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Shri Rudram (Sanskrit:श्रीरुद्रम्IAST:śrī-rudram), is aVedic mantra or chant in homage toRudra (an epithet ofShiva) taken from theKrishna Yajurveda'sTaittiriya Samhita (TS 4.5, 4.7). In Shukla Yajurveda, it is found in Chapters 16 and 18. It is composed of two parts: theNamakam andChamakam.Chamakam (Sanskrit:चमकम्) is added by scriptural tradition to theShri Rudram.[1][2] The text is important inShaivism, whereShiva is viewed as theParabrahman. The hymn is an early example of enumerating thenames of a deity.[3]
Shri Rudram is also famous for its mention of the Shaivite holymantraNamah Shivaya, which appears in the text of theŚatarudrīya in the eighthanuvāka ofTaittiriya Samhita (TS 4.5.8.1).[4] In Shukla Yajurveda it is found in chapter 16, verse 41. It also contains the mantraAum namo bhagavate rudraya and theMahamrityunjaya Mantra.[5][6][7][8]
The Sri Rudram is commonly chanted during thePradosha time, which is considered to be a time auspicious for the worship of Shiva.There are some popular expiatory rites such as rudraikādaśinī, mahārudra and atirudra which employ the Shree Rudra mantra exclusively for pūjā japa and homa.
There are three major commentaries in Sanskrit for the Shree Rudra mantra (śatarudrīya) -those of Sāyaṇa Bhaṭṭabhāskara and Abhinavaśaṅkara.
Shri Rudram consists of two chapters (praśna) from the fourthkāṇda (book) ofTaittiriya Samhita which is a part ofKrishna Yajurveda.[9] The names of the chapters areNamakam (chapter five) andChamakam (chapter seven) respectively.[10] TheNamakam (chapter five) inShri Rudram describes the names or epithets ofRudra, who is a fear-inducing/destructive aspect ofShiva. The devotee asks for the benevolent and graceful aspect of Shiva to be invoked rather than the terrible and fierce aspect ofRudra and requests for the forgiveness of sins. TheChamakam (chapter seven) asks for the fulfillment of wishes.[11] Each chapter consist of elevenanuvākas or hymns.[12][13][14]
Theanuvākas or hymns ofNamakam correspond to the eleven hymns of TS 4.5, with the final hymn extended by an additional eight verses, including theMahamrityunjaya Mantra.[15][16][17] The mantraOm Namah Shivaya is derived from theShri Rudram, in which it appears in the verses of TS 4.5.8 though without the syllableOm.[18][19][20] TheChamakam consists of 11anuvākas or hymns. The 11th anuvāka prayer (of the chamakam), brings out the long list of benedictions asked for in the odd divine number and even human numbering .Theanuvākas or hymns ofChamakam correspond to TS 4.7 and they ask God for fulfillment of wishes.[21]
The earliest homage hymns to Rudra is theŚatarudrīya found in theShukla Yajurveda (Vajasaneyi Samhita 16.1-66).[22][23] C. Fuller maintains thatShri Rudram is based onŚatarudrīya.[3]
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