| Sîn-šumu-līšir | |
|---|---|
| King of Assyria King of Babylon | |
 | |
| Usurper in theNeo-Assyrian Empire | |
| Reign | 626 BC |
| Predecessor | Sîn-šar-iškun |
| Successor | Sîn-šar-iškun |
| Died | 626 BC |
| Akkadian | Sîn-šumu-līšir Sîn-šumu-lēšir |
Sîn-šumu-līšir orSîn-šumu-lēšir[3] (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian:𒀭𒌍𒈬𒋛𒁲,romanized: Sîn-šumu-līšir[4] orSîn-šumu-lēšir,[2] meaning "Sîn, make the name prosper!"),[5][6][7] also spelledSin-shum-lishir,[8] was ausurper king in theNeo-Assyrian Empire, ruling some cities in northernBabylonia for three months in 626 BC during a revolt against the rule of the kingSîn-šar-iškun. He was the onlyeunuch to ever claim the throne ofAssyria.
Nothing is known of Sîn-šumu-līšir's background or family and he first appears as a prominent courtier and general in the reign ofAššur-etil-ilāni (r. 631–627 BC). After the death of Aššur-etil-ilāni's father and predecessorAshurbanipal (r. 669–631 BC), Sîn-šumu-līšir was instrumental in securing Aššur-etil-ilāni's rise to the throne and consolidating his position as king by defeating attempted revolts against his rule. It is possible that Sîn-šumu-līšir, as a prominent general close to the king, was thede facto ruler of Assyria throughout Aššur-etil-ilāni's reign.
Aššur-etil-ilāni died in 627 BC after a very short reign and in the following year, Sîn-šumu-līšir rebelled against Aššur-etil-ilāni's brother and successor Sîn-šar-iškun, possibly due to feeling that his prominent position was threatened by the rise of the new king. Sîn-šumu-līšir successfully seized cities such asNippur andBabylon but was defeated by Sîn-šar-iškun after just three months.
Nothing is known of Sîn-šumu-līšir's background or family.[9] He was aeunuch and probably already a prominent courtier during the reign ofAshurbanipal (r. 669–631 BC).[10] Eunuchs had often been appointed to prominent government positions in the Assyrian Empire because they could have no dynastic aspirations and thus in the mind of the Assyrians could not represent potential threats.[9] After Ashurbanipal's death, Sîn-šumu-līšir played a key role in securing the rise of his sonAššur-etil-ilāni to the throne, probably with the aid of his own private soldiers.[10] Sîn-šumu-līšir is then first mentioned inAssyrian sources as therab ša rēši (great/chief eunuch)[9] of Aššur-etil-ilāni.[8] He is likely to have been the head of Aššur-etil-ilāni's household[9] and was probably a prominent general who had served the new king since his youth.[8]
As in many other successions in Assyrian history, Aššur-etil-ilāni's rise to the Assyrian throne in 631 BC was initially met with opposition and unrest.[11] An official named Nabu-riḫtu-uṣur attempted to seize the Assyrian throne with the help of another official called Sîn-šar-ibni. As the king'srab ša rēši, it is likely that Sîn-šumu-līšir played a role in suppressing the conspiracy, which appears to have been crushed relatively quickly.[8] In addition to suppressing the revolt, there is also a preserved tablet which records a treaty imposed by Sîn-šumu-līšir on three private individuals, guaranteeing Aššur-etil-ilāni's sovereignty.[12] The text of this treaty is highly similar to the succession treaties created by Aššur-etil-ilāni's grandfatherEsarhaddon in the 670s BC to ensure the succession of Ashurbanipal.[13] Sîn-šumu-līšir is also recorded as receiving land from Aššur-etil-ilāni, possibly as a rewards for his service to the king.[8]
It is possible that Sîn-šumu-līšir, as a prominent general closely tied to the king, was thede facto ruler of Assyria during Aššur-etil-ilāni's reign. Aššur-etil-ilāni died under obscure circumstances in 627 BC, after just four years as king. Aššur-etil-ilāni'sBabylonian vassal king Kandalanu also died at roughly the same time and Aššur-etil-ilāni's brotherSîn-šar-iškun assumed rulership of the entireNeo-Assyrian Empire. Immediately after Sîn-šar-iškun became king, Sîn-šumu-līšir rebelled against him, possibly due to feeling that his prominent position was threatened by the rise of a new king.[14] Though a military leader attempting to claim the throne during a time of crisis and succession wasn't necessarily unusual, the possibility that a eunuch would do so had never been entertained prior to Sîn-šumu-līšir's attempt.[15] He was the only eunuch to ever claim the throne of Assyria.[9] It is possible that a set of undated seal impressions fromNineveh containing the image of a beardless king could depict Sîn-šumu-līšir, as Assyrian kings were always depicted with beards but eunuchs were always depicted beardless.[2]
Seeking to seize power for himself, Sîn-šumu-līšir quickly took some key cities in northern Babylonia, includingNippur andBabylon itself.[16] Though his area of control was limited to parts of Babylonia, it is unclear if Sîn-šumu-līšir claimed the title "king of Babylon" in addition to "king of Assyria".[17] Modern historians typically include him in lists of Babylonian kings, as did some ancient Babylonian king lists.[18][19] Sîn-šumu-līšir never successfully took control of the Assyrian Empire and his tenure as "king" in Nippur and Babylon lasted only three months before Sîn-šar-iškun successfully defeated him.[16] In a later Babylonianepic, the killing of Sîn-šumu-līšir, in the story called the "almighty commander of the eunuchs", is attributed toNabopolassar (the first king of theNeo-Babylonian Empire), rather than Sîn-šar-iškun.[7]
Despite being a usurper and not successfully taking control of the Assyrian heartland, Sîn-šumu-līšir is routinely listed in modernhistoriography as one of the final Assyrian kings, together with the legitimate rulers Aššur-etil-ilāni and Sîn-šar-iškun.[3][20]
Sîn-šumu-līšir Died: 626 BC | ||
| Preceded by | King of Assyria (Usurper) 626 BC | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | King of Babylon 626 BC | |
