| Sind | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Former Province ofBritish India & Pakistan | |||||||||||
| 1936–1955 | |||||||||||
_map.gif) Province of Sind in Pakistan | |||||||||||
| Capital | Karachi (1936–1947) Hyderabad (1947–1955) | ||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||
• | 123,080 km2 (47,520 sq mi) | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Formation of Sind Province | 1 April 1936 | ||||||||||
| 3 March 1943 | |||||||||||
• Province ofPakistan | 14 August 1947 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 14 October 1955 | ||||||||||
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| This article is part of the series |
| Former administrative units of Pakistan |
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One-unit provinces |
Sind, sometimes spelledScinde, was aprovince of Pakistan from 1947 till itsamalgamation into West Pakistan in 1955; and prior, aprovince of British India from beinggranted provincial status in 1936 tillPakistan's independence in 1947.Karachi was the capital of the province till 1948, succeeded byHyderabad.
Under the British, it encompassed the current territorial limits excluding the princely state ofKhairpur. In 1948, Karachi was separated from the province to form theFederal Capital Territory and serve as thefederal capital of Pakistan; this resulted in the provincial capital being shifted toHyderabad. The province was dissolved alongsideBaluchistan, theNorth-West Frontier Province,West Punjab, and a number ofPakistani princely states to form a unifiedprovince of West Pakistan in 1955, upon implementation of theOne Unit Scheme.[1]
On 1 April 1936Sind division was separated fromBombay Presidency and established as a province.
At that time the Province's Administration division are listed below:
| Division | Districts in British Territory / Princely State | Map |
|---|---|---|
| Hyderabad Division | ||
| Total area, British Territory | 123,080 km2 (47,520 sq mi) | |
| Native States | ||
| Total area, Native States | 15,730 km2 (6,070 sq mi) | |
| Total area, Sind | 123,080 km2 (47,520 sq mi) |
| Part ofa series on |
| Sindhis |
|---|
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 Sindh portal |
The province was bordered by Karachi (within theFederal Capital Territory after 1948) and the princely states ofLas Bela andKalat on the west. To the north were the provinces ofBaluchistan andWest Punjab. The province bordered the princely state ofBahawalpur on the northeast and it enclosed on three sides the princely state ofKhairpur. The Indian states ofRajasthan andGujarat were beyond its borders to the east and south. On the southwest lay theArabian Sea, with the Sind's coastline consisting entirely of river deltas, including theIndus River Delta up to Sind's border with the city ofKarachi, now the capital of present-daySindh.
Sindh was first settled by theIndus Valley Civilization andMohenjo-Daro, as early as 1750 BC. It hadGreek influence during its history after the expansion of theMacedonian Empire, and developed trade with surrounding regions. SeveralSunni Muslim andRajput kingdoms were set up there, beginning with theRai dynasty and ending with theArghuns. TheMughal Empire conquered Sindh under the rule ofAkbar in the year 1591. Soon after the coming of European companies, in particular theEast India Company, the Mughal hold on the area loosened, and in 1843 Sindh became part of the British India and itsBombay Presidency on 1 October 1848. Later it became Sindh province on 1 April 1936 under All India Act of 1935.
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On 1 April 1936, Sind was separated from theBombay Presidency and given the status of a province, with Karachi as the provincial capital.
Following a resolution in theSindh Legislative Assembly about joining Pakistan, with the independence andPartition of India in August 1947 Sindh became part of Pakistan.[1]
In 1948,Karachi city (2,103 km2 area) separated from Sind to form theFederal Capital Territory of Pakistan. Apart from the city, the remaining areas ofKarachi district remained part of Sind and a newdistrict of Thatta was formed from these areas.[2]
On 11 December 1954, theSindh Legislative Assembly voted by 100 to 4 in favour of the One Unit policy announced byPrime MinisterChaudhry Mohammad Ali, and Sindh was merged into the new province ofWest Pakistan on 14 October 1955.[3]
The offices of Governor of Sindh and Premier (later Chief Minister) of Sindh were established in 1936 when Sindh became a province. This system continued until 1955 when Sindh was dissolved.
