| Siege of Calais (1596) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theFranco-Spanish War (1595–1598) and theAnglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) | |||||||
 Engraving theSiege of Calais of 1596 – collectionRijksmuseum Amsterdam | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Kingdom of FranceSupported by:  England United Provinces |  Spanish Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Henry IV of France Sieur de Widessan †François d'Orléans | Archduke AlbertLuis de VelascoCarlos Coloma | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Calais: 1,500[1] Relief forces: Unknown | 12,000–15,000[2] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
Thesiege of Calais of 1596, also known as theSpanish conquest of Calais, took place at the strategic port-city ofCalais (present-day northernFrance), between 8 and 24 April 1596, as part of theFranco-Spanish War (1595–1598), in the context of theFrench Wars of Religion, theAnglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), and theEighty Years' War.[3][4][5] The siege ended when the city fell into Spanish hands after a short and intense siege by theSpanish Army of Flanders commanded byArchduke Albert of Austria, Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands (Spanish: Alberto de Austria).[3][4] The French troops in the citadel of Calais resisted for a few days more but finally, on 24 April, the Spanish troops led by DonLuis de Velasco y Velasco, Count of Salazar, assaulted and captured the fortress, achieving a complete victory.[4] The Spanish success was the first action of the campaign of Archduke Albert of 1596.[2]
Since 1562, France had been in the grip of theFrench Wars of Religion in whichSpain had regularly intervened in favour of theCatholic League of France, most notably in the siege ofParis (in 1590) or theRouen (in 1591), and other battles asCraon in 1592, or theRelief of Blaye in 1593.[6] But only in 1595, the war was officially declared between the two countries by the new KingHenry IV of France (French: Henri de Bourbon), who had the year before converted toCatholicism and been received intoParis to be crowned.[6]
Henry IV was attempting to reconquer large parts of northern France from hostile Spanish-French Catholic forces. In 1595, the Spanish army led by DonPedro Henríquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes,[7] took the initiative, conquering a great number of French towns, castles, and villages, includingDoullens.[7] In the spring of 1596, the French army led by Henry IV laid siege toLa Fère, under control of theCatholic League of France.[1]
After the death atBrussels of theArchduke Ernest of Austria, on 20 February 1595, the ArchdukeAlbert was sent byPhilip II of Spain (Spanish: Felipe II de España) toBrussels from the Spanish court inMadrid, to succeed his elder brother asGovernor-General of the Spanish Netherlands, charge assigned to DonPedro Henríquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes, until the arrival of Albert to theLow Countries. He made his entry in Brussels on 11 February 1596, and his priority was the conflict with Henry IV of France.[8] On 29 March, Albert left Brussels, and went toValenciennes, where met the forces of the SpanishArmy of Flanders, and advanced over France in late March, but instead of sending it to relieve La Fère, it turned towardsCalais, where it arrived on 8 April.[1][8]
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The French troops at Calais were taken completely by surprise by the Spanish forces led byArchduke Albert.[9][1]Henry was on the point of capturing the town ofLa Fère, inPicardy, from theCatholic League of France and their Spanish allies after a long and costly siege, and couldn't spare any troops to relieve Calais, and his English and Dutch allies reacted too slowly.[1] Queen Elizabeth of England proposed sending her favourite commander at that time, SirRobert Devereux, Earl of Essex, with 6,000 to 8,000 soldiers to support the French defenders in Calais,[10] but Elizabeth demanded of Henry that Calais should return to English rule after her intervention.[11] However, while the two monarchs bickered,[5] the work of Spanish troops was crucial, which made it impossible for the English to help.[2][8] Moreover,Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (Dutch:Maurits van Oranje), on hearing the news, hurried toZeeland to prepare a relief army and a fleet to relieve Calais, but the city fell the day that the first Dutch ships were preparing to sail.[4][1]
The city fell to the Spaniards after ten days of siege, after which only the citadel remained in French hands.[8][1] The French generalFrançois d'Orléans-Longueville, Duke of Fronsac and Château-Thierry, tried to break the siege by sea, and help the city with supplies and fresh troops, but was successfully stopped by the bombardments of the Spanish artillery.[1] Finally Henry IV, knowing the importance of losing one of the most important port cities of France (on 3 August 1347,Calais was conquered byEdward III of England during theHundred Years' War, becoming a strong English bastion in France, and was under English rule until the French army commanded byFrancis, Duke of Guise,reconquered the city on January 8, 1558, and turned to French sovereignty, during theLast Italian War), also tried to relieve the city, and with a great part of his troops, Henry set out to march towards Calais.[8][1]
On Wednesday 24 April the Spanish troops led by DonLuis de Velasco stormed the citadel.[2] All fought with great courage but the French forces could not match the skill and experience of the professional Spanish andWalloon assault force.[12] At the assault died the Spanish captains Juan Álvarez de Sotomayor and Hernando de Isla, and was seriously injured Diego de Durango.[1] The Governor ofCalais, Seigneur de Widessan, and some of his captains, were executed.[1] Into the citadel, the Spaniards took a valuable treasure, composed, among other things, of a large amount of gold and silver coins, horses, and a great quantity of gunpowder and supplies.[1] With the capture of the citadel the whole city was under Spanish control, and the hopes ofHenry IV to retain the city under his control vanished.[8]
The capture of the citadel of Calais was the first military action of the collecting cartons of theFlemish artistJan Snellinck, designed for a series of tapestries known asThe battles of Archduke Albert, now owned byPatrimonio Nacional.[13]
The conquest of the city by the SpanishArmy of Flanders, led byArchduke Albert, was a resounding victory, and a severe blow toHenry IV of France, and his Protestant allies.[8][1] Calais was of strategic importance, for it gaveSpain an excellent port to control theEnglish Channel, along withDunkirk.[14] Having left behind a strong garrison, Albert advanced with the army to the nearby stronghold ofArdres.[8]
The French defenders offered stiff resistance, but on 23 May were forced to surrender to the clear superiority of the Spanish forces.[14] The day before the Spanish capture of Ardres,La Fère finally fell to Henry IV's troops, after an honorable surrender of the Franco-Spanish-Catholic troops commanded by Don Álvaro de Osorio.[14][15] The next target of Albert wasHulst, in toe Dutch front. In the middle of July, the assault on the town was launched, and little more than a month later, Hulst capitulated to the Spaniards, despite the efforts of Prince Maurice of Nassau to relieve the city.[16]
Calais was under Spanish control for two years, when it was ceded by Spain to French control after thePeace of Vervins in 1598.