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Simultaneous hermaphroditism

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Type of hermaphroditism
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Simultaneous hermaphroditism is one of the two types ofhermaphroditism, the other type beingsequential hermaphroditism. In this form of hermaphroditism an individual hassex organs of bothsexes and can produce bothgamete types[1] even in the same breeding season.[2]

The distinction between simultaneous hermaphroditism and sequential hermaphroditism is not always clear.[3] But unlike sequential hermaphrodites, simultaneous hermaphrodites are both male and female atsexual maturity. Alsosex determination does not apply to simultaneous hermaphrodites (except in species with mix mating systems).[4] In simultaneous hermaphrodites,self-fertilization is possible in some species, where in others it is absent.[5]

Evolution

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Main article:Evolution of sexual reproduction

The evolution ofanisogamy possibly contributed to the evolution of Simultaneous hermaphroditism.[6] It is known that simultaneous hermaphroditism that exclusively reproduces through self-fertilization has evolved many times in plants and animals, but it might not last long evolutionarily.[7]: 14 

The primary model explaining the evolution of simultaneous hermaphroditism fromgonochorism in animals is the low density model.[8] This model explains simultaneous hermaphroditism as a reproductive adaptation to limited mating opportunities. This is advantageous to simultaneous hermaphrodites that can self-fertilize, because they are able to reproduce even if they fail to find a sexual partner. The low density model is helpful for understanding the development of simultaneous hermaphroditism in many animal species. For example, incrustaceans simultaneous hermaphroditism can be found in groups that aresessile or live in environments with limited mating opportunities.[9]

Plants

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This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(September 2021)

Most plants are simultaneous hermaphrodites[10] with it occurring in 80% ofangiosperms.[5] Angiosperms reproduce by means of sexual reproduction, where the same flower possesses both gametes to produce offspring.[11]

Animals

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Simultaneous hermaphroditism is one of the most commonsexual systems in animals.[12] The majority ofCocculinoidea are simultaneous hermaphrodites[13] and it occurs in over 67% ofcoral species.[14]

References

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  1. ^Cabej, Nelson R. (2013).Building the Most Complex Structure on Earth: An Epigenetic Narrative of Development and Evolution of Animals. Newnes. p. 101.ISBN 978-0-12-401729-0.
  2. ^Charnov, Eric L. (2020).The Theory of Sex Allocation. (MPB-18), Volume 18. Princeton University Press. p. 7.ISBN 978-0-691-21005-6.
  3. ^Ponder, Winston Frank; Lindberg, David R.; Ponder, Juliet Mary (2019).Biology and Evolution of the Mollusca, Volume 1. CRC Press. p. 439.ISBN 978-1-351-11565-0.
  4. ^Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019).The Biology of Reproduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 299–300.ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9.
  5. ^abRosenfield, Kevin A. (2018),"Hermaphrodite", in Vonk, Jennifer; Shackelford, Todd (eds.),Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–2,doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_329-1,ISBN 978-3-319-47829-6, retrieved2021-09-24
  6. ^Schärer L (February 2017)."The varied ways of being male and female".Molecular Reproduction and Development.84 (2):94–104.doi:10.1002/mrd.22775.PMID 28032683.
  7. ^Leonard JL (2019).Transitions Between Sexual Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms of, and Pathways Between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems. Springer.ISBN 978-3-319-94139-4.
  8. ^Ghiselin, Michael (1969). "The evolution of hermaphroditism among animals".The Quarterly Review of Biology.44 (2):189–208.doi:10.1086/406066.PMID 4901396.S2CID 38139187.
  9. ^Beukeboom, Leo; Perrin, Nicolas (2014).The Evolution of Sex Determination. OUP Oxford. pp. 29–30.ISBN 978-0-19-163139-9.
  10. ^Doust, Jon Lovett; Doust, Lesley Lovett (1988).Plant Reproductive Ecology: Patterns and Strategies. Oxford University Press. p. 142.ISBN 978-0-19-506394-3.
  11. ^Biology LibreTexts, "Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms,"https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Map%3A_Raven_Biology_12th_Edition/40%3A_Plant_Reproduction/40.03%3A_Structure_and_Evolution_of_Flowers/40.3.1%3A_Sexual_Reproduction_in_Angiosperms (accessed June 28, 2025).
  12. ^Leonard J, Cordoba-Aguilar A (2010).The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals. Oxford University Press, US. p. 20.ISBN 978-0-19-532555-3.
  13. ^Leonard, Janet; Cordoba-Aguilar, Alex (2010).The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals. Oxford University Press. p. 130.ISBN 978-0-19-971703-3.
  14. ^Avise, John C. (2011).Hermaphroditism: A Primer on the Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Dual Sexuality. Columbia University Press. p. 83.ISBN 978-0-231-52715-6.
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