Siebe plc started in the 1970s as a continuation of Siebe Gorman when Siebe Gorman started to take over other firms, to mean the new conglomerate to distinguish it from Siebe Gorman's original breathing apparatus and diving gear core business. Siebe plc was once one of theUnited Kingdom's largest engineering businesses. It was a constituent of theFTSE 100 Index but in 1999 it merged withBTR plc to formInvensys. Invensys was taken over by the French multinationalSchneider Electric for £3.4 billion in January 2014.
1816: After that war he moved toLondon,England. He became awatchmaker, then gunmaker, then instrument maker, and settled at 5 Denmark Street inSoho,London, where he became anengineer.
1819: He started a business as amechanical engineer at 145High Holborn, London. He traded as Augustus Siebe and dropped the word "Christian" from his name. Down the years he produced various mechanical devices, not only diving gear.[3]
1823: He was awarded aVulcan medal for a screw tap for thread cutting.
1826: He moved to 5 Denmark Street, London, which he rented.
1830: His daughter Mary Siebe was born. The company, by then trading as Siebe Gorman, developed its firstdiving helmet.[3] (Later,William Augustus Gorman (formerly O'Gorman) (an Irish sea captain) married Mary Siebe.)
1830: TheDeane brothers asked Siebe to make a variation of their smoke helmet design for underwater use.[1] Later they turned to him to produce more helmets for diving operations. Expanding on improvements already made by another engineer, George Edwards, Siebe produced his own design; ahelmet fitted to a full length watertightcanvasdiving suit (standard diving dress). The real success of the equipment was avalve in the helmet.[clarification needed]
1831: He bought 5 Denmark Street'sleasehold. He lived and worked there for the rest of his life.
1856: He applied for and was given British citizenship.
1868: He bought the freehold of 5 Denmark Street.
1868: He retired because of old age and ill-health; 4 of his 5 sons had died by this time.
1870: Augustus Siebe passed his business to his sonHenry Herapath Siebe and to William Augustus Gorman. The business started trading as 'Siebe & Gorman'
1880: The company's name changed to Siebe Gorman & Co.
January 1882:Robert Henry Davis (age 11) (1870–1965) joined Siebe Gorman as anoffice boy. Over the years he learned much and became good at breathing apparatus engineering.
1887: Henry Herapath Siebe died aged 57.
1894: Robert Davis was promoted toGeneral Manager of Siebe Gorman.
September 1900: Robert Davis married Margaret Tyrrell.
1901: Robert Davis's and Margaret Tyrrell's first son Robert William Gorman Davis was born. Over the years Robert William Gorman Davis trained as an engineer and later joined the company.
14 Feb 1904: William Augustus Gorman suddenly died aged 69. (He was buried atClaygate Church in Surrey.) The company became a newprivate company 'Siebe Gorman & Co. Ltd.'.
1905: TheAdmiralty set up the first Deep Diving Committee.
1907: The resulting naval diving tables appeared. The Admiralty approached Siebe Gorman to help develop better deep-diving gear.
A Siebe Gorman gas mask (without an exhaust valve) exported in large numbers to Egypt
1930: TheAdmiralty set up the second Deep Diving Committee.
1932:King George Vknighted Robert Davis, largely for inventing the Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus.
1938: Robert Davis, needing more room for factory expansion, bought 6 acres atTolworth nearChessington in Surrey. The new building on it was named Neptune Works, on Davis Road.
1938/39: Siebe Gorman was one of a number of British companies to receive contracts for the manufacture of tens of thousands of gas masks including theBritish Civilian Duty Respirator (forCivil Defence & related use) and theRespirator, Anti-Gas, Civilian Duty (for general public use).
May 1941: Siebe Gorman's factory inLambeth was bombed duringWorld War II. Massive loss of company and personal historical records.
1941: The company, already planning to leave London, moved toChessington, Surrey and resumed manufacturing. It has been speculated (although without any real evidence) that André Rubber located to the same area in order to supply Siebe Gorman.
June 1943: Siebe Gorman were contracted by the79th Armoured Division (United Kingdom) to design specialist apparatus for use by the Duplex Drive Tank crews. Known as the Amphibious Tank Escape Apparatus (ATEA) the equipment was fitted with a protosorb canister and enabled it to be used as a re-breather for up to 7 minutes. Tank crews would strap the inflated ATEA to their chests, and in the event of sinking, would fit the mouth piece and nose clips. The equipment was used extensively in training, during which crews perfected its operation in a water-filled cistern as well as on a submerged tank. No doubt it contributed to the saving of many lives especially on D Day where 35% of the tanks that swam towards the Normandy shore sunk due to the poor sea conditions. 1200 men were trained before D Day using the ATEA, and a further 300 for River Crossing.[4][5]
around 1950: Peak production of standard diving dress. After this, diving technological development in the USA more and more reduced Siebe Gorman's business, which was halved by the early 1960s.
1952:Marconi and Siebe Gorman collaborated to produce an underwater television camera system.
1953: Some sport divers find how to make an aqualung regulator out of aCalor gas demand regulator, and spread this knowledge, thus bypassing the naval/industrial monopoly on making usable underwater breathing apparatus.
