Unlike the smaller and relatedblack-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas), which dwells in open plains, the side-striped jackal primarily dwells in woodland and scrub areas.[11]
The Swedish zoologistCarl Jakob Sundevall named the speciesCanis adustus in 1847.[12] The German zoologistMax Hilzheimer proposed a different genus asSchaeffia adusta in 1906.[7]
Fossil remains of the side-striped jackal date to thePliocene era.[13] Amitochondrial DNA sequence alignment for thewolf-like canids gave a phylogenetic tree with the side-striped jackal and the black-backed jackal being the mostbasal members of this clade, which means that this tree is indicating an African origin for the clade.[14][15]
In 2019, a workshop hosted by theIUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group recommends that because DNA evidence shows the side-striped jackal (Canis adustus) and black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) to form a monophyletic lineage that sits outside of the Canis/Cuon/Lycaon clade, that they should be placed in a distinct genus,Lupulella Hilzheimer, 1906 with the namesLupulella adusta andLupulella mesomelas.[3]
Studies indicate that the dentition of the side-striped jackal is different to that of the black-backed jackal, and propose that the side-striped jackal should be classified asSchaeffia adusta following Hilzheimer in 1906.[8][9][10] It is the surviving member from an African group of which the earlyPliocene AfricanEucyon khoikhoisp. nov. is thebasal member.[9][10] The recent discovery of the 5 million years oldE. khoikhoi supports the proposed radiation of the genusEucyon, with the oldestE. ferox in North America, toE. davisi in North America then to China, toE. debonisi in Western Europe, toE. khoikhoi in Africa.[9]
The side-striped jackal is a slender, medium-sized canid, which tends to be slightly larger on average than the black-backed jackal. Body mass ranges from 6.5 to 14 kg (14 to 31 lb), head-and-body length from 69 to 81 cm (27 to 32 in) and tail length from 30 to 41 cm (12 to 16 in).[16] Shoulder height can range from 35 to 50 cm (14 to 20 in).[17] Itspelt is coloured buff-grey. The back is darker grey than the underside, and thetail is black with a grey, almost silver tip. Indistinct white stripes are present on theflanks, running from elbow to hip. The boldness of the markings varies between individuals, with those of adults being better defined than those of juveniles.[11]
The side-striped jackal's skull is similar to that of the black-backed jackal's, but is flatter, with a longer and narrowerrostrum. Itssagittal crest andzygomatic arches are also lighter in build. Due to its longer rostrum, its third upperpremolar lies almost in line with the others, rather than at an angle. Itsdentition is well suited to anomnivorous diet. The long, curved canines have a sharp ridge on the posterior surface, and the outerincisors are canine-like. Itscarnassials are smaller than those of the morecarnivorous black-backed jackal. Females have fouringuinal teats.[11]
The side-striped jackal tends to be less carnivorous than other jackal species, and is a highly adaptableomnivore whose dietary preferences change in accordance to seasonal and local variation.[18] It tends to forage solitarily, though family groups of up to 12 jackals have been observed to feed together in westernZimbabwe. In the wild, it feeds largely oninvertebrates during the wet season and small mammals, such as thespringhare, in the dry months. It frequently scavenges from campsites and the kills of largerpredators. In the wild,fruit is taken exclusively in season, while in ruralised areas, it can account for 30% of their dietary intake. The side-striped jackal tends to be comparatively less predatory when compared to other jackal species. It typically does not target prey exceeding the size ofneonatal antelopes, and one specimen was recorded to have entered aduck's pen to eat their feed, whilst ignoring the birds.[11]
Thebreeding season for this species depends on where they live; inSouthern Africa, breeding starts in June and ends in November. The side-striped jackal has agestation period of 57 to 70 days, with averagelitter of three to six young. The young reachsexual maturity at six to eight months of age, and typically begin to leave when 11 months old. The side-striped jackal is among the few mammal species that mate for life, formingmonogamous pairs.[citation needed]
^abcWozencraft, C. W. (2005)."Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reader, D. M. (eds.).Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 573.ISBN978-0-8018-8221-0.
^abZrzavy, J.; Ricankova, V. (2004). "Phylogeny of recent Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora): relative reliability and the utility of morphological and molecular datasets".Zool. Scr.33 (4):311–333.doi:10.1111/j.0300-3256.2004.00152.x.S2CID84733263.
^abcdValenciano, Alberto; Morales, Jorge; Govender, Romala (February 2022). "Eucyon khoikhoi sp. nov. (Carnivora: Canidae) from Langebaanweg 'E' Quarry (early Pliocene, South Africa): the most complete African canini from the Mio-Pliocene".Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.194 (2):366–394.doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab022.
^abcdeIUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group."Side-Striped Jackal". Wildlife Conservation Research Unit. Retrieved2016-07-11.
^Sundevall, 1847. "Nya Mammalia från Sydafrika"Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. Stockholm 1846, 3:121 [1847]
^Garrido, Guiomar; Arribas, Alfonso (2008). "Canis accitanus nov. sp., a new small dog (Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Fonelas P-1 Plio-Pleistocene site (Guadix basin, Granada, Spain)".Geobios.41 (6): 751.Bibcode:2008Geobi..41..751G.doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2008.05.002.
^Golvan, Y. J. (1957). "Acanthocephales de l'Angola. I.Oncicola angolensis n. sp.(Archiacanthocephala-Pachysentidae), parasite du Chacal,Canis adustus Sundevall" [Acanthocephala from Angola. I.Oncicola angolensis n. sp.(Archiacanthocephala-Pachysentidae), parasite of the Jackal,Canis adustus Sundevall].Publicacion Servicos Culturais de la Companhia de Diamantes de Angola. Meseu Dundo Lunda. (in French).34:39–50.
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