| Sioux Wars | |||||||
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| Part of theAmerican Indian Wars | |||||||
.jpg) The Custer Fight Charles Marion Russell, 1903[2][3][4][5] | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
Allies: | Allies: | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 John M. ChivingtonGeorge CrookGeorge A. Custer †Nelson A. MilesMarcus RenoWashakie (Shoshone) Plenty Coups (Crow)[7] Alligator-Stands-Up (Crow)[8] | Little Crow Red Cloud Crazy Horse † Sitting Bull Black Kettle † Spotted Tail | ||||||
TheSioux Wars were a series of conflicts between theUnited States and various subgroups of theSioux people which occurred in the later half of the 19th century. The earliest conflict came in 1854 when a fight broke out atFort Laramie inWyoming, when Sioux warriors killed 31 American soldiers in theGrattan Massacre, and the final came in 1890 during theGhost Dance War.
The First Sioux War was fought between 1854 and 1856 following theGrattan Fight.[9] The punitiveBattle of Ash Hollow was fought in September 1855.
The Santee Sioux or Dakotas of Western Minnesota rebelled on August 17, 1862, after the Federal Government failed to deliver the annuity payments that had been promised to them in theTreaty of Traverse des Sioux of 1851. The tribe pillaged the nearby village ofNew Ulm and attackedFort Ridgely. They killed over 800 German farmers, including men, women and children. After theBattle of Birch Coulee on September 2, the Indians were eventually defeated on September 23 in theBattle of Wood Lake.
Most of the warriors who took part in the fighting escaped to the west and north intoDakota Territory to continue the conflict, while the remaining Santees surrendered on September 26 atCamp Release to the US Army. In the following murder trials, 303 Indians were sentenced to death. After closer investigation from Washington, 38 were hanged on December 26 in the town ofMankato in America's largest mass-execution.[10]
In the aftermath, battles continued between Minnesota regiments and combined Lakota and Dakota forces through 1864 as Col. Henry Sibley's troops pursued the Sioux. Sibley's army defeated the Lakota and Dakota in four major battles in 1863: theBattle of Big Mound on July 24, 1863, theBattle of Dead Buffalo Lake on July 26, 1863; theBattle of Stony Lake on July 28, 1863; and theBattle of Whitestone Hill on September 3, 1863. The Sioux retreated further but faced the United States army again in 1864. GeneralAlfred Sully led a force from near Fort Pierre, South Dakota, and decisively defeated the Sioux at theBattle of Killdeer Mountain on July 28, 1864, and at theBattle of the Badlands on August 9, 1864.
The survivors were forced to move to a small reservation on the Missouri River in central South Dakota. There, on theCrow Creek Reservation their descendants still live today.
The Colorado War began in 1863 and was primarily fought by American militia while the United States Army played a minor role. Several Native American tribes attacked American settlements in theEastern Plains, including the Lakota Sioux who raided in northeast Colorado. On November 29, 1864, Colorado Volunteers under the command of ColonelJohn Chivington attacked a peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho village camped on Sand Creek in southeastern Colorado. Under orders to take no prisoners the militia killed an estimated 150 men, women, and children, mutilating the dead and taking scalps and other grisly trophies of battle.[11] The Indians at Sand Creek had been assured by the U.S. Government that they would be safe in the territory they were occupying, but anti-Indian sentiments by white settlers were running high. Later congressional investigations resulted in short-lived U.S. public outcry against the slaughter of the Native Americans.
