| Sikkim expedition | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theCentury of Humiliation | |||||||
 The theatre of war in Sikkim | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Wen Shuo Lhalu Yeshe Norbu Wangchug |  Thomas Graham | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 4000-5000 (estimated) | 1500-1600 (estimated) | ||||||
| Sikkimese Militia Leader " Tenzing T.T Wangchuk " spotted during this conflict | |||||||
| Lingtu | |
|---|---|
  Lingtu | |
| Highest point | |
| Coordinates | 27°16′08″N88°47′34″E / 27.2688°N 88.7927°E /27.2688; 88.7927 |
| Geography | |
| Parent range | Himalayas |
TheSikkim expedition (Chinese:隆吐山戰役;pinyin:Lóngtǔ Shān Zhànyì;lit. 'Battle of the Longtu Mountain') was an 1888British military expedition to expelTibetan forces fromSikkim. The roots of the conflict lay in British–Tibetan competition for suzerainty over Sikkim.
Sikkim had a long history of relations with Tibet.Buddhism was the state religion and itsChogyal rulers were descended fromShabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, a Tibetan saint who unifiedBhutan[citation needed]. In the first half of the 19th century, the British extended their influence to theHimalayas and Sikkim signed theTreaty of Tumlong with the British in 1861. As the British established relations withNepal, Sikkim and Bhutan, Tibetan influence waned and inLhasa andPeking it was feared that if left unopposed, the British would encroach into Tibet through Sikkim.
Thutob Namgyal, the 9th Chogyal of Sikkim, looked to theDalai Lama for spiritual leadership and during his reign the Tibetan government started to regain political influence over Sikkim. Under the 1861 treaty, the Chogyal was restricted to spending no more than three months in Tibet but he frequently ignored this provision and in 1887, after having resided for almost two years in Tibet he declined to travel toDarjeeling to meet with the Lieutenant-Governor arguing that theAmban in Lhasa had forbidden him to do so.[1] Meanwhile, he had ordered that the revenue collected be sent toChumbi, a clear sign of his intention not to return to Sikkim.[1]
In 1884 the Indian government prepared to send a diplomatic mission to the Tibetan capitalLhasa to define the spheres of influence of the Tibetan and Indian governments.Colman Macaulay was to be the responsible for the negotiations but the mission was indefinitely postponed after the Tibetan government dispatched an expedition of 300 soldiers that crossed theJelep La pass and occupied Lingtu around 13 miles (21 km) into Sikkim.
The British decided to suspend the Macaulay mission since its presence was the Tibetan's argument for their occupation. However, instead of retreating the Tibetans showed every sign of being there to stay. They built a fortified gate on the road that crossed Lingtu coming from Darjeeling and into Tibet, and also constructed a fort for its defence. After negotiations with the Chinese stalled, the Indian government ordered the despatch of a military expedition to Lingtu to restore Indian control of the road.
Starting in 1888, while negotiations carried on the British prepared for a military solution. In January they sent to the frontier the headquarters and one wing of the32nd Pioneers to repair the Rongli bridge and the road, and prepared resting locations for the expedition atSevoke and Riang in theTerai.[1] The Tibetan government received an ultimatum to withdraw their troops by 15 March.[2]
On 25 February Brig-Gen Thomas Graham RA was ordered to march. His forces mustered the 2nd BattalionSherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment), HQ wing13th Bengal Infantry, four guns from the 9-1st Northern DivisionRoyal Artillery and the32nd Pioneers.[2] His orders were to expel the Tibetans from Lingtu and reestablish Indian control of the road up to theJelep La, while securingGantok andTumlong from possible reprisals. He was not instructed to cross into Tibet but the decision was left to his discretion.
An advanced depot was established atDolepchen and the entire force was assembled atPadong by 14 March when it was divided into two columns, the Lingtu column commanded by Graham and theIntchi column by Lt-Col Mitchell.
