Silas Deane | |
|---|---|
 Silas Deane, 1781 | |
| United States Envoy to France | |
| In office March 2, 1776 – January 4, 1778 Serving with Benjamin Franklin,Arthur Lee | |
| Appointed by | Continental Congress |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | John Adams |
| Delegate to theSecond Continental Congress fromConnecticut | |
| In office May 10, 1775 – January 15, 1776 | |
| Delegate to theFirst Continental Congress fromConnecticut | |
| In office September 5, 1774 – October 26, 1774 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 4, 1738 Groton, Connecticut |
| Died | September 23, 1789 (1789-09-24) (aged 51) on a ship nearKent,Great Britain |
| Resting place | St. Leonard's Churchyard,Deal, Kent, United Kingdom |
| Spouses | |
| Children | Jesse Deane |
| Alma mater | Yale |
Silas Deane (January 4, 1738 [O.S. December 24, 1737] – September 23, 1789) was an American merchant, politician, and diplomat, and a supporter of American independence. Deane served as a delegate to theContinental Congress, where he signed theContinental Association, and then became the first foreign diplomat from the United States to France, where he helped negotiate the 1778Treaty of Alliance that allied France with the United States during theAmerican Revolutionary War.
Near the end of the war,Congress charged Deane with financial impropriety, and the British intercepted and published some letters in which he had implied that the American cause was hopeless. After the war, Deane lived inGhent and London and died under mysterious circumstances while attempting to return to America.[1]
Deane was born on January 4, 1738 [O.S. December 24, 1737][2] inGroton, Connecticut, toblacksmith Silas Deane and his wife Hannah Barker. The younger Silas was able to obtain a full scholarship toYale and graduated in 1758.[3] In April 1759, he was hired to tutor a youngEdward Bancroft inHartford, Connecticut.[4] In 1761, Deane was admitted to the bar and practiced law for a short time outside of Hartford before moving toWethersfield, Connecticut, and establishing a thriving business as a merchant.[3]
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Deane married twice, both times to wealthy widows from Wethersfield. In 1763, he married Mehitable (Nott) Webb after assisting her with the settlement of her first husband's estate. They had one son, Jesse, born in 1764. Mehitable died in 1767.[3][5] In 1770, Deane married Elizabeth (Saltonstall) Evards, granddaughter of Connecticut GovernorGurdon Saltonstall of the MassachusettsSaltonstall family. Elizabeth died in 1777 while Silas was in France. Both Mehitable and Elizabeth were buried in theOld Wethersfield Village Cemetery.[6]
In 1768, Deane was elected to theConnecticut House of Representatives; in 1769, he was appointed to the Wethersfield Committee of Correspondence; and from 1774 to 1776, he served as a delegate from Connecticut to theContinental Congress.[3]
While a member of Congress, Deane used his influence to obtain a commission in the Continental Army for his stepson Samuel B. Webb, who had accompanied him toPhiladelphia.[7] Deane excelled in the committee work of Congress, helping to coordinate the attack onFort Ticonderoga and to establish theUnited States Navy.[3]
A dispute arose between Deane and fellow Connecticut delegateRoger Sherman over the appointment ofIsrael Putnam as amajor general underGeorge Washington's command. This dispute led the Connecticut legislature to replace Deane as a delegate to Congress; but instead of returning to Connecticut, Deane remained inPhiladelphia to assist Congress.[3][8]
On March 2, 1776, Congress appointed Deane as a secret envoy to France with the mission of inducing the French government to grant financial aid to the colonies.[9] He began negotiating with French Foreign MinisterComte de Vergennes as soon as he arrived in Paris. Deane organized the shipment of arms and munitions to the colonies with the assistance ofPierre Beaumarchais, the playwright and outspoken supporter of American independence.[10][11] Deane also tacitly approved the plot of ScotsmanJames Aitken (John the Painter) to destroyRoyal Navy stores and dockyards inPortsmouth andPlymouth, England, on behalf of the Continental cause.[12]
Deane's position was officially recognized afterBenjamin Franklin andArthur Lee arrived in Paris in December 1776, with orders from Congress appointing the trio as the diplomatic delegation to France.[13] Deane recruited the services of several foreign soldiers to the cause, includingMarquis de Lafayette, BaronJohann de Kalb,Thomas Conway,Casimir Pulaski, andBaron von Steuben. For a variety of reasons, many of the foreign officers were unpopular in America, and many in Congress blamed Deane for their behavior,[14][15] leading them to recall him on December 8, 1777.[16]
On February 6, 1778, Deane and the other commissioners signed the Treaties ofAmity and Commerce and ofAlliance, officially creating the alliance between France and the American colonies.[17]
On March 4, 1778, Deane received a letter fromJames Lovell containing the recall order from Congress. Lovell only mentioned giving a report to Congress about European affairs, and Deane fully expected to be sent back to Paris within a few months.[18] France sent Deane back home aboard a warship.Louis XVI also presented Deane with a portrait framed with diamonds, and bothVergennes and Franklin wrote letters of commendation.[14]
