Agurdwara orgurudwara (Punjabi:ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ,romanized: gurdu'ārā,lit. 'door of theguru') is a place of assembly andworship inSikhism, but its normal meaning is "place of guru" or "home of guru".Sikhs also refer to gurdwaras asGurdwara Sahib. People from all faiths and religions are welcomed in gurdwaras. Each gurdwara has aDarbar Sahib where theGuru Granth Sahib is placed on atakht (an elevated throne) in a prominent central position. Any congregant (sometimes with specialized training, in which case they are known by the termgranthi) may recite, sing, and explain the verses from theGuru Granth Sahib, in the presence of the rest of the congregation.
All gurdwaras have alangar hall, where people can eat freelacto-vegetarian food served by volunteers at the gurdwara.[1] They may also have a medical facility room, library, nursery, classroom, meeting rooms, playground, sports ground, a gift shop, and finally a repair shop.[2] A gurdwara can be identified from a distance by tall flagpoles bearing theNishan Sahib, the Sikh flag.
The best-known gurdwaras are in the Darbar Sahib complex inAmritsar,Punjab,[3] includingGolden Temple (Sri Harmandir Sahib), the spiritual center of the Sikhs andAkal Takht, the political center of the Sikhs.[3]
Sikhs believe that Guru Nanak was ordained directly byGod to constructdharamsals (places of worship; meaning ‘abode of righteousness’), as per the B.40Janamsakhi:[4][5]
Guru Nanak [answered God]. Your Panth will flourish. The salutation of your followers shall be: 'In the name of the true Guru I fall at your feet'. The salutation of the Vaisnava Panth is: 'In the name of Rama and Krisna'. The salutation of the Sanyasi Panth is: 'In the name of Narayan I bow before you'. The Yogi's salutation is: 'Hail to the primal One'. The Muslims' cry is: 'In the name of the One God peace be with you'. You are Nanak and your Panth will flourish. Your followers shall be called Nanak-panthis and their salutation will be: 'In the name of the true Guru I fall at your feet'. I shall bless your Panth. Inculcate devotion towards Me and strengthen men's obedience to their dharma. As the Vaisnavas have their temple, the yogis their asan, and the Muslims their mosque, so your followers shall have their dharamsala. Three things you must inculcate in your Panth: repeating the divine Name, giving charity, and regular bathing. Keep yourself unspotted while yet remaining a householder.
— B.40 Janamsakhi translated by W.H. McLeod,The Evolution of the Sikh Community (1975), page 30
The above statement separates the institution of Sikh dharamsals from those of other faiths, ordaining it as an independent institution based upon Sikhism alone.[4] The first centre was built inKartarpur, on the banks ofRavi River in thePunjab region by the first Sikh guru,Guru Nanak Dev in the year 1521. It now lies in theNarowal District of west Punjab (Pakistan). During the time of Guru Nanak, Sikh places of worship were known as dharamsals wherekirtan was conducted by the early Sikh congregation.[6][4]
The worship centres were built as a place where Sikhs could gather to hear the guru give spiritual discourse and sing religioushymns in the praise ofWaheguru.
Guru Nanak would arrange early Sikh followers into varioussangat congregations or parishes and instructed them to erect a dharamsal dedicated to spreading their Guru's message and teachings in their local area.[4]
Bhai Gurdas states the following:[4]
“Wherever Guru Nanak visited, that place became a place of worship. The most important centres including those of the jogis visited by the Guru became spiritual centres. Even houses have been turned into dharamsalas where kirtan was sung on the eve of Vaisakhi.”