Following theSand Creek massacre the survivors joined the camps of the Northern Cheyenne on the Smokey Hill and Republican rivers. There the war pipe was smoked and passed from camp to camp among the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho camped in the area and an attack on the stage station and fort, Camp Rankin at that time, atJulesburg on the South Platte River was planned and carried out in January 1865.[12] This successful attack, theBattle of Julesburg, led by the Sioux, who were most familiar with the territory, was carried out by about a thousand warriors and was followed up by numerous raids along the South Platte both east and west of Julesburg and a second raid on Julesburg in early February. Following the first raid on January 7, 500 troops under the command ofGeneral Robert B. Mitchell consisting of theSeventh Iowa Cavalry, theFirst Nebraska Veteran Volunteer Cavalry, and Companies "B" and "C,"First Nebraska Militia (mounted)[13] had been removed from the Platte and were engaged in a fruitless search for hostile Indians on the plains south of the Platte. They found the camp on the Republican River occupied by the tribes only after they had left.[14] A great deal of loot was captured and many whites killed. The bulk of the natives then moved north into Nebraska on their way to the Black Hills and the Powder River but paused to burn the telegraph station on Lodgepole Creek then attacked the station at Mud Springs on the Jules cutoff. There were 9 soldiers stationed there, the telegraph operator and a few other civilians. The Indians began the attack by running the stock off from the station's corral along with a herd of cattle. Alerted by telegraph, the Army dispatched men fromFort Mitchell andFort Laramie on February 4, about 150 men in all. Arriving on February 5 the first party of reinforcements of 36 men found themselves facing superior forces, estimated to number 500 warriors and with two men wounded were forced to retreat into the station. The second party of 120 troops under the command of ColonelWilliam Collins, commandant of Fort Laramie, arrived on the 6th and found themselves facing 500 to 1,000 warriors. Armed withSpencer repeating rifles the soldiers were able to hold their own and a standoff resulted. After about 4 hours of fighting the war party left and moved their village to the head of Brown's Creek on the north side of the North Platte. Collins' forces were soon reinforced by 50 more men from Fort Laramie who had towed a mountain howitzer with them. With a force of about 185 men Collins followed the trail of the Indians to their abandoned camp at Rock Creek Spring, then followed their plain trail to the south bank of the North Platte at Rush Creek where they encountered a force of approximately 2,000 warriors on the north side of the river. An inconclusive fight followed and the decision was made to abandon pursuit of the war party. In his report Colonel Collins correctly predicted that the party was en route to the Power River Country and would continue to raid along the North Platte. His estimate of Indian casualties during the two engagements was 100 to 150, many more than reported byGeorge Bent a participant in the war party.[15][16]
In the spring of 1865, raids continued along the Oregon trail in Nebraska. January 27, 1865, while a brisk northwest wind was blowing the armyfired the prairie from Fort McPherson to Denver.[17] The Sioux, the Northern Cheyenne, the Northern Arapaho together with the warriors who had come north after the Sand Creek massacre raided the Oregon Trail along the North Platte River, and in July 1865 attacked the troops stationed at the bridge across the North Platte at the present site ofCasper, Wyoming, theBattle of the Platte Bridge Station.[18][19]
._The_battlefields_and_the_Lakota_treaty_territory_of_1851_(circa.).png)
In 1865 Major GeneralGrenville M. Dodge ordered apunitive expedition against the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes that lived in the Black Hills region. GeneralPatrick E. Connor was placed in command with hundreds of regular and volunteer soldiers at his disposal. Connor divided his force into three columns, the first was under ColonelNelson Cole and was assigned to operate along theLoup River of Nebraska. The second column, under Lt Col Samuel Walker, would travel north from Fort Laramie to occupy an area west of the Black Hills while the third, led by General Connor and Colonel James H. Kidd, would march up the Powder River. Only minor skirmishing occurred until August 29, 1865, when Connor's column of about 400 men encountered about 500 Arapahos of ChiefBlack Bear in theBattle of the Tongue River. That morning Connor's men charged and captured a village and routed the defenders who counterattacked unsuccessfully. A few days later a small party of soldiers and civilian surveyors was attacked by the Arapaho in what became known as theSawyers Fight, three Americans were killed and it marked the last skirmish of the Powder River War.
Due to increasing demand of safe travel along theBozeman Trail to the Montana gold fields, the US government tried to negotiate new treaties with the Lakota Indians who were legally entitled to the Powder River country, through which the trail led, by theTreaty of Fort Laramie. Because the military sent simultaneously two battalions of the 18th Infantry under the command of ColonelHenry B. Carrington to establish new forts to watch over the Bozeman Road, the Indians refused to sign any treaty and left Fort Laramie determined to defend their land.