1954: Around now Siebe Gorman started making Cousteau-Gagnan-typeaqualungs, and diving suits for commercial and sport diving. In September 1954, the inaugural issue of theBritish Sub-Aqua Club magazineNeptune contains a full-page Siebe Gorman advertisement[6] for three sets of "Essjee" underwater breathing apparatus: The Standard Aqualung (single cylinder); The Twin Cylinder Aqualung (of double capacity) and The Junior Set (a smaller set than the Standard for use by young people).Special suits,swim fins,dive masks, etc. are also available.
1955 or after: Siebe Gorman stops making standard diving dress. The 1955 underwater catalogue[7] of the London sporting goods storeLillywhites offers the "Essjee" Standard Aqualung, Twin-Cylinder Aqualung and "Tadpole" Aqualung at £40, £65 and £38 respectively alongside the Essgee full-face mask for use with these breathing sets, the Essjee Mid-Season sponge-rubber wetsuit and the Essgee weight belt. In August 1955, Cogswell & Harrison, another London stockist of Siebe Gorman equipment, places an advertisement[8] inNeptune offering not only the "Essjee" single and twin aqualungs but also Siebe Gorman's Mid-Season sponge-rubberwetsuit, its stockinette-lineddrysuit and its proofedgabardine Grenfell drysuit.
1956: The 1956 Lillywhites underwater catalogue introduces Siebe Gorman Mark II Essgee Aqualungs, "now modified with decreased resistance to breathing and improved flow of air".[9] The 1956 Cogswell & Harrison catalogue[10] features the Essgee breathing sets, Essgee Mid-Season sponge-rubber wetsuit, Essgee Grenfell proofed gabardine dry suit, Essgee two-piece dry suit "based on experience with wartime frogmen", "made of green rubberised cotton stockinette" and the Essgee Continental two-piece dry suit "in green vulcanised sheet rubber".
1957: Essgee Mistral Aqualung introduced, made under Cousteau-Gagnan Patents with the general design features of the Spirotechnique "Mistral" and following on the lines of development of the Essgee Mark II with double-lever action to reduce opening resistance to a minimum.[11] The Essgee Mistral Aqualung appears in the 1957 Lillywhites underwater catalogue alongside the Essgee Mark II Aqualung.[12] From January 1957, Siebe Gorman run a series of advertisements in the British Sub-Aqua Club journalTriton offering "everything for underwater swimming" including the Essgee two-piece dry suit, the Essgee Continental two-piece dry suit and the Essgee Dive Mask Mark II.[13]
1959: TheFairey Aviation Company took over Siebe Gorman. From November 1959 to April 1960, Siebe Gorman run a series of advertisements inTriton celebrating the use of Siebe Gorman wetsuits and weight belts by the British team at the World Underwater Fishing Championships off Malta and Gozo in August 1959.[14]
1960s: Siebe Gorman started making scuba gear aimed at the public market (sometimes using the tradenames Essgee and Essjee), although they had made it earlier for work divers and theNavy. They also continued to makediving bell equipment and pressure chambers.
1960: From May 1960 to June 1961, Siebe Gorman advertises a new range of Essgee Mid-Season foam neoprene wetsuits inTriton.[15]
1961: Siebe Gorman takes over the diving gear maker firmHeinke.[16] A few helmets were given the tag of "Siebe-Heinke", but eventually the name Heinke completely disappeared. The first Siebe-Heinke advertisement for the Heinke Merlin regulator appears in the December 1961 issue of theRoyal Navy Diving Magazine.[17]
1962: In January, Siebe Gorman announces its merger with Heinke toTriton readers.[18] From May 1962 to April 1963, the company advertises "the new seamless Siebe, Heinke 'dip suit'" inTriton.[19] The Siebe-Heinke Dip Suit,[20] which makes its début at theLondon Boat Show in January 1962, is an economically priced lightweight dipped-latex dry suit with roll-seal waist entry, primarily designed for use by "skin-divers" but also readily adaptable for use by dinghy sailors, fishermen, canoeists and water skiers. The suit appears in Lillywhites underwater catalogues from 1962 to 1964.[21] With effect from December 1962, Collins and Chambers Ltd. of London E14 are appointed sole UK spares distributors and servicing engineers for all Siebe-Heinke aqualung demand valves.[22] Collins and Chambers subsequently become stockists of Siebe-Heinke equipment.[23]
1963: Siebe-HeinkeBlue Book of underwater swimming 1963 published.[24] It comes with an introduction and a catalogue of underwater swimming equipment comprising not only the existing inventories of Siebe Gorman and Heinke but also new products including the "Dip" suit and the "Mercury mouth-held demand valve manufactured in plastic", which was also advertised inTriton from May 1963 to June 1964.[25]
1964: Siebe-HeinkeBlue Book of underwater swimming 1964-65 published[26] with content broadly resembling the 1963 edition but with an expression of regret that "owing to manufacturing difficulties we can no longer supply complete Dip suits".