— Bhai Gurdas
Guru Nanak set-up an important dharamsal in the new-foundKartarpur after settling there.[4] Other important dharamsals were located inKhadur,Goindwal,Ramdaspur,Tarn Taran,Kartarpur (Doaba) andSri Hargobindpur, all of whom had been directly founded upon the instruction of a Sikh guru.[4] When the Manji system and the later Masand systems of preachers and dioceses was set-up, they were directed to found a dharamsal in their dedicated area of missionary work.[4] Passionate early Sikhs would found dharamsals at various places across theIndian subcontinent and inAfghanistan as a means of expressing their devotion to the faith.[4]Udasis were commanded by Guru Hargobind and his successors to found dharamsals in the distant reaches of the subcontinent far from the nucleus of Sikh centrality and rejuvenate the abandoned, dilapidated, or struggling dharamsals which had been founded by Guru Nanak and his followers in faraway places, which struggled due to their extreme distance from the central Sikh authority located mainly in Punjab.[4] Guru Tegh Bahadur founded new dharamsal centres during his missionary tours of theMalwa region of Punjab and innortheastern India.[4] Dharamsals were also established on trade routes utilized by SikhKhatri merchants, especially upon the routes betweenChitagong-to-Kabul plusAgra-to-Burhampur.[4]
The dharamsals were simple constructions and modest buildings, usually just consisting of a single humble room to house the local devotees of a locality for prayers.[4] This was especially true in the rural areas, villages, and small towns where most of the localSikh congregations consisted of simple peasants with little means of wealth.[4] They were not built upon a specific axis because Sikhs believe God is omnipresent and the entire Earth is divine and equally fitting as such.[4] TheAdi Granth was installed at dharamsals after its codification and introduction in 1604.[4] The dharamsals likely did not contain intricate and ornate furniture, fittings, and other decorative accessories, unlike modern-day gurdwaras.[4] Dharamsals incorporated a body of water for public bathing due to the importance placed uponisnan (customary bathing in themorning) in Sikhism.[4] Wherever natural sources of water were not readily available, abaoli (step-well), bucket well, orrahat (Persian wheel) would be implemented and installed in the courtyard of the structure or near a pool of water.[4] The dharamsals incorporated alangar (communal kitchen) and lodge, especially the ones on important highways and trade routes, where persons could eat and stay without discriminated based upon their religious or caste-background.[4] This facilitated the fast spread ofSikhism throughout the Punjab.[4] Some dharamsals contained a hospital ward where the sick and injured could receive treatment.[4] Other dharamsals incorporated carpentry workshops to construct beds and other needed furniture.[4] The dharamsals often contained a school where one could learnGurmukhi,Sikh music, and interpretation ofSikh scriptures.[4]
As theSikh population continued to grow,Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh guru, introduced the word "gurdwara". Gurdwaras evolved out of the earlier Dharamsal centres.[4]
The etymology of the termgurdwara is from the wordsgur (ਗੁਰ) (a reference to the Sikh gurus) anddwara (ਦੁਆਰਾ) (gateway inPunjabi), together meaning 'the gateway through which the guru could be reached'.[7] Thereafter, all Sikh places of worship came to be known as gurdwaras.
The use of 'sahib', as sometimes appended in the termGurdwara Sahib, derives from aloanword of Arabic origin, meaning "companion" or "friend".[8]
Kanwarjit Singh Kang classifies gurdwaras into two distinct categories:[9]
Some of the prominent Sikh shrines established by the Sikh gurus are:
By the early 20th century, a number of Sikh gurdwaras in British India were under the control of theUdasimahants (clergymen).[10] TheGurdwara Reform Movement of the 1920s resulted inShiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee taking control of these gurdwaras.[11]
ThePanj Takht which literally means five seats or thrones of authority, are five gurdwaras which have a very special significance for the Sikh community.[12] They are result of the historical growth of the religion ofSikhism and represent the centers of power of the religion.
A gurdwara has a main hall called adarbar, a community kitchen called alangar,[7] and other facilities. The essential features of a gurdwara are these public spaces, the presence of the holy book and eternal Sikh guru theGranth Sahib,[17] the pursuit of theSikh Rehat Maryada (the Sikh code of conduct and convention), and the provision of daily services:
Other ceremonies performed there include the Sikh marriage ceremony,Anand Karaj; some of the rites of the death ceremony,Antam Sanskar; and most of the importantSikh Festivals. TheNagar Kirtan, a Sikh processional singing of holy hymns throughout a community, begin and conclude at a gurdwara.[18]
Gurdwaras around the world may also serve the Sikh community in other ways, including acting as libraries of Sikh literature and schools to teach children Gurmukhi, housing theSikh scriptures, and organizing charitable work in the wider community on behalf of Sikhs. Many historical gurdwaras associated with the lives of the Sikh Gurus have a sarovar (eco-friendly pool) attached for bathing.
Gurdwaras have noidols or statues.
Many gurdwaras are designed to seat men on one side and women on the other, although designs vary, and the divided seating is far from mandatory. They do not generally sit together but on separate sides of the room, both at an equal distance from the Guru Granth Sahib, as a sign of equality. Worshippers are offeredKarah Parshad (sweet flour andghee-based food offered asprashad) in the hall, which is usually given into cupped hands by asewadar (gurdwara volunteer).