Carrington reinforcedFort Reno and established two additional forts further north (Fort Phil Kearny andFort C. F. Smith) in the summer of 1866. His strategy, based on his orders from higher headquarters, was to secure the road, rather than fight the Indians. At the same time Red Cloud and the other chiefs soon became aware that they were unable to defeat a fully defended fort, so they kept to raiding every wagon train and traveling party they could find along the road.[28]
Young eager warriors from the Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes formed war parties who would attack woodcutting parties near the forts as well as freight trains to cut their supplies.Crazy Horse from the Oglala,Gall from the Hunkpapas and Hump from theMiniconjous were the best known ones among them.[28] On December 21, 1866, Indians fired on woodcutters working near Fort Phil Kearny. The relief party was commanded by CaptainWilliam J. Fetterman. Fetterman's party was drawn intoan ambush by an estimated 1,000–3,000 Indians and wiped out. Due to the high casualties on the American side, the Indians called the fight the "Battle of the Hundred Slain" ever since; among the Whites, it was called the "Fetterman Massacre".[28]
The US government came to the conclusion after the Fetterman Fight that the forts along the Bozeman Trail were expensive to maintain (both in terms of supplies and manpower) and did not bring the intended security for travelers along the Road. However Red Cloud refused to attend any meeting with treaty commissions during 1867. Only after the army evacuated the forts in the Powder River country and the Indians burned down all three of them, did he travel to Fort Laramie in the summer of 1868,[28] where theTreaty of Fort Laramie (1868) was signed. It established theGreat Sioux Reservation which included all South Dakota territory west of the Missouri river. It also declared additional territory reaching as far as the Yellowstone and North Platte rivers as unceded territory for sole use by the Indians.
On May 7, 1868, theCrow tribe ceded land to the United States, including areas along the Yellowstone, Montana.[2] The army came under attack by Lakotas in 1872, while it protected surveying expeditions for theNorthern Pacific Railway down the river.[29] The next year, the Lakotas carried out attacks on the U.S. army in the five years old U.S. territory atHonsinger Bluff[30] andPease Bottom.[31] Further east, soldiers andArikara scouts fromFort McKean at the Missouri had to fight attacking Lakotas on August 26, 1872.[32][33] Nearly 300 Lakotas attacked the fort on October 14.[32] Around 100 Lakotas attacked close byFort Abraham Lincoln on May 7, 1873.[34] Both forts were located in former Lakota territory, whichthe tribe had ceded to the United States at the same time as the establishment of theGreat Sioux Reservation in 1868.[35]
Especially after the Lakotamassacre on the Pawnee Indians in the south-western Nebraska on August 5, 1873, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs advocated a firmer line against all Lakotas harassing people, both Indians and whites, outside the recognized 1868 Lakota domain.[36][37] "In his 1873 annual report he recommended ... that those [Sioux] Indians roaming west of the Dakota line be forced by the military to come in to the Great Sioux Reservation".[38] "The Great Sioux War" could have started in 1873, but nothing came about.
The Great Sioux War refers to a series of conflicts from 1876 to 1877 involving theLakota Sioux andNorthern Cheyenne tribes. Following the influx ofgold miners to theBlack Hills ofSouth Dakota, war broke out when the followers of ChiefsSitting Bull andCrazy Horse left their reservations, apparently to go on the war path and defend the sacred Black Hills.
In the first major fight of the war, on March 17, 1876, about 300 men under ColonelJoseph J. Reynolds attacked 225Northern Cheyenne and a fewOglala Sioux warriors in theBattle of Powder River, which ended with a Native American victory. During the fighting, the Cheyenne were forced to retreat with their families further up thePowder River, leaving behind large quantities of weapons and ammunition. Next came the majorBattle of the Rosebud on June 17, when 1,500 Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne warriors, led by Crazy Horse himself, defeated a force of 1,300 Americans under GeneralGeorge Crook. Crook was forced to retreat, which helped set the stage for the infamousBattle of the Little Bighorn on June 25. Lieutenant ColonelGeorge Custer, leading an attack on a large Indian encampment and commanding a force of over 600 troops, was badly defeated with the loss of over 300 men killed or wounded, including himself.
