Skynet is a family ofmilitarycommunications satellites, now operated byBabcock International on behalf of the United Kingdom'sMinistry of Defence (MOD).[1][2][3] They provide strategic and tactical communication services to the branches of theBritish Armed Forces, theBritish intelligence agencies, some UK government departments and agencies, and to allied governments. Since 2015 when Skynet coverage was extended eastward, and in conjunction with anAnik G1 satellite module over America, Skynet offers near global coverage.[4]
The Skynet contract allows Airbus Defence and Space to sell surplus bandwidth, through the Skynet partner programme, toNATO and allied governments, including theFive Eyes intelligence alliance members (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States).[4] As of 2020, seven Skynet satellites are operating, plus Anik G1.
The Skynet 1 to 4 series were developed and operated by theSignals Research and Development Establishment,Royal Signals and Radar Establishment andRoyal Air Force until 2003.[5] It was subsequently operated with Skynet 5 byParadigm Secure Communications until October 2012, when the organisation was rebranded to Astrium Services then through merger in 2015 became Airbus Defence and Space.[6]
The MOD is currently specifying a new architecture for Skynet to replace the Skynet 5 system, whose funding programme ended in August 2022. The vision for Skynet 6 is a flexible system architecture that combines UK government, allied and commercial satellites, including the current Skynet 5 satellites.[7][8] Skynet is the large part of the MODFuture Beyond Line of Sight satellite communications programme (FBLOS), which extends to 2041, with expected transition costs of about £6 billion.
In the 1960s, only two countries had communication satellites, the United States and theSoviet Union. The United Kingdom created Skynet as its own military communications satellite system, because of inadequateundersea communications cable availability and to increase flexibility, reliability, data capacity and security.[9][10] TheSignals Research and Development Establishment led the development of Skynet 1 and 2, and its successorRoyal Signals and Radar Establishment carried out research for the development of the subsequent satellites and ground terminals.[11][12]
The MOD space communications research programme began in 1962, initially considering Moon andspace debris bounce techniques, before considering a UK satellite. In 1964, it was decided Skynet should be ingeostationary orbit over theIndian Ocean, significantly to supportEast of Suez deployments, and have a transponder with two channels permitting communications between two types of ground station. This would be an advance over the ongoing U.S.Initial Defense Communication Satellite Program (IDCSP).[13] In 1965, the U.S. invited the MOD to participate in their IDCSP programme, and to participateMarconi were contracted to build three 40 foot diameter air transportable ground stations for the launch of the first IDCSP satellites in 1966. As Britain had insufficient industry expertise to build satellites, a contact was placed with U.S.Philco Ford to build Skynet 1, but with the assistance of Marconi to improve UK expertise for Skynet 2.[14]
Nine ground stations were initially planned, which could also communicate with sub-geostationary U.S. IDCSP satellites:[13]
Skynet 1A was the first military satellite ingeostationary orbit, in 1969.[12] TheRoyal Air Force displayed a model of the Skynet satellite on the children's television showBlue Peter in 1969, the show also described the new British satellite control centre atRAF Oakhanger.[9]
The Skynet satellites provided secure and encrypted facilities, though expensively, for the British armed forces and intelligence agencies. It enables an important sovereign command and control service.[15] The largest user of the Skynet satellites during theCold War was theGovernment Communications Headquarters (GCHQ),[16] who were responsible for over 80% of traffic at some locations such asCyprus.[9] Despite the enormous communications capability of Skynet, GCHQ still found the capacity provided by Skynet to be inadequate.[9] In 1972, GCHQ was still the satellite's largest funder, and argued for the purchase of an American built Type-777 (DSCS II) satellite instead.[9] GCHQ would later plan their own secretsignals intelligence satellite,Zircon, which was subsequently cancelled. The circumstances around the reporting of Zircon's existence would become known as theZircon affair.[17]
