaves who had been shipped downriver from markets such as Louisville. By 1840, it had the largest slave market in North America. It became the wealthiest and the fourth-largest city in the nation, based chiefly on the slave trade and associated businesses.^[36] The trading season was from September to May, after the harvest.^[37]

One of the most famous remaining slave market buildings in the United States is theOld Slave Mart inCharleston, South Carolina. Throughout the first half of the 19th century, slaves brought into Charleston were sold at public auctions held on the north side of theExchange and Provost building.^[38] After the city prohibitedpublic slave auctions in 1856,^[38] enclosed slave markets sprang up along Chalmers, State, and Queen streets. One such market was Ryan's Mart, established by City Councilman and broker, Thomas Ryan and his business partner, James Marsh. Ryan's Mart originally consisted of a closed lot with three structures— a four-storybarracoon orslave jail, a kitchen, and amorgue or "dead house".^[39]

In 1859, an auction master namedZ. B. Oakes purchased Ryan's Mart, and built what is now the Old Slave Mart building for use as an auction gallery. The building's auction table was 3 feet (0.91 m) high and 10 feet (3.0 m) long and stood just inside the arched doorway.^[38] In addition to slaves, the market soldreal estate andstock.^[39] Slave auctions at Ryan's Mart were advertised inbroadsheets throughout the 1850s, some appearing as far away asGalveston, Texas.

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