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Inrailroading,slack action is the amount of free movement of one car before it transmits its motion to an adjoining coupled car. This free movement results from the fact that in railroad practice, cars are loosely coupled, and thecoupling is often combined with a shock-absorbing device, a "draft gear", which, under stress, substantially increases the free movement as the train is started or stopped. Loose coupling is necessary to enable the train to bend around curves and is an aid in starting heavy trains, since the application of the locomotive power to the train operates on each car in the train successively, and the power is thus utilized to start only one car at a time.
The UK formerly usedthree-link couplings, which allowed a large amount of slack. These were soon replaced on passenger stock bybuffers and chain couplers where the couplings are held tight by buffers and shortened by a turnbuckle, while in most other parts of the world automatic couplings, such as theJanney coupler and theScharfenberg coupler, were adopted from the late nineteenth century on. Three-link couplings are a rarity in modern use.
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