Skynet has had throughout all its models a good degree of interoperability with U.S. and NATO military communications satellites and ground stations.[16]
In 2010, theCivil Contingencies Secretariat of theCabinet Office launched theHigh Integrity Telecommunications System, a satellite-based emergency communications service based on Skynet, for use byUK police and other emergency services, primarily for use at Strategic Command Centres and at major events and emergencies. It replaced the earlier Emergency Communications Network.[18][19]
In 2021UK Space Command was created, which when fully operational will take over responsibility for Skynet fromStrategic Command (previously known as Joint Forces Command), likely in 2023.[20][21] In October 2025, commander of UK Space Command Major GeneralPaul Tedman said that Russia was attempting to jam Skynet satellites on a weekly basis, and was collecting information about them. He added that as part of the jointOperation Olympic Defender, a US satellite, likely from theGeosynchronous Space Situational Awareness Program, was moved in September 2025 to inspect and confirm Skynet 5A was operating correctly.[22][23]
There were two Skynet 1 satellites (1A and 1B);Skynet 1A was launched on aDelta M on 22 November 1969,[14] and stationed over the east coast of Africa.[24] However, the satellite ceased operating after about 18 months when all of itsTraveling Wave Tube Amplifiers (TWTAs) failed, probably when soldered high voltage joints failed after cycling between extreme temperatures.[14] Some time in the mid-1970s, the now-defunct satellite was moved far from its original position; its current location in a stable "gravity well" (seeGeostationary orbit#Stability) at longitude 105° W off thePacific coast ofLatin America is 36,000 km away from its original position, and it could not have simply drifted and ended up in this stable orbit.[24] The new location is near satellite traffic and it has to be monitored for collision risks. In 2024, theBBC reported that there is no record of who moved it or why.[24]Skynet 1B was launched on aDelta M on 19 August 1970. Skynet 1B was placed in ageostationary transfer orbit (GTO) and was abandoned in transfer orbit (270 x 36058 km) due to a failure of theThiokolStar 17Aapogee kick motor.[25]
Skynet 1 series satellites had an orbit mass of 122 kg (269 lb), werespin-stabilised with a single despun antenna with 3watts of output on two channels (2MHz and 20 MHz).[12] TheNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization,NATO 2A andNATO 2B satellites, launched 1970 and 1971, were identical except for an antenna shaped to only cover NATO countries.[26]
Following the operational failure of the Skynet 1A satellite, the timetable for the launch of the Skynet 2 communications satellite was delayed.Skynet 2A was launched on theDelta 2313 byNASA for the United Kingdom on 19 January 1974.[27] A short circuit in an electronics package circuit board (on second stage) left the upper stages and satellite in an unstable low orbit (96 x 3406 km x 37.6°) that rapidly decayed. An investigation revealed that a substandard coating had been used on the circuit board.[28]
Despite being in an unstable orbit, the ground stations successfully located and tracked Skynet 2A and were able to use telemetry readings from thesolar panels to determine its alignment. Based on this analysis, it was decided to use the alignment thrusters to deorbit the unit, and it was destroyed when it re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on 24 January 1974.[29]
Skynet 2B was successfully launched on theDelta 2313 by NASA for the United Kingdom on 23 November 1974.[30] It was positioned ingeostationary orbit aboveKenya to give coverage of Europe,Africa and a substantial part ofAsia as far east at thePhilippines. It could support about ten simultaneous users. Major ground stations used a 40-foot diameterdish, while in the field or at sea a 2 m diameter dish was used.[31]
Skynet 2 satellites had an orbit mass of 250 kg (550 lb), with a single antenna with 16 watts of output.[12]
