Sir Arthur Cotton | |
|---|---|
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| Born | (1803-05-15)15 May 1803 Combermere,Cheshire, England |
| Died | 24 July 1899(1899-07-24) (aged 96) |
| Allegiance |  United Kingdom |
| Branch | Madras Army British Army |
| Rank | General |
| Battles / wars | First Anglo-Burmese War |
GeneralSir Arthur Thomas CottonKCSI (15 May 1803 – 24 July 1899) was a British army officer andirrigation engineer who worked in theMadras Presidency.
Cotton devoted his life to the construction of irrigation and navigation canals throughoutBritish India. He helped many people by building theDowleswaram Barrage (Rajahmundry), thePrakasam Barrage, and theKurnool Cuddappah Canal (K. C. Canal). His dream was only partially realised, but he is still honoured inAndhra Pradesh and parts ofTamil Nadu for his efforts.[1] The Sir Arthur Cotton Museum has been built in his honour inRajamahendravaram, Andhra Pradesh. The museum holds approximately one hundred images and 15 machine tools that Cotton used when constructing the barrage in Andhra Pradesh from 1847 to 1852.
He was the father of the evangelistElizabeth Hope.
Arthur Cotton was born on 15 May 1803 atCombermere, the tenth son of Henry Calvely Cotton, uncle of the noted Field MarshalLord Combermere,[2] and one of eleven brothers. In 1818, aged 15, he became a cadet at theEast India Company'smilitary seminary at Addiscombe, Surrey. He passed out in December 1819 and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Madras Engineer Group. He entered the Madras Engineers in 1819 and fought in theFirst Burmese War.[citation needed]
He started his career with theOrdnance Survey atBangor, North Wales, in January 1820, where he was praised for his reports. In 1821 he was appointed for service in India, where he was initially attached to thechief engineer toMadras. He was later appointed as an assistant engineer to superintending engineer of the Tank Department.
Cotton conducted a marine survey of thePamban passage between India andCeylon. He was promoted to the rank of captain in 1828, and was put in charge of investigation for theCauveri Scheme. He started working to remove the soil settling inKallanai Dam and with the model of the dam he built the Upper Dam inKaveri in Mukkombu, nearTiruchirapalli. He constructed theLower Anaicut Dam inAnaikarai.[citation needed] The success of these projects paved the way for further important projects on theGodavari andKrishna Rivers.
Cotton recalled how, from analysing the Kallanai Dam and its foundations, his group learned how to construct foundations in asandbed. In 1844, Cotton recommended the construction of an "anicut" (a dam made in a stream for maintaining and regulating irrigation)[3] and prepared plans forVisakhapatnam port. In 1847, the work on the Godavari anicut was started.
In 1848 he proceeded to Australia due to ill health and handed over the charge to Captain Orr. In 1850 he returned to India and was promoted to the rank of colonel. He succeeded in completing the magnificent project on the Godavari river atRajahmundry in 1852. After completing the Godavari anicut Cotton shifted his attention to the construction of theaqueduct on Krishna River. The project was sanctioned in 1851 and completed by 1855. After completing the Krishna and Godavari anicuts, Cotton envisaged the storage of the Krishna and Godavari river waters.
In 1858, Cotton came up with even more ambitious proposals such as connecting all major rivers of India, and interlinking of canals and rivers. He suggested drought-relief measures forOdisha. Arthur Cotton retired from service in 1860 and left India. He was knighted in 1861. He visited India in 1862 and 1863 and offered advice on some river valley projects.
His work in India was much appreciated and he was honoured with KCSI (Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India) in 1877. He became a much-revered figure in the state ofAndhra Pradesh for his contribution in irrigating the area of land also known asKonaseema.
Cotton died on 24 July 1899.
Cotton was hated by his administrative superiors—thanks to his empathy for the people of India.[4] At one point, impeachment proceedings were initiated by his superiors for his dismissal.[5]
Going through the famine and cyclone-ravaged districts of Godavari, Cotton was distressed by the sight of famished people of the Godavari districts.[6] It was then that he put in process his ambitious plans to harness the waters of the Godavari river for the betterment of the community.
John Henry Morris inGodavari[7] writes about the work of Cotton:
The Godavari anicut is, perhaps, the noblest feat of engineering skill which has yet been accomplished in British India. It is a gigantic barrier thrown across the river from island to island, in order to arrest the unprofitable progress of its waters to the sea, and to spread them over the surface of the country on either side, thus irrigating copiously land which has hitherto been dependent on tanks or on the fitful supply of water from the river. Large tracts of land, which had hitherto been left arid and desolate and waste, were thus reached and fertilised by innumerable streams and channels.
In 1878, Cotton had to appear before aHouse of Commons Committee to justify his proposal to build an anicut across the Godavari.[8] A further hearing in the House of Commons followed by his letter to the then Secretary of State for India reveals his ambition to build the anicut across the Godavari. His letter concluded: "My Lord, one day's flow in the Godavari river during high floods is equal to one whole year's flow in theThames of London".[9] Cotton almost despaired at the British Government's procrastination in taking along this project.
According to Gautam Pingle, an Indian policymaker, the idea ofinterlinking of rivers in India to form a national water grid, an idea which had gained much attention from the Indian government and policy-makers at the turn of the 21st century, was in fact an idea that is more than 120 years old as it was first envisioned by Arthur Cotton.[10]
In recognition of Cotton's contributions, a new barrage constructed across the Godavari river, upstream of the anicut, was named after him, and dedicated to the nation by thePrime Minister of India,Indira Gandhi in 1982. He is revered in the Godavari District for making it the "rice bowl" of Andhra Pradesh.[11] He is known as the "Delta Architect" of the Godavari District because of his pioneering work in irrigation engineering.
During theGodavari Maha Pushkaram festival of 2015, homages were paid to Arthur Cotton, withNimmala Rama Naidu, theMLA ofPallakollu, offeringpinda as per Hindu ancestral rites.[12]
A statue of Arthur Cotton has been installed onTank Bund Road in Hyderabad, along with statues of other heroes of the united Andhra state.[10]
TheInstitution of Engineers (India) instituted a prize in his honour for the best paper published in the Civil Engineering Division’s journal. This is awarded annually.
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