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Shoulder-fired missile,shoulder-launched missile,man-portable missile,man-portablemissilelauncher,man-portablerocket launcher orrocket launcher, among other variants, are commonslang terms to describehigh-caliber shoulder-mountedweapons systems; that is, weapons firing large, heavy projectiles ("missiles"), typically using thebackblast principle, which are small enough to be carried by a single person and fired while held on one'sshoulder. The word "missile" in this context is used in its original broad sense of a heavy projectile, and encompasses allshells androckets,guided or unguided (compare withguided missile). A more formal variant is simplyshoulder-fired weapons system and the like.[1]
Shoulder-launched weapons may beguided orunguided, and the systems can either be disposable, such as thePanzerfaust 1,M72 LAW,AT4, etc., or reusable, such as thePanzerfaust 2,Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle,RPG-7, etc. Some systems are classified as semi-disposable, such as thePanzerfaust 3.
In many instances, the namebazooka is regularly used as an informal name for shoulder mounted "tube-like" launchers, stemming from the actual historical shoulder-fired missile-systems named such, the famousM1 Bazooka andM20 Super Bazooka man-portable rocket launchers ofWorld War II.
The namerocket-propelled grenade (RPG) is regularly used as an informal name for man-portable unguided rocket-launcher systems, abackronym from theRussian acronymРПГ (Ручной Противотанковый Гранатомёт,Ruchnoy Protivotankovy Granatomyot), meaning "handheld anti-tank grenade launcher", the Russian term for infantry-carried anti-tank weapons, not only encompassing rocket-systems (see theRPG-2 for example).
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There are many types of shoulder-launched missile-weapons. Some systems are reloadable or semi-reusable, while others are single-use disposable systems, much in the same manner as ahand grenade. Ammunition traditionally use thebackblast principle for propulsion, meaning that when fired, the propellant gases are expelled out of the back of the weapon to alleviate thereactional force exerted from the projectile moving forward.
If the weapon fires ammunition using fixed propellant charges, such as throughcartridge cases on reloadable systems or a fixed container on singe-use systems, it is generally called a man-portable or shoulder-launched/firedrecoilless rifle orrecoilless gun, depending on if it uses arifled orsmoothbore barrel, essentially open-breechcannons. Smoothbore systems generally fire fin-stabilised munitions.
If the weapon firesrocket-propelled orrocket-assisted projectiles (booster launched), it is generally called a man-portable or shoulder-launched/firedrocket launcher or missile-system, depending on whether the ammunition is unguided or guided. Such systems typically use a small recoilless charge (a so-called booster charge) or compressed gas system to get the projectile out of the barrel and to a distance where the operator will not be hurt by the rocket's backblast; when the rocket ignites at a safe distance, it further accelerates the projectile or at least keeps it from decelerating in its trajectory.
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Shoulder-launched weapons typically fire at one of two main target types—ground targets or air targets. Weapons for use against ground targets come in a wide variety of types and sizes, with smaller, unguided weapons generally used for close range combat and larger, guided systems for longer ranges. Most of these weapons are designed mainly foranti-tank warfare, asanti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) and carry one or two (atandem-charge)high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT)shaped charge warheads. However, they are also effective against structures, and many such weapons have been designed specifically for such targets.
Anti-aircraft weapons, known asman-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS), are smallsurface-to-air missiles. They usually haveinfrared homing and are used againsthelicopters,unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and other low-flyingfixed-wing aircraft.
Rocket-based weapons have a long history, from theblack powderfire arrows used by theancient Chinese to theCongreve rocket referenced in "The Star-Spangled Banner," thenational anthem of theUnited States. They have always been prized for the portability of their launch systems.
The earliest rocket launchers documented in imperial China launchedfire arrows with launchers constructed of wood, basketry, and bamboo tubes.[2] The rocket launchers divided the fire arrows with frames meant to keep the arrows separated, and were capable of firing multiple arrow rockets at once. Textual evidence and illustrations of various early rocket launchers are found in the 11th-centurySouthern Song dynasty textWujing Zongyao. TheWujing Zongyao describes a portable rocket arrow carrier consisting of a sling and a bamboo tube.[3]
Shoulder-launched rockets have a launch tube. In order to prevent the user from being burned by the exhaust, the rocket (or at least its first stage) must burn out before it leaves the tube, and if present the second stage must fire once the rocket is well clear of the launcher. Even if the operator is safe, there is a sizeable blast effect to the rear.