The Skynet 2 series satellites were assembled and tested at theMarconi Space and Defence Systems establishment inPortsmouth, England, and were the first non-amateur[32] communication satellites built outside the United States andUSSR.[33] TheSignals Research and Development Establishment (SRE) led the development, and performed initial in-orbit testing. Subsequently, the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment supported Skynet satellites, including developing ground terminals and modems, atRAF Defford which was also a backup for the primary ground station atRAF Oakhanger.[11] The Skynet 2B system was very successful for its time, and remained in service for 20 years although only having 2 communications channels.[5]
Skynet 3 series satellites was cancelled as the United Kingdom withdrewEast of Suez, and instead the capability it was intended to offer was delivered via U.S. andNATO assets.[5][12] This dependence on U.S. assets was identified as a weakness during theFalklands War and was one of the contributing factors for the emergence of the Skynet 4 series satellites tranche of space vehicles. Technology improvements created the possibility of tactical satellite communications using smaller terminals, creating a new requirement beyond Skynet 3 strategic headquarters communications.[14][34] TheRoyal Navy was also concerned that the high frequency radio alternative enabled location tracking by the Soviet Union Ocean Surveillance System.[35]
Skynet 4 series satellites have few similarities to the earlier generations, being based on theBritish AerospaceEuropean Communications Satellite.[12] The cylindrical body of Skynet 1 and 2 was replaced by a large square body housing antennas with deployable solar-cell arrays. This marks the technological improvement fromspin-stabilisation, used in earlier cylindrical satellites, tothree-axis stabilisation usingmomentum wheels andreaction wheels controlling the satellite gyroscopically. Each satellite had a design operational life of 7 years.[5]
Skynet 4 manufacture was carried out byBritish Aerospace Dynamics (BAe Dynamics) withMatra Marconi Space (MMS) providing the Communications payload.NATO adapted the design for theNATO IVA and IVB communication satellites, also manufactured by BAe Dynamics.[12] The programme timescales were delayed, as initially Skynet 4 was designed to be launched from theSpace Shuttle (STS), with chosen RAF officers to be part of each Shuttle Crew. However, following the 1986Challenger disaster (STS 51-L), the programme slowed and all the Skynet 4 series satellites had to be modified to suit the changes needed to go on a disposable launch vehicle. AsSkynet 4A build was advanced it needed significant modification, and its completion was overtaken bySkynet 4B which had not progressed as far, and hence more easily converted. Consequently, Skynet 4B was finished first and launched in 1988, with Skynet 4A next in early 1990, andSkynet 4C later the same year.[36][37] As of 2022, Skynet 4C is still in operation, providing service to the U.S.Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station for up to six hours a day because itsorbital inclination has increased to 10.3°.[38][39][40][41]
The Stage 1 satellites (4A, 4B and 4C) have multi-frequency capability and considerable operational flexibility, with selectable channels, gain and four antenna types of differing widths to support varying requirements,Ultra high frequency (UHF),Super high frequency (SHF) and experimentalExtremely high frequency (EHF) channels are available. They are hardening againstelectromagnetic pulse (EMP) and have anti-jamming capability, with an un-degraded 1600 wattspower supply. The satellites have a dry mass of 670 kg (1,480 lb), with threereaction wheels andhydrazine thrusters for station keeping.[10]
The improved Stage 2 satellites (4D, 4E and 4F) were built byMatra Marconi Space andAstrium to replace the earlier versions. Improvements included increased power and resistance to electronic jamming.Skynet 4D was launched in 1998,Skynet 4E in 1999 andSkynet 4F in 2001.[42] Skynet 4D was parked in a non-operationalsupersynchronous orbit on 28 January 2008.[38]
Skynet 4 provides Ultra high frequency and Super high frequency services using Earth cover, wide area and spot beam coverage.[43]
