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Ashopping mall (or simplymall) is a large indoorshopping center, usuallyanchored bydepartment stores. The termmall originally meanta pedestrian promenade with shops along it, but in the late 1960s, it began to be used as a generic term for the large enclosed shopping centers that were becoming increasingly commonplace.[1][2] In the United Kingdom and other countries, shopping malls may be calledshopping centres.
In recent decades, malls have declined considerably inNorth America, particularly in subprime locations, and some have closed and become so-called "dead malls".[3] Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features, addedbig-box stores as anchors, or converted to other specialized shopping center formats such aspower centers,lifestyle centers,factory outlet centers, andfestival marketplaces.[4] In Canada, shopping centres have frequently been replaced with mixed-use high-rise communities.[5] In manyEuropean countries andAsian countries, shopping malls continue to grow and thrive.[6]
In the United States,Persian Gulf countries, and India, the termshopping mall is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally abbreviated to simplymall), whileshopping center usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have largeparking lots, face major trafficarterials, and have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighborhoods.[7] Outside of North America, the termsshopping precinct andshoppingarcade are also used.
In the UK, such complexes are consideredshopping centres; however,shopping centre covers many more sizes and types of centers than the North Americanmall. Other countries follow UK usage. InCanadian English, and often in Australia and New Zealand, the termmall may be used informally butshopping centre or merelycentre will feature in the name of the complex (such asToronto Eaton Centre). The termmall is less-commonly a part of the name of the complex.[original research?]
TheInternational Council of Shopping Centers, based inNew York City, classifies two types of shopping centers as malls: regional malls and super regional malls. A regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2)gross leasable area with at least twoanchor stores.[8] A super-regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashionapparel, and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region (25 miles or 40 km) in which it is located.[8] Not classified as malls are smaller formats such asstrip malls andneighborhood shopping centers, and specialized formats such aspower centers,festival marketplaces, andoutlet centers.[4]
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Shopping centers in general may have their origins in public markets and, in the Middle East, coveredbazaars.
In 1798, the first covered shopping passage was built in Paris, thePassage du Caire.[9] The Royal Opera arcade in London opened in 1816,[10] and the more famousBurlington Arcade in 1819.The Arcade inProvidence, Rhode Island, built in 1828, claims to be the first shopping arcade in the United States.[11] Western European cities in particular built many arcade-style shopping centers. TheGalleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, which opened in 1877, was larger than its predecessors, and inspired the use of the term "galleria" for many other shopping arcades and malls.[12][13]
In the mid-20th century, with the rise of thesuburb andautomobile culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away fromdowntowns.[14] Early shopping centers designed for the automobile includeMarket Square,Lake Forest, Illinois (1916), andCountry Club Plaza,Kansas City, Missouri (1924).[15]
The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in the United States afterWorld War II, with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores, such as the 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m2)Broadway-Crenshaw Center inLos Angeles, built in 1947 and anchored by a five-storyBroadway and aMay Company California.[16]
In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of the word "mall", meaning a pedestrian promenade in the U.S., or in U.K. usage, a "shopping precinct". Early downtown pedestrianized malls included theKalamazoo Mall (the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" inToledo,Lincoln Road Mall inMiami Beach,Santa Monica Mall (1965).[17][18][19]
AlthoughBergen Mall opened in 1957 using the name "mall" and inspired other suburban shopping centers to rebrand themselves as malls, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until the late 1960s.[20][page needed]
The enclosed shopping center, which would eventually be known as the shopping mall, did not appear in mainstream until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was theValley Fair Shopping Center inAppleton, Wisconsin,[21] which opened on March 10, 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened inLuleå, in northern Sweden (architect:Ralph Erskine) and was namedShopping; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe.[22]
The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrantVictor Gruen.[23][24][25] This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designedSouthdale Center, which opened in theTwin Cities suburb ofEdina, Minnesota, United States in October 1956.[24][25] For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" byMalcolm Gladwell.[26]
The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" wasParamus,New Jersey'sBergen Mall, which opened with an open-air format on November 14, 1957,[27] and was later enclosed in 1973. Aside fromSouthdale Center, significant early enclosed shopping malls wereHarundale Mall (1958) inGlen Burnie,Maryland,[28]Big Town Mall (1959) inMesquite,Texas,Chris-Town Mall (1961) inPhoenix,Arizona, andRandhurst Center (1962) inMount Prospect,Illinois.
Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.[29][30]
Even though malls mostly appeared in suburban areas in the U.S., some U.S. cities facilitated the construction of enclosed malls downtown as an effort to revive city centers and allow them to compete effectively with suburban malls. Examples includedMain Place Mall in Buffalo (1969) and The Gallery (1977, nowFashion District Philadelphia) in Philadelphia. Other cities created open-airpedestrian malls.
In the United States, developers such asA. Alfred Taubman ofTaubman Centers extended the concept further in 1980, withterrazzo tiles at theMall at Short Hills inNew Jersey, indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores. Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed. Fading daylight through glass panels was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger.[31][32]
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In the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were still being constructed at a rate of 140 a year.[33] But in 2001, aPricewaterhouseCoopers study found that underperforming and vacant malls, known as "greyfield" and "dead mall" estates, were an emerging problem. In 2007, a year before theGreat Recession, no new malls were built in America, for the first time in 50 years.[34]City Creek Center Mall inSalt Lake City, which opened in March 2012, was the first to be built since the recession.[15]
Malls began to lose consumers to open-air power centers and lifestyle centers during the 1990s, as consumers preferred to park right in front of and walk directly into big-box stores with lower prices and without theoverhead of traditional malls (i.e., long enclosed corridors).[35][36][37][38]
Another issue was that the growth-crazed American commercial real estate industry had simply built too many nice places to shop—far more than could be reasonably justified by the actual growth of the American population, retail sales, or any other economic indicator. The number of American shopping centers exploded from 4,500 in 1960 to 70,000 by 1986 to just under 108,000 by 2010.[39]
Thus, the number of dead malls increased significantly in the early 21st century. The economic health of malls across the United States has been in decline, as revealed by high vacancy rates. From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls that are considered to be "dying" by real estate experts (have a vacancy rate of at least 40%), unhealthy (20–40%), or in trouble (10–20%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014.[40] In 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in the United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). Some real estate experts say the "fundamental problem" is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market that is "extremely over-retailed".[40] By the time shopping mall operatorUnibail-Rodamco-Westfield decided to exit the American market in 2022, the United States had an average of 24.5 square feet of retail space per capita (in contrast to 4.5 square feet per capita in Europe).[41]
In 2019,The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards opened as an upscale mall in New York City with "a 'Fifth Avenue' mix of shops", such asH&M,Zara, andSephora below them. This is one of the first two malls built recently, along withAmerican Dream in which both opened in 2019 sinceCity Creek Center.[42]
Online shopping has also emerged as a major competitor to shopping malls. In theUnited States, online shopping has accounted for an increasing share of total retail sales.[43] In 2013, roughly 200 out of 1,300 malls across the United States were going out of business.[44] To combat this trend, developers have converted malls into other uses including attractions such as parks, movie theaters, gyms, and even fishing lakes.[45] In the United States, the 600,000 square footHighland Mall will be a campus forAustin Community College.[46] InFrance, the So Ouest mall outside ofParis was designed to resemble elegant,Louis XV-style apartments and includes 17,000 square metres (180,000 sq ft) of green space.[47] The Australian mall companyWestfield launched an online mall (and later a mobile app) with 150 stores, 3,000 brands and over 1 million products.[48]
TheCOVID-19 pandemic also significantly impacted the retail industry. Government regulations temporarily closed malls, increased entrance controls, and imposed strict public sanitation requirements.[49]
High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall", in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible byelevators and/orescalators (usually both) linking the different levels of the mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and downwards.[50] The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center development division ofMarshall Field & Co. TheWater Tower Place skyscraper inChicago, Illinois was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on theMagnificent Mile.[citation needed]
Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations in East and Southeast Asia. Hong Kong in particular has numerous examples such asTimes Square,Dragon Centre,Apm,Langham Place,[50]ISQUARE,Hysan Place andThe One.
