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 Interactive map of Shrine of the Báb | |
| Location | Haifa,Israel |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 32°48′52″N34°59′14″E / 32.81444°N 34.98722°E /32.81444; 34.98722 |
| Designer | William Sutherland Maxwell |
| Type | Shrine |
| Material | Stone |
| Height | 11 m (36 ft) |
| Beginning date | 1909; 116 years ago (1909) |
| Completion date | 1953; 72 years ago (1953) |
| Restored date | 2008–2011 |
| Dedicated to | Báb |
TheShrine of the Báb is a structure on the slopes ofMount Carmel inHaifa,Israel, where the remains of theBáb, founder of theBábí Faith and forerunner ofBaháʼu'lláh in theBaháʼí Faith, are buried; it is considered to be the second holiest place on Earth for Baháʼís, after theShrine of Baháʼu'lláh inAcre. Its precise location on Mount Carmel was designated by Baháʼu'lláh himself to his eldest son,ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, in 1891. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá planned the structure, which was designed and completed several years later by his grandson,Shoghi Effendi.
Crowning the design, as anticipated by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, is a dome, which is set on an 18-windowed drum. That, in turn, is mounted on an octagon, a feature suggested by Shoghi Effendi. An arcade surrounds the stone edifice. A restoration project of the exterior and interior of the shrine started in 2008 and was completed in April 2011.[1]
Bahá'u'lláh arrived in the Haifa-Akka region as a prisoner of the Ottoman Empire in the same year as the firstGerman Templer colony in Palestine was founded in Haifa. Years later, after his release from strict confinement, he visited theTempler Colony on Mount Carmel several times and wrote a letter toGeorg David Hardegg, the co-founder of the Templer movement.[2] He subsequently asked his son, ‘Abdu’l-Baha, to build, on the alignment of the Templer Colony road (Carmel Avenue) with the shrine to the forerunner of the religion, known as "the Báb", halfway up the mountain.[3] The conjunction of the Templer buildings and the Shrine have become the most significant landmark in the modern city of Haifa.
The remains of the Báb were buried on March 21, 1909 in a six-roommausoleum made of local stone. In a separate room, theremains of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá were buried in November 1921. In 1929 three rooms were added to the mausoleum.[4]
In 1949 the first threshold stone of the superstructure[dubious –discuss] was laid by Shoghi Effendi. The construction was completed over the mausoleum in 1953 and was entirely paid for by Baháʼís around the world.[4]
Thearchitect wasWilliam Sutherland Maxwell, aCanadian Baháʼí who was aBeaux-Arts architect and the father-in-law of Shoghi Effendi. Shoghi Effendi provided overall guidance, including in the use of Western and Eastern styles, but left the artistic details to Maxwell. Maxwell's design of theBaveno rosegranite colonnade, Oriental-styleChiampo stone arches, and golden dome is meant to harmonize Eastern and Western proportions and style. Maxwell died in 1952, and Shoghi Effendi named the southern door of the Shrine after him. Some remaining aspects of the dome's structural engineering were designed by Professor H. Neumann of Haifa'sTechnion University.[4]
In 1952,Leroy Ioas, an American Baháʼí who had been closely associated with the construction of theBaháʼí House of Worship inWilmette, Illinois helpedShoghi Effendi in the construction process. Ioas employed his administrative skills and practical mind to supervise the building of the drum and dome, a task done without the availability of sophisticated machinery. Shoghi Effendi named the door on the octagon after him.[4]
Because of the scarcity of building materials in the area after World War II, most of the stones for the Shrine of the Báb were carved inItaly with the assistance ofUgo Giachery and then shipped to Haifa. One of the doors of the Shrine was named after Giachery. The superstructure was said to be at the time the largest prefabricated building to move from Europe to any point in the world.[4]
The dome is composed of 12,000 fish-scaletiles - in the original version of the 1950s, aDutch company created a special technology, baking the clay tiles three times, twice with differentglazes, and lastly with a 15% gold solution.[5]
After over 50 years of exposure the old tiles were badly broken and damaged, and the new tiles, first uncovered in 2011, are of more than 120 different shapes and sizes, and were made inPortugal by employing an innovative process involving porcelain being repeatedly fire-glazed, covered in gold solution, and sealed with an extremely durable coating.[1][4]
The main body of the building, centered around the tomb of the Báb, isoctagonal.[4][6]
The cylindricaldrum set between the octagon and the dome rises 11 meters and rests on a circular steel-reinforced-concrete ring on the top of the octagon.[4][6]
The Shrine is decorated with emerald green and scarletmosaics on thebalustrade above, afire-gilded bronze symbol of theGreatest Name of the Baháʼí Faith at the four corners, and a multitude of intricate decorations and motifs.[4][6]
The Shrine is a place for quiet prayer and meditation where no ceremonies or religious services are held. A special prayer used by Baháʼís when visiting the Shrine, known as theTablet of Visitation, is hung on the wall in both the originalArabic and anEnglish translation.[7]
Shoghi Effendi, in a message dated 19 August 1953, has described the Shrine in the following poetic way:"...Queen of Carmel enthroned on God's Mountain, crowned in glowing gold, robed in shimmering white, girdled in emerald green, enchanting every eye from air, sea, plain and hill."[8] He has also called the Shrine the Kúh-i-Núr (Mountain of Light), facing and overshadowed by the Daryá-yi-Núr (Ocean of Light, theShrine of Baháʼu'lláh).[9]
On July 8, 2008, the Shrine of the Báb, along with several otherBaháʼí holy sites in Haifa and the nearby city of Acre (Akko), were inscribed on theUNESCO World Heritage List.[10][11] The Baháʼí shrines "are the first sites connected with a relatively new religious tradition to be recognized by the World Heritage List."[12] TheUNESCO World Heritage Committee considers the sites to be "of outstanding universal value [and]...inscribed for the testimony they provide to the Baháʼí's strong tradition of pilgrimage and for their profound meaning for the faith."[13]
"We welcome the UNESCO recognition, which highlights the importance of the holy places of a religion that in 150 years has gone from a small group found only in the Middle East to a worldwide community with followers in virtually every country," said Albert Lincoln, secretary-general of the Baha'i International Community.
Surrounded by terraced gardens, the Shrine is one of the most recognizable landmarks in Haifa and has attracted millions of visitors. The Shrine is enhanced by 19 garden terraces that stretch one kilometre from the base of Mount Carmel to its summit, and both the terraces and the Shrine are illuminated at night.[4] The Baháʼís consider the Shrine of the Báb and the surrounding gardens to be a "gift to humanity."
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