In thelangar room, food is cooked and served by the volunteers in the community. Onlylacto-vegetarian food is served in the langar hall, to suit the visitors from different backgrounds so that no person may be offended. All people belonging to different faiths sit together to share a common meal, regardless of any dietary restrictions. The main philosophy behind thelangar is two-fold: to provide training to engage inseva and an opportunity to serve people from all walks of life, and to help banish all distinctions between high and low or rich and poor.
Gurdwara buildings do not have to conform to any set architectural design. The only established requirements are: the installation of theGranth Sahib under a canopy or in a canopied seat, usually on a platform higher than the specific floor on which the devotees sit, and a tall Sikh pennant flag atop the building.
In the 21st century, more and more gurdwaras (especially within India) have been following theHarimandir Sahib pattern, a synthesis ofIndo-Islamic andSikh architecture. Most of them have square halls, stand on a higher plinth, have entrances on all four sides, and have square or octagonal domed sanctums usually in the middle. During recent decades, to meet the requirements of larger gatherings, bigger and better ventilated assembly halls, with the sanctum at one end, have become accepted style. The location of the sanctum, more often than not, is such as to allow space for circumambulation. Sometimes, to augment the space,verandahs are built to skirt the hall. A popular model for the dome is the ribbed lotus, topped by an ornamental pinnacle. Arched copings,kiosks and solid domelets are used for exterior decorations.
It is the duty of all Sikhs to engage in personal and communal meditation,kirtan and the study of the holy scriptures. Meditating and understanding the meaning of texts from the Granth Sahib is important for the proper moral and spiritual development of a Sikh. One must study Gurmukhi script and be able to readGurbani to understand the meaning of the text. A Sikh has to revert to the Granth Sahib for the all spiritual guidance in one's life.
It is believed that a Sikh is more easily and deeply engrossed byGurbani when engaged in congregation gatherings. For this reason, it is necessary for a Sikh to visit gurdwara. On joining the holy congregation, Sikhs should take part and obtain the benefit from the combined study of the holy scriptures. No one is to be barred from entering a gurdwara regardless of their religious or regional background and are welcomed in.
Seva is an important and prominent part of the Sikh religion.Dasvand forms a central part of Sikh belief (ofVand Chhako) and literally means donating ten percent of one's harvest, both financial and in the form of time and service such as seva to the gurdwara and anywhere where help is needed. All Sikhs therefore get involved in this communal service whenever an opportunity arises. This in its simple forms can be: sweeping and washing the floors of the gurdwara, serving water and food (Langar) to or fanning the congregation, offering provisions or preparing food and doing other 'house keeping' duties.
Sikhism offers strong support for a healthy communal life, and a Sikh must undertake to support all worthy projects which would benefit the larger community and promote Sikh principles. Importance is given toInter-faith dialogue, support for the poor and weak; better community understanding and co-operation.
Many gurdwaras also have other facilities for Sikhs to learn more about their religion, such as libraries, complexes for courses in Gurmukhi,Sikhism and Sikh scriptures, meeting rooms, and room-and-board accommodation for those who need it. Gurdwaras are open to all people, regardless of sex, age, sexuality or religion, and are generally open all hours of a day. Some gurdwaras also provide temporary accommodations (serais) for visitors or devotees. The gurdwara also serves as a community centre and a guest house for travellers, occasionally a clinic, and a base for local charitable activities. Apart from morning and evening services, the gurdwaras hold special congregations to mark important anniversaries on the Sikh calendar. They become scenes of much éclat and festivity during celebrations in honour of the birth and death (Joythi Joyth Samaey) anniversaries of the Gurus andVaisakhi.
Guru Nanak himself was not content to leave the ethical principles that he expounded in his life as merely theoretical constructs, but instead sought to institutionalize them during the last two decades of his life at Kartarpur. He referred to the earth (dhartī) as 'the place to practice righteousness' (dharamsāl, GGS 7) and his own village was conceived as a place of justice where the divine will was carried out. Thus, the original place of worship established by him came to be known as dharamsālā ('abode of righteousness') where early Sikhs gathered to sing devotional hymns (kīrtan), which was the principal corporate activity of the community at Kartarpur.
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