A vertical mall may also be built where the geography prevents building outward or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historic buildings or significantarcheology. TheDarwin Shopping Centre and associated malls inShrewsbury, UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around the former town walls;[51] consequently the shopping center is split over seven floors vertically – two locations horizontally – connected by elevators, escalators and bridge walkways. Some establishments incorporate such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's formerMcDonald's, split into four stories with multiplemezzanines which featured medieval castle vaults – complete witharrowslits – in the basement dining rooms.
A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number offast food vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area.
When the shopping mall format was developed byVictor Gruen in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are termed anchor stores or draw tenants. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another.[citation needed]
There are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of US$12.47 billion.[52] This represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year.[52]
In the United Kingdom and Ireland, both open-air and enclosed centers are commonly referred to asshopping centres.Mall primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection ofshops all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic.
The majority of British enclosed shopping centres, the equivalent of a U.S. mall, are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples includeWestquay inSouthampton;Manchester Arndale;Bullring Birmingham;Liverpool One;Trinity Leeds; Buchanan Galleries inGlasgow;St James Quarter inEdinburgh; andEldon Square inNewcastle upon Tyne. In addition to the inner city shopping centres, large UKconurbations will also have large out-of-town "regional malls" such as theMetrocentre inGateshead;Meadowhall Centre,Sheffield servingSouth Yorkshire; theTrafford Centre inGreater Manchester;White Rose Centre inLeeds; theMerry Hill Centre nearDudley; andBluewater inKent. These centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused onretail parks, which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success.[53]Westfield London (White City) is the largest shopping centre in Europe.[citation needed]
InRussia, on the other hand, as of 2013[update] a large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably theMEGA malls such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall nearMoscow. In large part they were financed by international investors and were popular with shoppers from the emerging middle class.[54]
A shoppingproperty management firm is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use a similar naming scheme for most of their malls; for example,Mills Corporation puts "Mills" in most of its mall names andSM Prime Holdings of thePhilippines puts "SM" in all of its malls, as well as anchor stores such as The SM Store, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK,The Mall Fund changes the name of any center it buys to"The Mall (location)", using its pink-M logo; when it sells a mall the center reverts to its own name and branding, such asthe Ashley Centre inEpsom.[55] Similarly, following its rebranding from Capital Shopping Centres,intu Properties renamed many of its centres to"intu (name/location)" (such asintu Lakeside); again, malls removed from the network revert to their own brand (see for instanceThe Glades in Bromley).
One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditionalmain streets orhigh streets. Some consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and privatesecurity guards, overcentral business districts (CBD) ordowntowns, which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limitedpolice coverage.[56][57]
In response, a few jurisdictions, notablyCalifornia, have expanded the right offreedom of speech to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls.[35][58] The Supreme Court decisionPruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins was issued on 9 June 1980 which affirmed the decision of the California Supreme Court in a case that arose out of a free speech dispute between the Pruneyard Shopping Center in Campbell, California, and several local high school students.
