| Siege of Multan (1818) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theAfghan–Sikh Wars | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Sikh Empire | Durrani Empire | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Misr Diwan Chand Kharak Singh[nb 1] Hari Singh Nalwa Fateh Singh Ahluwalia Dhanna Singh Malwai Sham Singh Attariwala Akali Phoola Singh | Nawab Muzaffar Khan †[4] | ||||||||
  Multan Location of Multan within present-dayPakistan | |||||||||
Thesiege of Multan began in March 1818 and lasted until 2 June 1818 as part of theAfghan–Sikh Wars,[5] and saw theSikh Empire capture Multan (in modern-dayPakistan) from theDurrani Empire.
MaharajaRanjit Singh had previously invadedMultan seven times successfully.[6] He first led the invasion in 1802 which ended withNawab Muzaffar Khan offering his submission, some presents and a promise to pay tribute.[7] Ranjit Singh led the second invasion in 1805 which resulted in Nawab Muzaffar Khan again offering him rich presents and a tribute of 70,000 rupees.[8] The third invasion in 1807 happened when Ahmad Khan Sial, who had fled toJhang during Ranjit Singh's invasion of Multan in 1805, persuaded Nawab Muzaffar to organise a tough resistance against Ranjit Singh, noting that Ranjit Singh was busy with Holkar-Lake incident.[8] Ranjit Singh advanced and besieged Multan but the siege was raised after the Nawab yielded, paying some tribute and gifting 5 horses.[8] Fourth invasion in 1810 led due to Muzaffar Khan's refusal to pay tribute where Ranjit Singh captured the city and laid siege of the fort.[8] After a hard-fought battle over 2 months, Muzaffar Khan was defeated and submitted to paying tribute of 180,000 rupees along with 20 horses and a promise to pay annual tribute to Ranjit Singh. Fifth invasion occurred in 1812 but ended peacefully with successful negotiation of tribute.[9] The sixth invasion in 1815 led resulted from the annual tribute from Multan falling past due, resulting in a siege where the Sikhs scaled the walls of the fort, leading to Muzaffar Khan's submission and paying 200,000 rupees.[9] In 1816, Nawab realized tribute after brief resistance and continued to realize tribute the following year, but in August 1817, news of Nawab extorting money from the people of Multan resulting in their hardship, reached Lahore.[9] Tired of demands of tributes, Nawab Muzaffar Khan decided to militarily resist by putting the fort in a state of defence after repairing the fort and mounting guns and gathering resources, and this led to Ranjit Singh's final conquest of Multan in 1818, resulting in the capture and fall of the city, bringing the territory under the complete domain of Sikh Empire with the appointment of Sukh Dayal Khatri as the governor of Multan followed by Sham Singh Peshauriya.[10]
In early 1818,Ranjit Singh orderedMisr Diwan Chand torendezvous on the south-west frontier of the Sikh Empire to make preparations for an expedition against Multan. By January 1818, the Sikh Empire had established an extensivesupply chain from the capital,Lahore, to Multan, with the use of boat transports to ferry supplies across theJhelum,Chenab, andRavi rivers.[11]Maharani Datar Kaur (Mai Nakkain) was given the command[12] of the food and ammunition supply additionally she, herself oversaw the steady supply of grain, horses, and ammunition being sent to the atKot Kamalia, a town equally distanced between Multan and Lahore.[11]
In early January, Misr Diwan Chand began their campaign with the capture ofNawab Muzaffar Khan's forts atMuzaffargarh andKhangarh.[13] In February, the Sikh force under actual command ofMisr Diwan Chand and nominally underKharak Singh[14] reached Multan and ordered Muzaffar to pay the largetribute he owed and to surrender the fort, but Muzaffar refused. The Sikh forces underMisr Diwan Chand won an engagement near the city but were unable to capture Muzaffar before he retreated into the fort. The Sikh army asked for more artillery and Ranjit Singh sent them theZamzama and other large artillery pieces, which commenced fire on the walls of the fort. Muzaffar and his sons attempted asortie to defend the fort but were killed in the battle. The siege of Multan ended significantAfghan influence in thePeshawar region and led to the capture ofPeshawar by theSikhs.[15]
The people who lived in Multan suffered greatly as a result of the sack. Numerous people experienced severe hardships, such as losing their belongings and, in worst situations, their lives. Under danger of shame, several women reportedly resorted to drastic methods, such as drowning themselves in wells or taking their own lives.[16] The onslaught claimed the lives of hundreds of inhabitants, and only a small percentage of them survived without suffering harm or loss.[16]
The Sikh military leaders who had participated in this campaign were given inams and jagirs. ' Misr Diwan Chand, the main conqueror of Multan, was awarded the title of Zafar-Jang-Bahadur (the victorious in battle), and was also given a jagir worth 25,000 rupees and a khillat of the value of one lakh rupees.[17]