Skynet 5 is the next generation of satellites, replacing the existing Skynet 4 Stage 2 satellites. It was contracted viaPrivate Finance Initiative (PFI) to a partnership betweenParadigm Secure Communications andEADS Astrium, a European spacecraft manufacturer.[44] EADS Astrium was responsible for the build and delivery of Skynet 5 series satellites in orbit, whilst subsidiary company Paradigm was responsible for the provision of service to theMinistry of Defence (MOD). In 2010, the PFI contract was extended by two years to 2022, to a total cost of £3.66 billion over the course of the contract, with Paradigm able to sell bandwidth in excess of the capacity of 1.1 Skynet satellites to other allied countries.[45][46] Paradigm had 220 staff and about 100 sub-contractors working on Skynet.[47]Serco is a major subcontractor on the PFI programme.[48] This was the biggest ever outsourced military satellite communications contract.[49]
The Skynet 5 satellite is based on theEurostar E3000satellite bus design, weighs about 4,700 kg (10,400 lb), has two solar panels each about fifteen metres long, and has a power budget of five kilowatts. It has four steerable transmission dishes, and a phased-array receiver designed to allowjamming signals to be cancelled out. They will also resist attempts to disrupt them with high-powered lasers.[50][51]
Astrium described in 2010 the Skynet 5 system as:
The Skynet 5 satellites have the highest poweredX-bandtransponders in orbit, a highly flexible uplink beam configuration, coupled with a world leading anti-jamming antenna to ensure that the constellation is extremely effective against hostile or non-hostile interference. All of the downlink beams are fully steerable and the whole payload is optimized to maximise performance for small, rapidly deployable satellite ground terminals on land, sea or air.[52]
Skynet 5A was launched by anAriane 5 launch vehicle at 22:03UTC on 11 March 2007, in a launch shared with the IndianINSAT 4B civil communications satellite, and entered full service on 10 May 2007.[53] The launch was delayed from 10 March 2007 due to malfunction of a launch pad deluge system.[54] Skynet 5A successfully separated from its launch vehicle and telemetry was acquired by its dedicated Control Centre approximately 40 minutes after launch.
Skynet 5B was launched at 22:06 UTC on 14 November 2007, fromCentre Spatial Guyanais,Kourou, inFrench Guiana, aboard anAriane 5ECA launch vehicle. This launch was delayed from 9 November 2007 due to problems with the electronics on one of theSolid Rocket Boosters (SRB), and 12 November 2007 due to a fuelling problem with the launch pad. At time of launch, the Ariane 5ECA launcher set a new record on this mission, deploying a total payload of more than 8,700 kg (19,200 lb).[55]
Skynet 5C was launched at 22:05:09 UTC on 12 June 2008, from Centre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou, in French Guiana, aboard an Ariane 5ECA launch vehicle.[56] The launch had been delayed twice. Originally scheduled for 23 May 2008, more checks were carried out on the launch vehicle and the launch was rescheduled for 30 May 2008.[57] A problem with the launch software during pre-launch checks led Arianespace to reschedule the launch for a second time to 12 June 2008.[58][59]
Skynet 5D was launched at 21:49:07 UTC on 19 December 2012, from Centre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou, in French Guiana, aboard an Ariane 5ECA launch vehicle. Skynet 5D provides more than double the UHF channels of the previous satellites, which are in demand as they support "comms on the move" for soldiers with backpack radios.[60] The Ministry of Defence described the satellite as having a "key role in gathering intelligence on operations", as well as communications.[52] Skynet 5D has larger fuel tanks enabling it to be repositioned more frequently if necessary.[61]
The programme marks a change of approach in the UK from traditional defence procurement methods to a services-based contract which also includes provision of leased ground terminals,Reacher vehicles, theSatellite Communications Onboard Terminal (SCOT) for ships, and the associated baseband equipment.[62]
Initially two Skynet 5 satellites were to be built, with insurance covering any launch loss; the MOD later decided to have a third satellite built in advance, and later still to have the third satellite launched to serve as an on-orbit spare, as well as an option to a fourth satellite, as a cheaper alternative to insurance.[47][63]
In 2011, The MOD took ownership of a NATO satellite with two UHF channels, to support the additional demands fromBritish involvement in theWar in Afghanistan. Control of this satellite was incorporated into the Skynet 5 PFI contract.[64]