This is a list of the world's largestshopping malls based on theirgross leasable area (GLA), with a GLA of at least 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft).
| Rank | Mall | Country | City (metropolitan area) | Year opened | Gross leasable area (GLA) | Shops | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Iran Mall | Iran | Tehran | 2018 | 1,950,000 m2 (21,000,000 sq ft)[59] | 2,500+ | Largest mall in Iran |
| 2 | The Avenues Mall | Kuwait | Al Rai | 2007 | 1,200,000 m2 (13,000,000 sq ft) | 1400+[60] | Largest mall in Kuwait |
| 3 | IOI City Mall | Malaysia | Putrajaya | 2014 | 821,000 m2 (8,840,000 sq ft) | 650+ | Largest mall in South East Asia |
| 4 | Isfahan City Center | Iran | Isfahan | 2012 | 776,000 m2 (8,350,000 sq ft)[61][62] | 700+ | Contains the biggest indoor amusement park in the Middle East at 776,000 m2 (8,350,000 sq ft). Built in two phases in 2012 and 2019. |
| 5 | South China Mall | China | Dongguan | 2005 | 659,612 m2 (7,100,000 sq ft)[65][61] | 2,350 | Until at least 2014 most of the stores were empty, with occupancy rates of only 10%.[61] |
| 6 | SM Mall of Asia | Philippines | Pasay (Metro Manila) | 2006 | 589,891 m2 (6,349,530 sq ft)[66] | 3,500+ | The largest mall in the Philippines with IT parks,MoA Arena, hotels, university, an IKEA building,[67] bay-area resorts, and amusement parks; a totalreclamation of 1,047 hectares (2,590 acres) is anticipated upon completion |
| 7 | SM City Tianjin | China | Tianjin | 2016 | 565,000 m2 (6,080,000 sq ft)[46][68][69] | 1,000+ | The largest SM mall outside of the Philippines |
| 8 | Golden Resources Mall | China | Beijing | 2004 | 557,419 m2 (6,000,010 sq ft)[65][61] | 750+ | |
| 9 | Central WestGate | Thailand | Nonthaburi (Bangkok Metropolitan Region) | 2015 | 550,278 m2 (5,923,140 sq ft) | 500+ | The gross floor area of the mall includes the floor area of the mall building with various shops which is 500,000 square meters and the floor area of the IKEA store which is 50,278 square meters.[70][71] |
| 10 | CentralWorld | Thailand | Bangkok | 1989 | 550,000 m2 (5,900,000 sq ft)[72] | 600 | Area of the full complex is 1,024,000 m2 (11,020,000 sq ft) including two skyscrapers. |
| 11 | ICONSIAM | Thailand | Bangkok | 2018 | 525,000 m2 (5,650,000 sq ft)[73] | 550+ | |
| 12 | Mall of America | United States | Bloomington, MN (Minneapolis–Saint Paul) | 1992 | 520,257 m2 (5,600,000 sq ft)[74] | 520 | The ranking area does not includeNickelodeon Universe, a large indoor amusement park at the center of the mall with an area of 28,000 m2 (300,000 sq ft). Largest mall in the United States andthe Americas. |
| 13 | 1 Utama | Malaysia | Petaling Jaya | 1995 | 519,328 m2 (5,590,000 sq ft)[75][76] | 503[76] | The 2nd largest shopping mall in Malaysia. Built in three phases in 1995,[77] 2003[78] and 2018.[79] |
| 14 | SM City North EDSA | Philippines | Quezon City (Metro Manila) | 1985 | 497,213 m2 (5,351,960 sq ft)[61][66][80] | 1,000+ | Formerly the largest mall in the Philippines (2008–2011, 201?–2014, and 2015–2021), until IKEA opened in SM Mall of Asia on November 25, 2021. |
| 15 | Global Harbor | China | Shanghai | 2013 | 480,000 m2 (5,200,000 sq ft)[81][82] | 450+ | |
| 16 | SM Megamall | Philippines | Mandaluyong (Metro Manila) | 1991 | 474,000 m2 (5,100,000 sq ft)[66][83][81][82] | 1,000+ | Has the most cinema screens (14) in the Philippines.[84][85] |
| 17 | SM Seaside City Cebu | Philippines | Cebu City | 2015 | 470,486 m2 (5,064,270 sq ft)[86] | 700+ | Largest shopping mall in the Philippines outside Metro Manila. |
| 18 | Persian Gulf Complex | Iran | Shiraz | 2011 | 450,000 m2 (4,800,000 sq ft)[87][88][89][90] | 355[91][92] | Second largest shopping mall by number of stores afterIran Mall.[91] |
| 19 (tie) | Blockbuster Mall | Ukraine | Kyiv | 2019, 2021 | 400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)[93] | 400+ | The largest shopping mall in Ukraine[94] |
| 19 (tie) | Sunway Pyramid | Malaysia | Subang Jaya | 1997 | 400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)[95] | 1000+ | Third largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind1 Utama. Built in three phases in 1997, 2007 and 2016. |