| Tenure | Governor of Sindh[4] |
|---|---|
| 1 April 1936 | Province of Sindh established |
| 1 April 1936 – 1 August 1938 | SirLancelot Graham (first time) |
| 1 August 1938 – 1 December 1938 | Joseph Garrett (acting) |
| 1 December 1938 – 1 April 1941 | SirLancelot Graham (2nd time) |
| 1 April 1941 – 15 January 1946 | SirHugh Dow |
| 15 January 1946 – 14 August 1947 | Sir Robert Francis Mudie |
| 14 August 1947 | Independence of Pakistan |
| 14 August 1947 – 4 October 1948 | SirGhulam Hussain Hidayatullah |
| 4 October 1948 – 19 November 1952 | Sheikh Din Muhammad |
| 19 November 1952 – 1 May 1953 | Mian Aminuddin |
| 1 May 1953 – 12 August 1953 | George Baxandall Constantine |
| 12 August 1953 – 23 June 1954 | Habib Ibrahim Rahmatullah |
| 23 June 1954 – 14 October 1955 | Iftikhar Hussain Khan |
| 14 October 1955 | Province of Sindh dissolved |
| Name of Premier (pre-partition) | Entered Office | Left Office | Political Party/Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ghulam Hussain Hidayat Ullah (1st time) | 28 April 1937 | 23 March 1938 | Muslim People's Party |
| Allah Bux Soomro (1st time) | 23 March 1938 | 18 April 1940 | Ittehad Party |
| Mir Bandeh Ali Khan Talpur | 18 April 1940 | 7 March 1941 | All-India Muslim League |
| Allah Bux Soomro (2nd time) | 7 March 1941 | 14 October 1942 | Ittehad Party |
| Ghulam Hussain Hidayat Ullah (2nd time) | 14 October 1942 | 14 August 1947 | Muslim People's Party |
| Tenure | Chief Minister of Sind[4] | Political party |
|---|---|---|
| 14 August 1947 – 28 April 1948 | Mohammad Ayub Khuhro (1st time) | Pakistan Muslim League |
| 3 May 1948 – 4 February 1949 | Pir Illahi Bakhsh | Pakistan Muslim League |
| 18 February 1949 – 7 May 1950 | Yusuf Haroon | Non-partisan |
| 8 May 1950 – 24 March 1951 | Qazi Fazlullah Ubaidullah | Non-partisan |
| 25 March 1951 – 29 December 1951 | Mohammad Ayub Khuhro (2nd time) | Pakistan Muslim League |
| 29 December 1951 – 22 May 1953 | Governor's rule | |
| 22 May 1953 – 8 November 1954 | Pirzada Abdus Sattar | Pakistan Muslim League |
| 9 November 1954 – 14 October 1955 | Mohammad Ayub Khuhro (3rd time) | Pakistan Muslim League |
| 14 October 1955 | Province of Sindh dissolved | |
By the time ofindependence in 1947 Sindh had a Muslim majority for centuries but there were significant minorities of Hindus throughout the province. In 1947 due to communal tensions and partition two millionMuslim muhajir migrated to Pakistan while most Sindhi Hindus fled to India.
The Muslims from India were mostlyUrdu speaking.
| Religious group | 1872[5][a] | 1881[6][b] | 1891[7][c] | 1901[8][d] | 1911[9][e] | 1921[10][f] | 1931[11][g] | 1941[12][h] | 1951[13][14][i] | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | ||
Islam | 1,712,221 | 78.1% | 1,989,630 | 78.24% | 2,318,180 | 77.18% | 2,609,337 | 76.52% | 2,822,756 | 75.53% | 2,562,700 | 73.8% | 3,017,377 | 73.34% | 3,462,015 | 71.52% | 5,535,645 | 91.53% | |
Hinduism [j] | 475,848 | 21.7% | 544,848 | 21.43% | 674,371 | 22.45% | 787,683 | 23.1% | 877,313 | 23.47% | 876,629 | 25.24% | 1,055,119 | 25.65% | 1,279,530 | 26.43% | 482,560 | 7.98% | |
Christianity | 3,329 | 0.15% | 6,082 | 0.24% | 7,768 | 0.26% | 7,825 | 0.23% | 10,917 | 0.29% | 11,734 | 0.34% | 15,152 | 0.37% | 20,304 | 0.42% | 22,601 | 0.37% | |
Zoroastrianism | 810 | 0.04% | 1,063 | 0.04% | 1,534 | 0.05% | 2,000 | 0.06% | 2,411 | 0.06% | 2,913 | 0.08% | 3,537 | 0.09% | 3,841 | 0.08% | 5,046 | 0.08% | |
Judaism | 35 | 0% | 153 | 0.01% | 210 | 0.01% | 428 | 0.01% | 595 | 0.02% | 671 | 0.02% | 985 | 0.02% | 1,082 | 0.02% | — | — | |
Jainism | — | — | 1,191 | 0.05% | 923 | 0.03% | 921 | 0.03% | 1,349 | 0.04% | 1,534 | 0.04% | 1,144 | 0.03% | 3,687 | 0.08% | — | — | |
Buddhism.svg) | — | — | 9 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 21 | 0.001% | 41 | 0.001% | 53 | 0.001% | 111 | 0.002% | 670 | 0.01% | |
Sikhism | — | — | — | — | 720 | 0.02% | — | — | 12,339 | 0.33% | 8,036 | 0.23% | 19,172 | 0.47% | 32,627 | 0.67% | — | — | |
| Tribal | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9,224 | 0.25% | 8,186 | 0.24% | 204 | 0% | 37,598 | 0.78% | — | — | |
| Others | 172 | 0.01% | 0 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 2,029 | 0.06% | 298 | 0.01% | 64 | 0.002% | 1,510 | 0.04% | 0 | 0% | 1,226 | 0.02% | |
| Total Responses | 2,192,415 | 94.39% | 2,542,976 | 100% | 3,003,711 | 100% | 3,410,223 | 100% | 3,737,223 | 100% | 3,472,508 | 100% | 4,114,253 | 100% | 4,840,795 | 100% | 6,047,748 | 99.89% | |
| Total Population | 2,322,765 | 100% | 2,542,976 | 100% | 3,003,711 | 100% | 3,410,223 | 100% | 3,737,223 | 100% | 3,472,508 | 100% | 4,114,253 | 100% | 4,840,795 | 100% | 6,054,474 | 100% | |
| Note1: Religious data from the 1881, 1891, 1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, 1941, and 1951 censuses includeKhairpur (princely state). Note2: 1951 census includes theFederal Capital Territory (Karachi). | |||||||||||||||||||