The satellites are managed from a site named Hawthorn, a few hundred metres north ofMOD Corsham, in partnership with MOD'sDefence Digital (previouslyInformation Systems & Services) who are based at MOD Corsham.[65]
In 2010, Paradigm announced it would lease theX-band (SHF) module on theAnik G1 commercial satellite at 107.3° West over thePacific Ocean, covering theAmericas and as far west asHawaii, to complement Skynet system coverage. The three-channel, wide-beam X-band payload has performance similar to a Skynet 5 satellite, but without the military hardening.[66] Anik G1 launched on 16 April 2013, improving the constellation's X-band capacity to 2.2GHz of throughput.[61][40]
In 2015, Skynet 5A was moved from 6° East, where it reinforcedMiddle East coverage, to 95° East, nearWest Sumatra. This move was to extend the Skynet coverage eastward in theIndian Ocean and to thewestern Pacific Ocean. With this move and Anik G1, Skynet offers near global coverage, from 178° West to 163° East.[67][4]
In 2016, a new Australian ground station was opened atMawson Lakes,Adelaide, managed by Airbus in partnership withSpeedCast, an Australian provider for over 25 years which works with the Australian military at that base. This complements Airbus's existing chain of ground stations in France, Germany, Norway, United Kingdom and the United States. The British High CommissionerMenna Rawlings said at the opening ceremony "Territorial disputes over uninhabited rocks and reefs have the potential to generate enough friction in international affairs to spark a confrontation", alluding to theterritorial disputes in the South China Sea.[68][69]
Airbus Defence and Space signed a further three partners,Hughes Network Systems,Inmarsat andSpeedCast, into its Skynet partner programme who offer third-party Skynet services. The Skynet contract also allow Airbus to sell surplus bandwidth toNATO and allied governments, including theFive Eyes intelligence alliance (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States).[4][70]
The fleet of military X-band satellites have been specifically designed to support smaller, low powered, tactical terminals. Each Skynet 5 satellite is equipped with:
In 2018, the MOD was specifying the replacement of Skynet 5, whose PFI programme ended in August 2022.[72][8] Airbus Defence and Space will build a non-competitively sourcedSkynet 6A satellite planned for a 2025 launch, as a transition to a new architecture.[73][74] As of 2017, the PFI project was viewed as unlikely to be extended, as PFI contracting was then seen as generally poor value for taxpayers, and it had depleted MOD of satellite expertise which made specifying its replacement difficult.[75]
Skynet 6A is based on the AirbusEurostar Neosatellite bus, using electric orbit raising and station keeping propulsion, and built at AirbusStevenage andPortsmouth, England. It uses more radio frequencies for communication, and will have more capacity and versatility than Skynet 5 satellites.[8][76] A contract for over £500 million was agreed in July 2020, including launch, testing and related ground operations improvements.[76][77] Due to the delay in agreeing the Skynet 6A contract, preliminary contracts for initial design and to manufacture long lead items had been agreed earlier to prevent end-date slippage.[78][74] Manufacture of 6A started in October 2021, and aFalcon 9 launch was booked withSpaceX for 2025.[79][80]
The vision for Skynet 6 is a flexible system architecture that combines UK government, allied and commercial satellites. The MOD has become a user of U.S. military constellationsAdvanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF) and theWideband Global Satcom (WGS) systems, and may become a partner in theMobile User Objective System (MUOS).[7][81] Part of the enhanced capability would be to support data links tounmanned aerial vehicles andF-35B Lightning II aircraft.[82][83]
As of 2019, Skynet is the large part of the MOD Future Beyond Line of Sight Satellite Communications programme (FBLOS), which extends to 2041, and has four elements:[74][84]
On 3 July 2020, the UK Government announced that it had acquired a 45% stake in theOneWeblow Earth orbit satellite communications company, for US$500 million including a golden share to give it control over any future ownership sale.[85] Analysts believe OneWeb will be incorporated into the Skynet 6 architecture. OneWeb satellites are already manufactured by a joint venture including Airbus Defence and Space, which positions the current Skynet operator well for future involvement in Skynet 6.[86][87]
