| Siege of Zadar (1345–1346) | |||||||
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| Part of theCroatian–Venetian wars andHungarian–Venetian wars | |||||||
 The Conquest of Zara, painted byTintoretto in 1584 | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 Republic of Venice |  Kingdom of Croatia.svg) Kingdom of Hungary City ofZadar | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Marco Giustiniani Pietro de Canale Pietro Civrano Marino Faliero Andrea Mauroceno Pietro della Franteria | KingLouis I Marko Corner,knez (prince) of Zadar Zoilo Uršulin Ivan Škrbec | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 20,000 – 25,000 | 4,000 – 6,000 Zadar soldiers 20,000 – 100,000 king's soldiers (?) | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| min. 2,000 – 3,000 | min. 500 Zadar soldiers, unknown number of king's soldiers | ||||||
  Siege of Zadar (1345–1346) (Mediterranean) Show map of Mediterranean | |||||||
Thesiege of Zadar (12 August 1345 – 21 December 1346[1]) was a successful attempt of theRepublic of Venice to captureZadar (or Zara), aCroatian coastal city in northernDalmatia. It was a combined land and sea offensive[2] by the Venetians, consisting of many separate battles andoperations against the citizens of Zadar, who refused to accept Venetiansuzerainty and demanded autonomy. Despite receiving military aid from Croato-Hungarian kingLouis the Angevin, Zadar was unable to resist the siege and was finally defeated.
The siege resulted from the long-term complex political relations between the City of Zadar and the Republic of Venice as well as from the change ofpolicy of the Croato-Hungarian ruler after the young Louis of Angevin ascended the throne in 1342. The king wished to maintain full control over the territory of the Kingdom of Croatia, includingcities and towns of Dalmatia, most of which were in the hands of the Venetians. The citizens of Zadar rebelled against the rule of theSerenissima Repubblica in 1344, asking king Louis for help. He launchedmilitary campaigns to the south of Croatia in September 1344 and in July 1345, but they did not bring the desired breakthrough.
In the meantime the Venetians decided to protect their interests in Dalmatia, gathered troops (some 20,000 – 25,000) and sent them in the summer of 1345 to the area of Zadar. They had bothnaval andland forces at their disposal, whereas king Louis commanded only land forces.
On 12 August 1345 Venetians started tobesiege the city and the surroundingcastles. Their land army was commanded byMarco Giustiniani and theirmarine forces were under the command of Pietro de Canale.
The siege consisted of many separate operations, movements,battles and other military activities, that can be divided into threephases. The first phase ended at the end of January 1346 with the Venetians' breaking of theharbour chain which from the beginning of siege prevented Venetiangalleys from entering the Zadar port. The breaking enabled the besiegers to come closer to thecity walls and to control the movements of Zadar ships. In the meantime, Pietro Civrano took over supreme command of the Venetian forces ascapitaneus generalis.
The second phase was marked by the king Louis' army entering the conflict. Inlate springtime the King's forces attacked the Venetian fortress (bastida) built near Zadar at the beginning of the siege, but without success. Although large in number (according some sources up to 100,000 men), they were compressed in the narrow passage between the fortress and the sea, so they could not come closer strong enough to capture the fortress. Besides, they were under heavy fire from two sides – from the Venetian ships and fromballistic devices in the fortress. The major attack of the Croato-Hungarian forces took place on 1 July 1346, but at the end the Venetians carried the day. Louis the Angevin decided to retreat and ordered his troops to move northwards.
In the third phase Zadar's defenders remained alone. They were short of food and water and without newsupply lines, but they fought on until December. Finally, on 21 December 1346 the Venetian troops marched into town and took control of it.
The Zaratine bishop,Nicolò Matafari, went into exile after the Venetian conquest, only returning when the city was back in Hungarian hands.[3] The city of Zadar remained under Venetian control until king Louis the Angevin invaded Venetian territories and captured all Dalmatian cities and islands in 1357. On 18 February 1358 theTreaty of Zadar was signed in the city, in which the Republic of Venice renounced the territory between theGulf of Kvarner and the city ofDurrës in favour of Louis.
Zadar remaineda self-governing community under Croato-Hungarian kings and queens until 1409, when it was sold, together with all of Dalmatia, to the Republic of Venice by the kingLadislaus of Naples. He was about to be defeated by his opponent for the crown,Sigismund the Luxemburgian, and took the opportunity to sell his "regal rights" over Dalmatia for the sum of 100,000ducats.
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