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Type of site | Microblogging |
|---|---|
| Available in | Simplified Chinese Traditional Chinese English (partial) |
| Owner | Weibo Corporation |
| URL | weibo |
| Commercial | Yes |
| Registration | Optional |
| Launched | 14 August 2009; 15 years ago (2009-08-14)[1] |
| Current status | Active |
| Chinese | 新浪微博 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Literal meaning | Sina Microblog | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Weibo (Chinese:微博;pinyin:Wēibó), orSina Weibo (Chinese:新浪微博;pinyin:Xīnlàng Wēibó), is a Chinesemicroblogging (weibo) website. Launched bySina Corporation on 14 August 2009, it is one of the biggestsocial media platforms inChina,[1] with over 582 millionmonthly active users (252 million daily active users) as of Q1 2022.[2] The platform has been highly successful but has faced criticism for heavy censorship.[3][4][5]
Sina had gone public on theNasdaq in 2000.[6] In March 2014, Sina announced a spinoff of Weibo and filed anIPO under the symbol WB.[7][8] Sina carved out 11% of Weibo in the IPO, withAlibaba owning 32% post-IPO.[9] The company began trading publicly on 17 April 2014.[10] In March 2017, Sina launched Sina Weibo International Version. In November 2018, Sina Weibo suspended its registration function for minors under the age of 14. In July 2019, Sina Weibo announced that it would launch a two-month campaign to clean up pornographic and vulgar information, named "Project Deep Blue" (蔚蓝计划).[11] On 29 September 2020, the company announced it would go private again due to rising tensions between theUS and China.
"Weibo" (微博) is the Chinese word for "microblog". Sina Weibo launched its newdomain name weibo.com on 7 April 2011, deactivating and redirecting from the old domain, t.sina.com.cn, to the new one. Due to its popularity, the media sometimes refers to the platform simply as "Weibo", despite the numerous other Chinesemicroblogging/weibo services includingTencent Weibo (腾讯微博),Sohu Weibo (搜狐微博), andNetEase Weibo (网易微博).[12] However, the latter three have stopped providing services.[13]
Sina Weibo is a platform based on fostering user relationships to share, disseminate, and receive information. Through the website or the mobile app, users can upload pictures and videos publicly for instant sharing, with other users being able to comment with text, pictures and videos, or use a multimedia instant messaging service. The company initially invited a large number of celebrities to join the platform at the beginning[14] and has since invited many media personalities, government departments, businesses andnon-governmental organizations to open accounts for the purpose of publishing and communicating information.[15] To avoid the impersonation of celebrities, Sina Weibo uses verification symbols; celebrity accounts have an orange letter "V" and organizations' accounts have a blue letter "V". Sina Weibo has more than 500 million registered users;[16] out of these, 313 million are monthly active users, 85% use the Weibo mobile app, 70% are college-aged, 50.10% are male and 49.90% are female. There are over 100 million messages posted by users each day. With more than 100 million followers, actressXie Na holds the record for the most followers on the platform. Despite fierce competition among Chinese social media platforms, Sina Weibo remains the most popular.[17]
After theJuly 2009 Ürümqi riots, China shut down most domestic microblogging services, includingFanfou, the very first weibo service. Many popular non-China-based microblogging services likeTwitter,Facebook, andPlurk have since beenblocked. Sina Corporation CEOCharles Chao considered this to be an opportunity,[18][19] and on 14 August 2009, Sina launched the tested version of Sina Weibo.[20] Basic functions including message, private message, comment and reposting were made available that September. A Sina Weibo–compatibleAPI platform for developing third-party applications was launched on 28 July 2010.[1]
On 1 December 2010, the website experienced an outage, which administrators later said was due to the ever-increasing numbers of users and posts.[21] Registered users surpassed 100 million in February 2011.[22] Since 23 March 2011, t.cn has been used as Sina Weibo's officialshortened URL in lieu of sinaurl.cn. On 7 April 2011, weibo.com replaced t.sina.com.cn as the new main domain name used by the website. The official logo was also updated.[23] In June 2011, Sina announced anEnglish-language version of Sina Weibo would be developed and launched, though content would still be governed by Chinese law.[24]
On 11 January 2013, Sina Weibo and Alibaba China (a subsidiary ofAlibaba Group) signed a strategic cooperation agreement.[25]
With more and more foreign celebrities using Sina Weibo, language translation has become an urgent need for Chinese users who wish to communicate with their idols online, especiallyKorean. In January 2013, Sina Weibo and NetEase.com announced that they had reached a strategic cooperation agreement. When users browse foreign language content, they can now directly obtain translation results through theYouDao Dictionary.[26]
The Sina Weibo financial report in February 2013 showed that its total revenue was approximately US$66 million and that the number of registered users had exceeded the 500 million mark.
