TheSix Assurances are six key foreign policy principles of the United States regardingUnited States–Taiwan relations. They were passed as unilateral U.S. clarifications to theThird Communiqué betweenthe United States andthe People's Republic of China in 1982. They were intended to reassure bothTaiwan and theUnited States Congress that the US would continue to support Taiwan even if it had earlier cut formal diplomatic relations.
The assurances were originally proposed by the thenKuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) government of theRepublic of China on Taiwan during negotiations between the U.S. and the People's Republic of China.[citation needed] The U.S.Reagan administration agreed to the assurances and informed the United States Congress of them in July 1982.
Today, the Six Assurances are part of semiformal guidelines used in conductingrelations between the US and Taiwan. The assurances have been generally reaffirmed by successive U.S. administrations. Prior to 2016, they were purely informal, but in 2016, their formal content was adopted by theUS House of Representatives and theSenate in non-binding resolutions, upgrading their status to formal but not directly enforceable.
TheUnited States House of Representatives passed aconcurrent resolution on May 16, 2016, giving the first formal wording for the Six Assurances by more or less directly adopting how the former Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific AffairsJohn H. Holdridge expressed them in 1982 (which was delivered to Taiwan's PresidentChiang Ching-kuo by then-Director of theAmerican Institute in TaiwanJames R. Lilley):[1]
A similar resolution passed theSenate on July 6, 2016.[2]
In the first version, which was introduced to Congress by Rep.Steve Chabot on October 28, 2015, the Six Assurances were proposed to be:[3]
Declassified cables, sent in 1982 from the State Department, detail the Six Assurances:[4]
TheState Department has reaffirmed the Six Assurances repeatedly.[6]
On May 19, 2016, one day beforeTsai Ing-wen assumed thePresidency of the Republic of China, U.S. SenatorsMarco Rubio (R-FL), a member of theSenate Foreign Relations Committee andSenate Select Committee on Intelligence andBob Menendez (D-NJ), former chair of theSenate Foreign Relations Committee and co-chair of theSenate Taiwan Caucus, introduced a concurrent resolution reaffirming theTaiwan Relations Act and the “Six Assurances” as cornerstones ofUnited States–Taiwan relations.[7][8][9]
The Republican Party Platform of the2016 Republican National Convention mentions the Six Assurances, stating, "We salute the people of Taiwan, with whom we share the values of democracy, human rights, a free market economy, and the rule of law.Our relations will continue to be based upon the provisions of theTaiwan Relations Act, and we affirm the Six Assurances given to Taiwan in 1982 byPresident Reagan. We oppose any unilateral steps by either side to alter the status quo in the Taiwan Straits on the principle that all issues regarding the island’s future must be resolved peacefully, through dialogue, and be agreeable to thepeople of Taiwan. If China were to violate those principles, the United States, in accord with the Taiwan Relations Act, will help Taiwan defend itself. We praise efforts by the new government in Taipei to continue constructive relations across the Taiwan Strait and call on China to reciprocate. As a loyal friend of America, Taiwan has merited our strong support, includingfree trade agreement status, the timely sale of defensive arms including technology to builddiesel submarines, and full participation in the World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, and other multilateral institutions."[10]
The Asia Reassurance Initiative Act (Pub. L. 115–409 (text)(PDF)) states that it is the policy of the U.S. to enforce commitments to Taiwan consistent with the Six Assurances.[11] As of September 2018, theDonald Trump administration "has stated that the U.S.-Taiwan relationship is also 'guided' by [the] 'Six Assurances'".[12]
In November 2020 U.S. Secretary of StateMike Pompeo stated “Taiwan has not been a part of China, and that was recognized with the work that the Reagan administration did to lay out the policies that the United States has adhered to now for three and a half decades, and done so under both administrations.” which was seen as invoking clause 5.[13]
TheNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 reconfirmed the Taiwan Relations Act (TRA) and the Six Assurances as the foundation for US-Taiwan relations.[14]
On August 2, 2022, Speaker of the House,Nancy Pelosi, in a statement froma visit to Taiwan, made reference to the United States' continuing support of the TRA, Three Communiqués, and the Six Assurances.[15]
The Six Assurances to Taiwan Act, introduced in the US House in May 2025, will, if passed, codify the Six Assurances into law.[16]
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