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Mitchell sent 200 men toPakyong while he remained in Padong.[3] Graham advanced toSedongchen, about 7 miles (11 km) from Lingtu, on the 19th and the next day he attacked the Tibetan stockade at Jeluk.[3] The Tibetans had barricaded the road and erected a stockade on a hill that dominated the road. Graham advanced up the road with the pioneers in front clearing the path from bamboo and foliage, followed by a hundred men of the Derbyshire and the two artillery pieces.[3] The advance was slow due to the difficult terrain, but once they reached the stockade the Tibetans retreated after a short struggle. In spite of the fortifications the defenders' bows and matchlocks were outgunned by the British modern rifles and artillery. After carrying the stockade, the British drove the defenders off a stone breastwork that covered the back of the stockade and stopped short their pursuit of the retreating Tibetans.[4]
After the battle of Jeluk, Graham reformed his men and advanced down the road as far asGarnei, within a mile of the Lingtu fort, and camped there for the night.[4] The next morning the column advanced slowly through the mist and snow to the Tibetan positions and around 11 o'clock the 32nd Pioneers occupied the gate of the fort which was guarded only by some 30 Tibetan soldiers.[5]
After escaping from Lingtu, the Tibetans crossed the border and rallied in the Chumbi valley, defeated but not destroyed. In fact they received reinforcements and the British readied their defences inGnathong, a plateau some three or four miles north of Lingtu.[6] On 21 May the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal arrived at Gnathong and the Tibetans attacked the British defences the next day at 7 AM with 3,000 men (British claim).[6] The fighting lasted until 10 a.m. when the Tibetans retreated. The British admitted three killed and eight wounded and claimed to have killed around a hundred Tibetans.[6] The Tibetans retreated back across the Jelap La and no other combat took place, so in June the British started to send some of the troops back to Darjeeling.[7]
Towards the end of July, as theBritish withdrawal continued, renewed Tibetan activity was observed on the other side of the border.[7] The Tibetans werefortifying the mountain passes above theChumbi valley. Colonel Graham had at his disposition only 500 men plus a garrison at Gnathong, while theBengal government estimated the Tibetan strength betweenRinchingong and Kophu at 7,000, plus a reserve atLingamathang of 1,000 soldiers.[7] Quickly theBengal authorities sent reinforcements and by the end of August, Graham's forces at Gnathong had risen to 1,691 soldiers and four guns.[7]
After someskirmishes, the Tibetans crossed the Tuko La pass some two miles from Gnathong. Quickly they started building a wall on the ridge of the pass, some three or four feet high and almost four miles wide.[8] Colonel Graham attacked the Tibetan positions around 8 a.m. with three columns. He led the left column, which attacked theblockhouse that guarded theTuko La pass. Lieutenant-Colonel Bromhead commanded the centre column that was to advance up the main road to Tuko La. The right column, commanded by Major Craigie-Halkett, was to occupy the saddle-back north east of Woodcock hill and hold the Tibetans' left.[8] Around 9:30 am the attack was opened with the bombardment of the Tibetan left flank by the artillery of the British right. At 10:30 the other two British columns were in contact with the Tibetans, and the British penetrated the defences and captured the Tuko La pass, after which the Tibetans retreated through the Nim La pass.[9] After securing his flanks, Colonel Graham moved to attack the Tibetans at the Jelep La pass which was attacked at 2:00 pm and captured shortly afterwards.[10] The next day the pursuit continued and by 4:00 pm the British had occupied Rinchingong.[11]
The next day, 26 September, the British advanced 3 miles (4.8 km) along the Ammo Chu, and bivouacked for the night at Myatong (Yatung).[11] The Tibetans were disorganized and did not oppose the enemy's progress.
Meanwhile, Graham found it necessary to advance toGangtok, the capital of Sikkim, where the pro-Tibetan party had ousted the pro-Indian opposition. Colonel Mitchell, with 150 men from the 13th Bengal Infantry, marched to the city on the 23 September.[11]
After the advance on Chumbi and Gangtok, military operations stalled. On 21 December, the Chinese resident in Lhasa arrived at Gnathong and negotiations began, but no agreement was reached so the Amban returned to Rinchingong where he received orders to wait for Mr. T. H. Hart, of theChinese Imperial Customs Service, who finally arrived to Gnathong on 22 March 1889.[12] Eventually the Anglo-ChineseConvention of Calcutta was signed on 17 March 1890 atKolkata, which established the Tibetan renunciation of suzerainty over Sikkim, and delimited the border between Tibet and Sikkim.[12]
