1468–1598 Siberian Tatar Khanate in southwestern Siberia
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TheKhanate of Sibir (Siberian Tatar:Себер Ҡанныҡ,romanized: Seber Qannïq;[1]Russian:Сибирское царство, Сибирский юрт,romanized: Sibirskoye tsarstvo, Sibirsky yurt)[2] was a state inwestern Siberia. It was founded at the end of the 15th century, following the break-up of theGolden Horde.[3] Throughout its history, members of theShaybanid andTaibugid dynasties often contested the rulership over theKhanate between each other; both of these competing tribes were direct patrilineal descendants ofGenghis Khan through his eldest sonJochi and Jochi's fifth sonShayban (Shiban) (died 1266). The area of the Khanate had once formed an integral part of theMongol Empire, and later came under the control of theWhite Horde, and under the Golden Horde from 1242 to 1468.
The Sibir Khanate was administered bymirzas (which is a noble title) who originated from various indigenous Siberian tribes. These mirzas organized loosely knit dominions, which were all under the nominal authority of thekhan ofTyumen andSibir. Mirzas also led the warriors of the Khanate of Sibir into battle and owed nominal allegiance to thekhan of Tyumen and Sibir.
Islam was the professed religion of the Sibir Khanate; it was the religion of the rulingKhan of Tyumen and Sibir.Grand mosques,palaces and fortified walls were constructed by the ruling class in both Tyumen and Sibir.[citation needed]
Islam was professed by not only the Khan but also the Mirzas, who were often educated in famous Islamic centers in Central Asia like Bukhara and Samarkand. However, shamanism and other traditional beliefs were practiced by much of the masses. Some groups practiced a form of Islam that incorporated elements of shamanism.[4]
The area was originally inhabited by mainlySamoyedic andUgric peoples.[5] In the 11th century,Kipchaks began inhabiting the region which led to theTurkification of the population.[5] In the 13th century, theMongols conquered the region and it was incorporated into the territory of the Golden Horde. Some of the Tatars who arrived withBatu Khan during the conquests settled in the area.[5]
The original capital of the Khans wasChimgi-Tura, founded by the first KhanTaibuga, who was a member of theBorjigin. He was succeeded by his son Khoja or Hoca. The Khanate of Sibir as an independent polity was established in the fifteenth century, at a time when theMongols of the house ofJochi were generally in a state of decline.
The Taibugids' control of the region between theTobol and middleIrtysh was not uncontested. TheShaybanids, descendants of Jochi, frequently claimed the area as their own.Ibak Khan, a member of a junior branch of the Shaybanid house, killed Mar and seized Chimgi-Tura. A Taibugid restoration occurred when Mar's grandson Muhammad fled to the eastern territories around the Irtysh and killed Ibak in battle in c. 1493. Muhammad decided not to remain at Chimgi-Tura, but chose a new capital namedIskar (or Sibir or Qashliq) located on the Irtysh.TheRussian conquest of Kazan in 1552 prompted the Taibugid Khan of Sibir, Yadigar, to seek friendly relations withMoscow. Yadigar, however, was challenged by a Shaybanid, Ibak's grandsonKuchum. Several years of fighting (1556–1563) ended with Yadigar's death and Kuchum becoming Khan.
Kuchum attempted to convert the Siberian Tatars, who were mostlyshamanists, to Islam.[6] His decision to conduct a raid on theStroganov trading posts resulted in an expedition led by theCossackYermak against the Khanate of Sibir. Kuchum's forces were defeated by Yermak at theBattle of Chuvash Cape in 1582 and the Cossacks entered Iskar later that year. Kuchum reorganized his forces, killed Yermak in battle in 1584, and reasserted his authority over Sibir.
The fall of Qishlaq to Yermak, and the flight of Kuchum. A miniature from theKungur Chronicle
Over the next fourteen years, however, theRussians slowly conquered the Khanate. In 1598 Kuchum was defeated on the banks of theOb and was forced to flee to the territories of theNogai, bringing an end to his rule.
The Khanate of Sibir and the town of Tyumen were founded byTaibuga some time in the 13th century. He was probably ofKeraite origin.[7] However, some scholars also attempt to link the Taibugids to theKipchak elites and others. Control alternated between the descendants of Taibuga and theShaybanids who had descended from Genghis Khan. There are hints that the Shaybanids were more connected to the steppe nomads and that the Taibugids were more connected with the forest peoples to the north and east.
Taibuga's father was called On (On-Son, Onsom and other variants). Grousset says that they were 'the issue of Taibugha-bäki' without explanation ('bäki' (bek) was a princely suffix and Taibuqa was a Naiman chief at the time of Genghis Khan.) A few sources identify him with Bek Ondi Oglan, the great-great-great-grandson ofShayban, and thus a Shaybanid. The Stroganov chronicle says that On was killed by a chief called Chingi who spared Taibuga, sent him to fight theOstyaks and granted him his own principality. Taibuga founded Tyumen and named it Chingi-tura in honor of his benefactor. Another source makes On a Nogai whose 'Hoflager' (German for 'court-camp') was Kasyl-Tura at the mouth of theIshim River about 160 kilometres (100 mi) east ofTobolsk. Another source says that whenTokhtamysh was defeated he fled to the 'land of Sibir' (the first mention of 'Sibir' in Russian chronicles). Here he was protected by On until both were killed byEdigu about 1405.
The Sibir Khanate and main polities in Asiac. 1500
There is no more information about Taibuga except that some say he drove the Novgoroders from his lands.In 1428 a 17-year old Shaybanid calledAbu'l-Khayr Khan was chosen Khan on theTura River (possibly at Tyumen). This implies that the Taibugids had been pushed aside. When he led his followers south for better things the remaining Shaybanids gathered aroundIbak Khan, who was from a junior branch of the house. The Taibugids must have been restored because some time between 1464 and 1480 Ibak killed the Taibugid Mar and made himself Khan. In 1483 Fyodor Kurbsky is said to have led an army to the Irtysh River, but this had no lasting effects. Ibak went to the Volga where he killed the last Khan of the Golden Horde. Returning, he was killed by Mar's grandson called Mamuk or Makhmet or Mamet (about 1495). Makhmet moved the capital from Tyumen toSibir and was briefly Khan ofKazan (1496). In 1552 the Taibugids Yediger and Bekbulat congratulated Ivan the Terrible on his conquest of Kazan. Later they paid limited tribute to Russia. In 1563 Ibak Khan's grandson Kuchum seized the throne from Yediger and Bekbulat. In 1573, following theRusso-Crimean War (1571) he stopped paying tribute and raided the Perm lands. In 1582, he was driven out by Yermak and died some time after 1600.
^Файзрахманов Г. Л. История татар Западной Сибири: с древнейших времен до начала XX века. Казань: Татар, кн. изд-во, 2007. — 431 с. ISBN 978-5-298-01536-3
1These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas. 2State with limited international recognition.
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