Also, the rocket must have a reliable ignition system. In modern systems, this is almost always apercussion cap. This system was not fully developed until the GermanPanzerfaust ofWorld War II, an early one-shot design that also was the first practical recoilless antitank gun and thus used no rocket. Thebazooka was an early rocket-propelled development which could be reloaded.[clarification needed]
From their first conception during the First World War, many portable missiles have been used to give infantry a weapon effective against armored vehicles and fortified structures. The power of the shaped charge meant that the effectiveness of the weapon was not limited by a gun barrel bore nor size of weapon as for example a conventional armor-piercing shell from an artillery piece. As such these man-portable weapons could be used to equip infantry units with their own anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons.
Shoulder-launched rockets or recoilless guns are a favored anti-technical weapon. They permit otherwise lightly or poorly armed troops (e.g.militias) to destroy modern sophisticated equipment such as close air-support aircraft, helicopters, and lightly armored vehicles.
Attacks come from ambush for the element of surprise and attempt to immobilize a convoy of vehicles, then destroy its defenders, then destroy its contents, then escape before air or artillery support can arrive.
Normally, the militia will plan to have two to four shooters per attacked vehicle. Reliable attack ranges are 50 to 100 m, although attacks can succeed out to 300 m. Self-destruct ranges of common rocket weapons such asRPG-7s are about 900 m.
The usual response to such attacks is to suppress the shooters, with saturation anti-personnel fire, artillery or aerial barrages in area-denial attacks. Submunition andthermobaric weapons are often used to clear landing zones (LZ) for helicopters.
In modern counter-insurgency operations in misty, dusty or night-time situations, advanced optics such asinfrared telescopes permit helicopter gunships to observe convoys from beyond human-visible range and still attack insurgents with inexpensive anti-personnel fire. This approach is more economical than area-denial. Protecting as little as 20% of the convoys rapidly depletes an area of active insurgents.
Weapons below are listed in alphabetical order:
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1990 –C90-CR (M3) 1998 –Alcotán-100
1987 –AT4 1942 –Carl Gustaf 20 mm recoilless rifle
2008 –DZJ-08
1942 –Faustpatrone
1996 –FGM-148 Javelin 2002 –FGM-172 SRAW
1987 –LAW 80
1950 –LRAC 73-50 1972 –LRAC F1 1942 –M1 Bazooka 1944 –M20 Super Bazooka 1975 –M47 Dragon 1963 –M72 LAW 1968 –Miniman 1984 –Mk 153 Shoulder-Launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon (SMAW) 2009 –NLAW 1944 –Panzerfaust 1
1963 –Panzerfaust 2 1987 –Panzerfaust 3 1943 –Panzerschreck 1993 –PF-89 1998 –PF-98 Anti-Tank Rocket Launcher "Queen Bee" 1943 –PIAT Anti-Tank Grenade Projector 2017 –PSRL-1 – A modification of theRPG-7 series 1949 –Raketgevär
1954 –RPG-2 1961 –RPG-7 1972 –RPG-18 1985 –RPG-22 1985 –RPG-26 1989 –RPG-27
2011 –RPG-28 1989 –RPG-29 2012 –RPG-32 Barkas
1985 –RPG-76 Komar 1987 –Wasp 58 Light Anti-Armour Weapon
1970 –9K32 Strela-2 1974 –9K34 Strela-3 1981 –9K38 Igla 2014 –9K333 Verba
1989 –Anza 1975 –Blowpipe 1967 –FIM-43 Redeye 1981 –FIM-92 Stinger 1945 –Fliegerfaust 1990s –FN-6 1970s –HN-5 1995 –PZR Grom 1998 –QW-2
1994 –Type 91 surface-to-air missile 1943 –Carl Gustaf 37 mm recoilless rifle[4] 1945 –Carl Gustaf 47 mm recoilless rifle[5] 1948 –Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle M1 1964 –Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle M2 1986 –Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle M3 2014 –Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle M4
1978 –M202 FLASH 1975 –RPO Rys 1986 –RPO-A Shmel 2004 –RPO-M/PDM-A "Shmel-M"Nammo has manufactured shoulder fired systems since the 1960s.. The main difference between a shoulder fired weapon like the M72..