In April 2013, Sina officially announced that Sina Weibo had signed a strategic cooperation agreement withAlibaba.[27] The two sides conducted in-depth cooperation in areas such as user account interoperability, data exchange, online payment, and internet marketing. At the same time, Sina announced that Alibaba, through its wholly owned subsidiary, had purchased the preferred shares and common shares issued by Sina Weibo Company for US$586 million, which accounted for approximately 18% of Weibo's fully diluted and diluted total shares.[28]
On 9 April 2013,Alibaba Group announced that it would acquire 18% of Sina Weibo for US$586 million, with the option to buy up to 30% in the future.[29] Alibaba exercised this option when Weibo was listed onNASDAQ in April 2014.[30]
According toiResearch's report on 30 March 2011, Sina Weibo had 56.5% of China's microblogging market based on active users and 86.6% based on browsing time over competitors such asTencent Weibo andBaidu.[31] The top 100 users had over 485 million followers combined. More than 5,000 companies and 2,700 media organizations in China use Sina Weibo. The site is maintained by a growing microblogging department of 200 employees responsible for technology, design, operations, and marketing.[32]
Sina executives invited and persuaded many Chinese celebrities to join the platform. Users now include Asian celebrities, movie stars, singers, famous business and media figures, athletes, scholars, artists, organizations, religious figures, government departments, and officials fromHong Kong,Mainland China,Malaysia,Singapore,Taiwan, andMacau,[18][19][33][34] as well as some famous foreign individuals and organizations, includingKevin Rudd,[35]Boris Johnson,[36]David Cameron,[37]Narendra Modi,[38]Toshiba,[39] and theGermany national football team. Sina Weibo has a verification program for known people and organizations. Once an account is verified, a verification badge is added beside the account name.
According to research by Sina Corporation, the number of active users reached over 400 million by Q1 2018, making Sina Weibo the 7th platform with at least 400 million active users, and daily usage increased by 21%.[40]
In June 2020, Weibo was among 58 other Chinese apps that were banned by theGovernment of India. Following this,Prime Minister of IndiaNarendra Modi's account was deactivated.[41]
Many of Sina Weibo's features resemble those ofTwitter. A user may post with a 140-character limit (increased to 2,000 as of January 2016 with the exception of reposts and comments).[42] An analysis of 29 million Weibo posts found the median length was 14 characters.[43] Users may mention or talk to other people using "@UserName" formatting, addhashtags, follow other users to make their posts appear in one's own timeline, re-post with "//@UserName" similar to Twitter's retweet function "RT @UserName", select posts for one's favorites list, and verify the account if the user is a celebrity, brand, business or otherwise of public interest.[44]URLs are automatically shortened using the domain name t.cn, akin to Twitter's t.co. Official and third-party applications can access Sina Weibo from other websites or platforms.
Users may:
Hashtags differ slightly between Sina Weibo and Twitter, using the double-hashtag "#HashName#" format (the lack of spacing betweenChinese characters necessitates a closing tag). Users can own a hashtag by requesting hashtag monitoring; the company reviews these requests and responds within one to three days. Once a user owns a hashtag, they have access to a wide variety of functions available only to them on the condition that they remain active (less than 1 post per calendar week revokes these privileges).[45]
Additionally, comments appear as a list below each post. A commenter can also choose to re-post the comment, quoting the whole original post, to their own page.
Unregistered users can only browse a few posts by verified accounts. Neither unverified account pages nor comments to posts by verified accounts are accessible to unregistered users.
Although often described as a Chinese version of Twitter, Sina Weibo combines elements of Twitter, Facebook, and Medium, along with other social media platforms. Sina Weibo users interact more than Twitter users do, and while many topics that go viral on Weibo also originate from the platform itself, Twitter topics often come from outside news or events.[46]
During the outbreak of the COVID-19, Weibo was also a data collecting station to collect and detect the spread of the coronavirus.[47]
Trending topics
Sina Weibo's "trending topics" is a list of current popular topics based partly on tracking user participation and partly on the preference of Weibo staff. Once a topic is trending, it often becomes a heated issue and can have wide-ranging social influence. As such, the list has reshaped how Chinese people relate to the news media.[48]
Sina Weibo has a verification policy, much like Twitter's account verification, for confirming the identity of a user (celebrities, organizations etc.). Once a user is verified, a colorful V is appended to their username; individuals receive an orange V, while organizations and companies receive a blue V.[44] A graph and declaration certifying the verification appear on verified user pages. There are several kinds of verifications: personal, college, organization, verification for official accounts (government departments, social media platforms and famous companies), andWeibo Master (linked with phone numbers and followers).
To protect the rights and interests of celebrities, Sina Weibo has launched a celebrity authentication system. The celebrity authentication logo is a gold "V" logo after the verified user's name. The certified figures are mainly stars of various industries, business executives and important news parties. From 22:00 on June 12, 2020, users who post comments must follow the blogger for more than 7 days, except for those who have set "people I follow" to comment on themselves. This adjustment will last for 7 days.