Deane arrived in Philadelphia on July 14, 1778, and was shocked when Congress accused him of financial impropriety on the basis of reports by his fellow commissioner Arthur Lee.[3] Because Deane had left his account books in Paris, he was neither able to properly defend himself nor seek reimbursement for money he had spent procuring supplies in France.[19][20] (While he waited to address Congress, Deane stayed withBenedict Arnold, who had just been appointed military governor of Philadelphia.)[21]
In a long and bitter dispute over the charges, Deane was defended before Congress byJohn Jay.[22] He published a public defense in the December 5, 1778, issue ofPennsylvania Packet entitledThe Address of Silas Deane to the Free and Virtuous Citizens of America, in which he attacked Arthur Lee, other members of theLee family, and their associates.[23] Arthur's brothersRichard Henry Lee andFrancis Lightfoot Lee both denounced Deane's accusations as libelous and injurious to the American cause.[a][23] On January 14, 1779, Deane replied in thePennsylvania Packet, listing eight ships that had sailed from France with supplies because of his efforts. Congress offered him $10,000 in depreciatedContinental currency in compensation, but Deane refused, believing the amount too small.[23][18] Deane was allowed to return to Paris in 1780 to settle his affairs and attempt to assemble the records in dispute. On arrival, he discovered that he was nearly ruined financially because the value of his investments had plummeted, and some ships carrying his merchandise had been captured by the British.[24]
In March 1781, KingGeorge III approved a request fromLord North to bribe Deane in an attempt to recruit him as a spy and to influence Congress.[25] However, in mid-July they cancelled their plan after the king read intercepted letters in which Deane described the military situation of theColonies as hopeless and suggested a rapprochement with Britain. Deane's correspondence was then forwarded to GeneralHenry Clinton, who provided copies toLoyalistJames Rivington to publish in his newspaperRivington's Royal Gazette in New York City. Deane was then accused of treason by his fellow colonists.[25] Rivington may have been a spy as a member of theCulper Ring,[26] and unbeknownst to Deane, his former secretary in Paris,Edward Bancroft, had been a British spy.[27]
In October 1781, Deane moved to Ghent where he could live more cheaply than in Paris. Then in March 1783, he moved to London, hoping to find investors for manufacturing ventures that he planned to pursue after he returned to North America. He toured several manufacturing towns in England in late 1783, considering plans for steam engines that could operate grist mills, even consultingJames Watt for advice. He also tried to attract investors for a planned canal linkingLake Champlain and theSt. Lawrence River.[28] In 1784, he published a defense of his actions during the war entitledAn Address to the Free and Independent Citizens of the United States of North America.[29]
In the fall of 1787, Deane became bedridden from an unknown illness and did not fully recover until April 1789. His condition depleted his remaining money and forced him to depend on the charity of friends. In the summer of 1788, a Frenchman named Foulloy approachedThomas Jefferson in Paris with an account book and a letter book dating from Deane's diplomatic mission, apparently stolen from Deane during his illness. Foulloy threatened to sell the books to the British government if Jefferson did not purchase them—which Jefferson eventually did after negotiating a greatly reduced price.[30]
In 1789, Deane planned to return to North America in an attempt to recoup his lost fortune and reputation. After boarding the shipBoston Packet, he became ill and died on September 23 while the ship was awaiting repairs after turning back following damage from fierce winds.[31] In 1959, historianJulian P. Boyd suggested that Deane might have been poisoned by Bancroft, because Bancroft might have felt threatened by Deane's possible testimony to Congress.[1][32]
Silas Deane's granddaughter Philura (Deane) Alden pressed his case before Congress, and his family was eventually paid $37,000 in 1841 (more than a million dollars in the early 21st century) for the money owed to him, on the grounds that the previous audit by the Continental Congress was "ex parte, erroneous, and a gross injustice to Silas Deane".[33]
Deane's hometown of Wethersfield, Connecticut, has a Silas Deane Middle School and aSilas Deane Highway. A road inLedyard, Connecticut, is named for him. Deane's home in Wethersfield, now theSilas Deane House, has been restored, declared aNational Historic Landmark, and opened to the public as a part of theWebb-Deane-Stevens Museum.[34] Dean Street inBrooklyn is named for him.[35]
| Envoys to France (1776–1779) |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Ministers Plenipotentiary to France (1778–1815) | ||
| Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to France (1816–1893) | ||
| Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to France (1893–present) | ||