In 2021, a one-year transition was expected to start from the Airbus PFI contract to the new Service Delivery Wrap contract which will operate ground stations until a new generation of satellites under an Enduring Capability contract are launched from about 2028. This transition is expected to cost about £6 billion.[78]
In February 2023,Babcock International won the Service Delivery Wrap support contract to operate and manage Skynet, including the ground infrastructure and integrating new user terminals, for six years from March 2024 at a cost of £400 million.[3][88]
During 2023 contractors were preparing to bid on the SkyNet Enduring Capability programme, which is split into two contracts: the major one to deliver a constellation of up to three geostationary wideband satellite systems for launch from 2028 to 2030, and a smaller contract for a narrowband service for tactical battlefield access.[89][90]
In 2024, Airbus was given an 18-year contract for the design, manufacture and support of capability enhanced ground modems for communication with Skynet including the forthcoming Skynet 6A satellite. It will be asoftware-defined radio system capable of processing multiple waveforms on all commonly-used frequencies, including X-band.[91]
In 2025,Amazon subsidiaryKuiper Systems was given a contract to study an advanced communications architecture using "translator" satellites to bridge between military, government and private satellites. U.S.DARPA has been working on a similar architecture.[92] As of May 2025, non-MOD-owned satellite capacity is being sought to augment Skynet.[93]
In early 1999,Reuters reported that the Skynet system was breached by a group of hackers who issued blackmail threats against the MOD.Duncan Campbell reported that the wire reports were wrong.[94]
| Model | Manufacturer | Launch date | Launch vehicle | End of service[95] | GSO position in 2017[40] | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skynet 1 | ||||||
| 1A | Philco Ford | 22 November 1969 | Delta M | 1971 | 105° West | Non-operational, notre-orbited[38] |
| 1B | Philco Ford | 19 August 1970 | Delta M | launch failure | Apogee motor failure, did not orbit[38] | |
| Skynet 2 | ||||||
| 2A | Marconi Space Systems | 19 January 1974 | Delta 2000 | launch failure | Rocket guidance failure, re-entry on 25 January 1974[38] | |
| 2B | Marconi Space Systems | 23 November 1974 | Delta 2000 | ~1994[5] | ~8° East | Uncontrolled, not re-orbited[38] |
| Skynet 4 Stage 1 | ||||||
| 4A | British Aerospace | 1 January 1990 | Commercial Titan III[96] | 2005 | – | Launched withJCSAT-2, re-orbited in supersynchronous orbit on 20 June 2005[38] |
| 4B | British Aerospace | 11 December 1988 | Ariane 44LP | 1998 | – | Launched withAstra 1A, re-orbited 150 km above GSO in June 1998[38] |
| 4C | British Aerospace | 30 August 1990 | Ariane 44LP | 33° East | From about 2017 providing service to theAmundsen–Scott South Pole Station[39] | |
| Skynet 4 Stage 2 | ||||||
| 4D | Matra Marconi Space[note 1] | 10 January 1998 | Delta 7000 | 2008 | – | Replaced 4B, re-orbited in a supersynchronous orbit on 28 January 2008[38] |
| 4E | Matra Marconi Space | 26 February 1998 | Ariane 44L | 6° East | ||
| 4F | Astrium[note 2] | 7 February 2001 | Ariane 44L | 34° West | ||
| Skynet 5 | ||||||
| 5A | EADS Astrium[note 3] | 11 March 2007 | Ariane 5ECA | 95° East (prev. 6° East) | Launched withInsat 4B. Moved in 2015 to extend Skynet coverage eastward to the western Pacific.[4] | |
| 5B | EADS Astrium | 14 November 2007 | Ariane 5ECA | 25° East (prev. 53° East)[38] | Launched with Star One C1 | |
| 5C | EADS Astrium | 12 June 2008 | Ariane 5ECA | 17.8° West | Launched with Turksat 3A | |
| 5D | EADS Astrium | 19 December 2012 | Ariane 5ECA | 53° East | Launched withMEXSAT-3 | |
| Skynet 6 | ||||||
| 6A | Airbus Defence and Space | planned 2025 | Falcon 9 Block 5[80] | |||
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain."The real end game here is SkyNet", said one industry executive, referring to the military grade constellation that for 17 years has been operated by Airbus, and whose contract is soon coming to an end.
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The dictionary definition ofskynet (satellite) at Wiktionary