Sina produces mobile applications for various platforms to access Sina Weibo, includingAndroid,BlackBerry OS,iOS,Symbian S60,Windows Mobile,Windows Phone andHarmonyOS.[49][50] Sina has also released a desktop client forMicrosoft Windows under the product name Weibo Desktop.[51]
Sina Weibo is available in bothsimplified andtraditional Chinese characters. The site also has versions[52] that cater to users from Hong Kong andTaiwan. In 2011, Weibo developed an international edition in English and other languages. On 9 January 2018, the company ran a week-long public test of its English edition.
Sina Weibo's official iPhone and iPad apps are available in English.
Weibo International supports existing Weibo accounts and allows Facebook accounts to link to the platform; users can also use their mobile phone number (including international mobile phone numbers) to register new accounts.[53]
One of the most recent features of Weibo is Stories. "Weibo's stories" is a video function allowing users to record a video and save them in a separate "Story" menu in their profile page.[54]
Weibo has also launched a new "Vlog" function. Now, every video with a hashtag VLOG will be available in the main search page under "VLOG" sub-menu.[54]
Weibo interviews are text-based interviews hosted on the Weibo platform.[55]: 176 Users post questions to the person being interviewed via Weibo posts and that person responds in real-time.[55]: 176
If a user links their Weibo account to a cell phone number, the user can both make and receive Weibo posts via text message.[55]: 148 The user can then upload posts by texting them to 1069 009 009 and they will appear on Weibo in real time.[55]: 158 Replies or comments to those posts are sent to the user via text message.[55]: 158
Weibo began displaying IP addresses of users when posting and commenting in April 2022.[56]
A centralised approach to information in the form of a topic. Users can post and discuss within the super-hashtags. It is different from regular hashtags, users can apply to be the host and having the authorities to audit and shield the posts. Once the user choose to subscribe the super-hashtag, they will become a member of that community. Their level of membership will increase depend on the sacrifice to the degree of discussion of the super-hashtags (such as signing in, posting, commenting).
After publishing a post, you can choose to increase the exposure of the post bypaying for it and promoting the content to a wider potential audience.
Weilingdi (微领地, literally,micro fief) is another service bundled with Weibo. Similar toFoursquare, Weilingdi is a location-based social networking website formobile devices; the site grew out of Sina's 2011 joint venture with GeoSentric'sGyPSii.[57] Sina's Tuding (图钉) photo-sharing service, similar toInstagram, is also produced by the same joint venture. Sina Lady Weibo (新浪女性微博) specializes in women's interests. Weibo Data Center enables users to access data analysis about a topic of their choice, Sina Weibo's official data, and demographic information. Sina Weibo has also recently released a desktop version available for free download at its website.[51]
On 2 May 2021, a Weibo account belonging to theChinese Communist Party'sCentral Political and Legal Affairs Commission posted an image of rocketLong March 5B's launch next to a photo of mass cremations of the dead in India as a result of theCOVID-19 pandemic with the caption "China lighting a fire versus India lighting a fire". The post was quickly deleted after it faced massive backlash from users and hashtag related to the post also was deleted.[58]
According to a report by theHuman Rights Watch, racist content targetingblack people are strongly prevalent in Chinese social media platforms including Weibo.[59]
In cooperation withinternet censorship in China, Sina sets strict controls over the posts on its services.[60][61] Posts with links using some URL shortening services (including Google's goo.gl), or containing blacklisted keywords,[62][63] are not allowed on Sina Weibo. Posts on politically sensitive topics are deleted after manual checking. Users with few followers may be able to post on censored topics with relative freedom until they reach a critical mass of followers, which triggers enforced content supervision.[64]
Sina Weibo is believed to employ a distributed, heterogeneous strategy for censorship that has a great amount ofdefense-in-depth, which ranges from keyword list filtering to individual user monitoring. Nearly 30% of the total deletion events occur within 5–30 minutes, and nearly 90% of the deletions happen within the first 24 hours.[65]
On 9 March 2010, the posts by Chinese artist and activistAi Weiwei at Sina Weibo to appeal for information on the2008 Sichuan earthquake going public were deleted and his account was closed by the site administrator. Attempts to register accounts with usernames alluding to Ai Weiwei were blocked.[66] On 30 March 2010, Hong Kong singerGigi Leung blogged about the jailedZhao Lianhai, an activist and father to a2008 Chinese milk scandal victim; that post was also deleted by an administrator shortly thereafter.[67]
On 16 March 2012, all users of Sina Weibo in Beijing were told to register with their real names.[68]
Starting on 31 March 2012, the comment function of Sina Weibo was shut down for three days, along withTencent QQ.[69][70]
In May 2012, Sina Weibo introduced new restrictions on the content its users can post.[71]