1965: Robert Davis dies at home on 29 March 1965 at the age of 94. Siebe Gorman issues two leaflets entitledAqualung equipment. The first[27] focuses on the company's breathing sets, while the second[28] covers its range of dry underwater swimsuits, foam neoprene wet suits, woollen underclothing, gloves, footwear, weightbelts and weights, underwater knives and books. In the October 1965 issue ofTriton, Siebe Gorman places an advertisement[29] alerting readers to the company's contribution to the 1965 James Bond filmThunderball: "A large proportion of the underwater scenes for the film 'Thunderball' were shot in a 150′ × 150′ tank in Pinewood. As the leading British exponents of diving, Siebe Gorman were asked to provide a team of divers whose duties were to ensure safety of the stars and cast of the film, as well as act as an underwater working party".
1966: Triton publishes article[30] about Siebe Gorman's submersible decompression chamber.
1967-8: Siebe Gorman stops using the tradename 'Siebe Heinke'. About now,Siebe plc started as a continuation of Siebe Gorman when Siebe Gorman started to take over other firms, to mean the new conglomerate to distinguish it from Siebe Gorman's original breathing apparatus and diving gear core business.SeeSiebe plc for more information.
1969: Siebe Gorman issues new 20-page catalogue featuring a diver on the front cover in a "dry frogman's suit" with an integral "SeaCrown" fibreglass helmet.[31]
1971: Using the slogan "Be in the swim with NEPTUNE",[32] Siebe Gorman introduces a new single-hose, two-stagediving regulator named "Neptune".[33][34]
1995 October: Siebe Gorman still had their premises atCwmbran.
1998: Siebe plc sold North Safety Products (and Siebe Gorman with it) to Norcross.[37]
End of 1998: Norcross closed the plant at Cwmbran and transfers production of breathing apparatus toDukinfield inManchester, where they still had capability to make oxygen rebreathers, but did not make or overhaul any there.
End of 1999: Norcross sold what had been Siebe Gorman as a going concern to an Iranian entrepreneurParvis Moradifor. The company was renamed Air Master Technology Limited (AMtec) from the name of the famous Siebe Gorman breathing apparatus. (Norcross itself was subsequently purchased byHoneywell for its industrial safety products. Therefore, Honeywell's North line of respiratory protective equipment can be traced back to Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd.)[38]
2001: Parvis Moradifor sells the assets and the nameSiebe Gorman to aMalaysian concern, who with a factory inMalaysia, still makebreathing apparatus and parts for civilian and military use, including an industrial breathing set under the name Siebe Gorman.[39] their name is "Siebe Gorman Sdn. Bhd."[citation needed]
By 2014, the company has relocated to Australia.[40]
According toCompanies House, Siebe Gorman & Company was dissolved on 9 April 2019.[41]
In August 2017 the Deane Helmet, which had been rescued by John Bevan when Siebe Gorman closed down, was put on display at the Diving Museum in Gosport.[42]
The Company was notable for developing the "closed"diving helmet of thestandard diving dress and associated equipment. As the helmet was sealed to the diving suit, it was watertight, unlike the previous "open" helmet systems. The new equipment was safer and more efficient and revolutionised underwater work from the 1830s.
Standard diving suit equipment was their main manufacturing operation, producing diving helmets in copper and brass. They also madefrogman's equipment for the British armed forces during World War 2, and later, sportscuba gear. Seemakes of rebreather.
Siebe Gorman and Co manufactured 12 bolt, 8 bolt, 6 bolt, 3 bolt, 2 bolt, no bolt, flange, and 12 bolt square corseletstandard diving helmets.
Heinke Ltd in London also made diving gear and had connections with Siebe Gorman.[43]
^Lillywhites Ltd.Underwater Catalogue 1957, London: Lillywhites Ltd., p. 1, 3-4.
^Siebe, Gorman & Co. Ltd.: "For SAFETY, FREEDOM and COMFORT underwater",Triton Vol. 2 No. 1, January/February 1957, p. 21.
^Siebe, Gorman & Co. Ltd.: "Siebe, Gorman go spearfishing",Triton Vol. 4 No. 6, November/December 1959, p. 1.
^Siebe, Gorman & Co. Ltd.: "Siebe, Gorman announce a new range of ESSGEE wet 'mid-season' suits in foam neoprene",Triton Vol. 5 No. 3, May/June 1960, p. 3.
^Siebe-Heinke: "The Heinke Merlin Demand Valve",Royal Navy Diving Magazine Vol. 8 No. 3, Inside cover.
^Siebe, Gorman and Company Limited: "Now it's SIEBE HEINKE. Two great names combine to make aqualung equipment better, safer and more comfortable",Triton Vol. 7 No. 1, January/February 1962, p. 16.
^Siebe Heinke: "More comfort and freedom of movement underwater in the new seamless Siebe, Heinke 'dip suit'",Triton Vol. 7 No. 3, May/June 1962, p. 14
^Siebe Gorman & Co. Ltd.: ".007. This small percentage of the credit for THUNDERBALL must go to SIEBE GORMAN",Triton Vol. 10 No. 5, September/October 1965, p. 9.
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