Silly Putty is atoy containingsiliconepolymers that have unusual physical properties. It can flow like a liquid, bounce and can be stretched or broken depending on the amount of physical stress to which it is subjected. It containsviscoelastic liquid silicones, a type ofnon-Newtonian fluid, which makes it act as a viscous liquid over a long period of time but as an elastic solid over a short time period. It was originally created during research into a potentialrubber substitute for use by the United States inWorld War II.[1][2][3]
The nameSilly Putty is atrademark ofCrayola LLC.[4] Other names are used to market similar substances from other manufacturers.
As a bouncingputty, Silly Putty is noted for its unusual characteristics. It bounces when dropped from a height, but breaks when struck or stretched sharply; it can also float in a liquid and will form apuddle given enough time. Silly Putty and most other retail putty products haveviscoelastic agents added to reduce the flow and enable the putty to hold its shape.[5]
The original coral-colored Silly Putty is composed of 65%dimethylsiloxane (hydroxy-terminated polymers withboric acid), 17%silica (crystalline quartz), 9% Thixatrol ST (castor oil derivative), 4%polydimethylsiloxane, 1% decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, 1%glycerine, and 1%titanium dioxide.[6]
Silly Putty's unusual flow characteristics are due to the ingredientpolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), aviscoelastic substance. Viscoelasticity is a type ofnon-Newtonian flow, characterizing a material that acts as aviscousliquid over a long time period but as anelasticsolid over a short time period.[7] Because its apparent viscosity increases directly with respect to the amount of force applied, Silly Putty can be characterized as adilatant fluid.[5]
SillyPutty is also a fairly goodadhesive. Whennewspaper ink was petroleum based, Silly Putty could be used to transfer newspaper images to other surfaces, providing amusement by distorting the transferred image afterwards. Newer papers with soy-based inks are more resistant to this process.[8]
Generally, Silly Putty is difficult to remove from textured items such as dirt and clothing. Hand sanitizers containing alcohol are often helpful. Silly Putty will dissolve when in contact with an alcohol; after the alcohol evaporates, the material will not exhibit its original properties.[9]
If Silly Putty is submerged in warm or hot water, it will become softer and thus "melt" much faster. It also becomes harder to remove small amounts of it from surfaces. After a long period of time, it will return to its original viscosity.[6]
Silly Putty is sold as a 13 g (0.46 oz) piece of clay inside an egg-shaped plastic container. The Silly Putty brand is owned by Crayola LLC (formerly the Binney & Smith company). As of July 2009[update], twenty thousand eggs of Silly Putty are sold daily. Since 1950, more than 300 million eggs of Silly Putty (approximately 4,500 short tons or 4,100 tonnes) have been sold.[10] It is available in various colors, includingglow-in-the-dark and metallic. Other brands offer similar materials, sometimes in larger-sized containers, and in a similarly wide variety of colors or with different properties, such as magnetism andiridescence.[citation needed]
During World War II,Japan invaded rubber-producing countries as it expanded itssphere of influence in thePacific Rim. Rubber was vital for the production ofrafts,tires,vehicle andaircraft parts,gas masks, andboots. In the US, all rubber products were rationed; citizens were encouraged to make their rubber products last until the end of the war and to donate spare tires, boots, and coats. Meanwhile, the government funded research into synthetic rubber compounds to attempt to solve this shortage.[11]
Credit for the invention of Silly Putty is disputed[12] and has been attributed variously toEarl Warrick[3] of the then newly formedDow Corning; Harvey Chin; andJames Wright, aScottish-born inventor working forGeneral Electric inNew Haven,Connecticut.[13] Throughout his life, Warrick insisted that he and his colleague, Rob Roy McGregor, received the patent for Silly Putty before Wright did;[14] but Crayola's history of Silly Putty states that Wright first invented it in 1943.[11][15][16] Both researchers independently discovered that reactingboric acid withsilicone oil would produce a gooey, bouncy material with several unique properties. The non-toxic putty would bounce when dropped, could stretch farther than regular rubber, would not go moldy, and had a very high melting temperature. However, the substance did not have all the properties needed to replace rubber.[1]
In 1949, toy store owner Ruth Fallgatter came across the putty. She contacted marketing consultant Peter C. L. Hodgson (1912–1976).[17] The two decided to market the bouncing putty by selling it in a clear case. Although it sold well, Fallgatter did not pursue it further. However, Hodgson saw its potential.[1][5]
Already US$12,000 in debt, Hodgson borrowed $147 to buy a batch of the putty to pack 1 oz (28 g) portions into plastic eggs for $1, calling it Silly Putty. Initial sales were poor, but after aNew Yorker article mentioned it, Hodgson sold over 250,000 eggs of silly putty in three days.[5] However, Hodgson was almost put out of business in 1951 by theKorean War. Silicone, the main ingredient in silly putty, was put on ration, harming his business. A year later, the restriction on silicone was lifted and the production of Silly Putty resumed.[10][18] Initially, it was primarily targeted towards adults. However, by 1955, the majority of its customers were aged six to twelve. In 1957, Hodgson produced the first televised commercial for Silly Putty, which aired during theHowdy Doody Show.[19]
In 1961, Silly Putty went worldwide, becoming a hit in theSoviet Union and Europe. In 1968, it was taken intolunar orbit by theApollo 8 astronauts.[18]
Peter Hodgson died in 1976. A year later, Binney & Smith, the makers of Crayola products, acquired the rights to Silly Putty. As of 2005[update], annual Silly Putty sales exceeded six million eggs.[20]
Silly Putty was inducted into theNational Toy Hall of Fame on May 28, 2001.[21]
In addition to its success as a toy, other uses for the putty have been found. In the home, it can be used to remove substances such as dirt, lint, pet hair, or ink from various surfaces. The material's unique properties have found niche use in medical and scientific applications.Occupational therapists use it for rehabilitative therapy of hand injuries.[22] A number of other brands (such asPower Putty andTheraPutty) alter the material's properties, offering different levels of resistance. The material is also used as a tool to help reduce stress, and exists in various viscosities based on the user's preference.[citation needed]
Because of itsadhesive characteristics, it was used by Apolloastronauts to secure their tools in zero gravity.[23] Scale model building hobbyists use the putty as a masking medium when spray-painting model assemblies.[24][25] TheSteward Observatory uses a Silly-Putty backedlap to polish astronomical telescope mirrors.[26][27]
Researchers fromTrinity College Dublin School of Physics (Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Research Centers) have discovered nano composite mixtures ofgraphene and Silly Putty behave as sensitive pressure sensors, claiming the ability to measure the footsteps of a spider crawling on it.[28]
See patent pages
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