The next major engagement occurred atSlim Buttes on September 9 and 10, when elements of the 1st Cavalry Regiment led by CaptainAnson Mills, while moving towardDeadwood to secure supplies for Crook's command, located and attacked a Sioux village. TheDull Knife Fight, on November 25, and theBattle of Wolf Mountain on January 8, 1877, were the last major fights in the conflict. During the latter,Nelson A. Miles defended a ridge from a series of failed attacks led by Crazy Horse, who ultimately surrendered atCamp Robinson in May 1877, thus ending the war.[39]
From November 1890 to January 1891, unresolved grievances led to the last major conflict with the Sioux. A lopsided engagement that involved almost half the infantry and cavalry of the Regular Army caused the surviving warriors to lay down their arms and retreat to their reservations.
That autumn, the Sioux were moved to a largereservation in theDakota Territory, but the government pressured them to sign a treaty giving up much of their land.Sitting Bull had previously returned fromCanada and held the Sioux resistance together for a few years. But in the summer of 1889, the reservation agent,James McLaughlin, was able to secure the Sioux's signatures by keeping the final treaty council a secret from Sitting Bull. The treaty broke up their 35,000 acres (142 km2) into six small reservations.
In October 1890,Kicking Bear andShort Bull brought the Sioux one last hope of resistance. They taught them theGhost Dance, something they had learned fromWovoka, aPaiutemedicine man. He told them that in the spring, the earth would be covered with a new layer of soil that would bury the white men while the Native Americans who did the Ghost Dance would be suspended in the air. The grass and thebuffalo would return, along with the ghosts of their dead ancestors. The Ghost Dance movement spread across western reservations. TheU.S. government considered it a threat and sent out its military.
On the Sioux reservations, McLaughlin had Kicking Bear arrested, while Sitting Bull's arrest on December 15, 1890, resulted in a struggle between reservation police and Ghost Dancers in which Sitting Bull was killed. Two weeks later, the military interceptedBig Foot's band of Ghost Dancers. They wereMiniconjou Sioux, mostly women who had lost husbands and other male relatives in the wars with the U.S. military. When ColonelJames W. Forsyth tried to disarm the last Miniconjou of his rifle, a shot broke out, and the surrounding soldiers opened fire.Hotchkiss guns shredded the camp onWounded Knee Creek, killing, according to one estimate, 300 of 350 men, women, and children.
The battalion of 9th Cavalry Regiment was scouting near theWhite River (Missouri River tributary), about 50 miles north of Indian agency atPine Ridge, when theWounded Knee Massacre occurred, and rode south all night to reach the reservation. In the early morning of December 30, 1890, F, I, and K Troops reached the Pine Ridge agency, however, their supply wagon guarded by D Troop located behind them was attacked by 50 Sioux warriors near Cheyenne Creek (about 2 miles from the Indian agency). One soldier was immediately killed. The wagon train protected itself by circling the wagons. CorporalWilliam Wilson volunteered to take a message to the agency at Pine Ridge to get help after the Indian scouts refused to go. Wilson took off through the wagon circle with Sioux in pursuit and his troops covering him. Wilson reached the agency and spread the alarm. The 9th Cavalry within the agency came to rescue the stranded troopers and the Sioux dispersed. For his actions, Corporal Wilson received theMedal of Honor.[40]
TheDrexel Mission Fight followed later in the day.
The 9th Cavalry were stationed on the Pine Ridge reservation through the rest of the winter of 1890–1891 until March 1891, lodging in their tents. By then, the 9th Cavalry was the only regiment on the reservation after being the first to arrive in November 1890.[40]