In October 2012, Sina Weibo heavily censored discussion of theFoxconn strikes in October 2012.[72]
On 4 June 2013, Sina Weibo blocked the terms "Today", "Tonight", "June 4", and "Big Yellow Duck". If a user searched using these terms, a message would appear stating that according to relevant laws, statutes and policies, the results of the search couldn't be shown. This censorship was implemented because aphotoshopped version ofTank Man which swapped all tanks in the photo with the sculptureRubber Duck had been circulating on Twitter.[73][74]
According to aBBC News report, the decreasing number of users since 2014 can be attributed both to the crackdown by the Chinese government on the use of aliases to create accounts and to the rising threat from competitorWeChat.[75]
On 8 September 2017, Weibo gave an ultimatum to its users to verify their accounts with their real names by 15 September.[76] The platform announced that same month that it would hire 1000 "supervisors" from among its users to engage in censorship. These supervisors were supposed to report at least 200 content pieces per month, with those with the best results being rewarded with special prizes, including iPhones and notebooks.[77]
On 18 February 2018, Sina Weibo provided a "Comment moderation" function for both head users and official members. Comments received after opening this feature will not be displayed immediately, instead of requiring approval from moderators. Users can utilize this feature to avoid illegal content appearing in their comment section.[78]
In April 2018, Weibo began a crackdown on anime, games, and short videos depicting "pornography, gore,violence andhomosexuality". TheCCP criticized Weibo's move, following which the company decided to exclude homosexual content from the purge.[79]
On 11 June 2020, the Cybersecurity Administration of China ordered Weibo to suspend its "trending topics" page for a week. The CAC accused Weibo of "dissemination of illegal information".[80]
On 22 February 2022, Horizon News accidentally posted on its Weibo page its instructions not to post anti-Russia content related to the crisis between Russia and Ukraine.[81]
In January 2023, Sina Weibo suspended more than 1,000 social media accounts of critics of theChinese government response to COVID-19.[82]
Chinese social media is dominated by a strong influencer and celebrity fandom culture. Celebrities and digital influencers, or key opinion leaders (KOLs),[83] compete fiercely for higher follower counts to attract lucrative brand deals. Despite some efforts undertaken by Weibo to curb fake engagement,[84] the issue remains pervasive due to the incentives for influencers and the advanced nature of fake engagement tools.[85]
In 2018, a government crackdown exposed widespread manipulation on Sina Weibo, resulting in the temporary banning of numerous celebrities from its rankings. Notable figures likeWang Sicong were removed from the "hot searches" list, revealing a black market for manipulating rankings. Celebrities and KOLs exploit these tactics to enhance their visibility and suppress unfavorable stories. Weibo acknowledged this problem, listing banned terms and promising increased efforts to manage illegal content. Despite these measures, services offering to boost hashtags into top trending topics for a fee remain prevalent.[86][87]
Weibo is also inundated with fake followers, with 10,000 zombie followers costing around 10 yuan according to a 2019Caixin report. Celebrity fan clubs act as comprehensive fake social media traffic generators, employing dedicated teams to create content and boost engagement figures.[88] Reports indicate that a significant portion of top influencers have used these services to meet the minimum follower requirements for attracting advertisers.[85]
Average organic post view is around 10% – 15% on Weibo. To attract more followers, there are 3 types of paid ads options available:[89]
On 8 June 2011,Tianjin Airlines unveiled anEmbraer E-190 jet in special Sina Weibolivery and named it "Sina Weibo plane" (新浪微博号). It is the first commercial airplane to be named after a website in China.[91]
In January 2012, Sina Weibo also announced that they would be sponsoring Spanish football clubVillarreal CF for its match againstFC Barcelona, to increase its fanbase in China.[92]
On 5 February 2018, Weibo officially announced that it will become the exclusive partner of the New Media Social Platform of theCCTV Spring Festival Gala in 2018 to attract more Chinese people worldwide to use Weibo.[93]
As of 19 April 2019, the following ten individuals managed the most popular accounts (name handle in parentheses) and the number of followers:
On 13 September 2013, the unverified handle "veggieg" (widely believed to beFaye Wong) posted a message suggesting that she had divorced her husband. The message was commented and re-posted more than a million times in four hours. The record was broken on 31 March 2014 byWen Zhang, who posted a long apology admitting an extramarital affair when his wifeMa Yili was pregnant with their second child. This message was commented and re-posted more than 2.5 million times in 10 hours. (Ma's response generated 2.18 million responses in 12 hours.)[94] On 22 June 2014,TFBOYS member Wang Junkai was awarded a Guinness World Record title for a Weibo post that was reposted 42,776,438 times.[95]Luhan holds the Guinness World Record for most comments.[96]
(in Chinese)