| 19 (tie) | New Century Global Center | China | Chengdu | 2013 | 400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft) | 2,300 | |
| 19 (tie) | Dream Mall | Taiwan | Kaohsiung | 2007 | 400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft) | 250 | Largest mall inTaiwan. |
| 19 (tie) | Siam Paragon | Thailand | Bangkok | 2005 | 400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)[61] | 200+ | [96] |
| 19 (tie) | Central Phuket | Thailand | Phuket | 2004 | 400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)[97][98][99] | 250+ | Major expansion ("Floresta" building) in 2018. |
| 19 (tie) | Festival Alabang | Philippines | Muntinlupa (Metro Manila) | 1998 | 400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)[100] | 250+ | |
| 25 | Lotte World Mall | South Korea | Seoul | 2014 | 383,470 m2 (4,127,600 sq ft)[101] | 200+ | Largest shopping mall in South Korea. |
| 26 (tie) | Jamuna Future Park | Bangladesh | Dhaka | 2013 | 380,000 m2 (4,100,000 sq ft)[102] | 510[102] | Largest shopping mall inSouth Asia.[103] |
| 26 (tie) | Albrook Mall | Panama | Panama City | 2002 | 380,000 m2 (4,100,000 sq ft)[61] | 200+ | Second largest shopping mall in the Americas; the largest until 2013. |
| 28 | Mal Taman Anggrek | Indonesia | Jakarta | 1996 | 360,000 m2 (3,900,000 sq ft)[61] | 150 | Hosts the world's largest LED display.[104] |
| 29 (tie) | Fashion Island (Thailand) | Thailand | Bangkok | 1995 | 350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft) | 150 | |
| 29 (tie) | West Edmonton Mall | Canada | Edmonton, Alberta | 1981 | 350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft)[105] | 800+ | Largest shopping mall in Canada. The gross leasable area does not includeGalaxyland, a large indoor amusement park with an area of 70,160 m2 (755,200 sq ft). |
| 29 (tie) | The Dubai Mall | United Arab Emirates | Dubai | 2008 | 350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft) | 400+ | The second largest mall in the world by total land area.[106][107][108] |
| 32 (tie) | Big City | Taiwan | Hsinchu | 2012 | 340,000 m2 (3,700,000 sq ft) | 300 | |
| 32 (tie) | Lucky One Mall | Pakistan | Karachi | 2017 | 340,000 m2 (3,700,000 sq ft) | 200+ | Largest mall inPakistan. |
| 33 | Gandaria City | Indonesia | Jakarta | 2010 | 336,279 m2 (3,619,680 sq ft)[109] | 250 | |
| 34 (tie) | Limketkai Center | Philippines | Cagayan de Oro | 1992 | 320,000 m2 (3,400,000 sq ft)[110][111] | 250 | |
| 34 (tie) | Berjaya Times Square | Malaysia | Kuala Lumpur | 2003 | 320,000 m2 (3,400,000 sq ft) | 200+ | The largest shopping mall inKuala Lumpur and 4th largest shopping mall in Malaysia behindIOI City Mall,1 Utama andSunway Pyramid.[112] |
| 36 | SM City Fairview | Philippines | Quezon City (Metro Manila) | 1997 | 312,749 m2 (3,366,400 sq ft) | 350 | |
| 37 | The Grand Central Mall | Pakistan | Faisalabad | Under-Construction | 310,000 m2 (3,300,000 sq ft) | 2nd-largest mall inPakistan | |
| 38 (tie) | Zhengjia Plaza (Grandview Mall) | China | Guangzhou | 2005 | 280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft) | 180+[citation needed] | |
| 38 (tie) | American Dream Meadowlands | United States | East Rutherford, NJ (New York City area) | 2019 | 280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft)[113] | 200 | IncludesNickelodeon Universe,DreamWorks Water Park, andBig Snow American Dream |
| 38 (tie) | Haikou International Duty Free City | China | Haikou, Hainan | 2022 | 280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft)[114] | Largest duty-free shopping mall in the world[115] | |
| 38 (tie) | Future Park Rangsit | Thailand | Thanyaburi,Pathum Thani | 1995 | 280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft) | 1000 | 600,000 square meters including Zpell |
| 42 | SM City Cebu | Philippines | Cebu City | 1993 | 273,804 m2 (2,947,200 sq ft)[66] | 680 | |
| 43 | The Avenues, Bahrain | Bahrain | Bahrain Bay | 2017 | 273,000 m2 (2,940,000 sq ft) | ||
| 44 | Sarath City Mall | India | Hyderabad | 2019 | 270,000 m2 (2,900,000 sq ft)2[116] | 400+ | The biggest shopping mall inIndia. |
| 45 | Medan Centre Point | Indonesia | Medan | 2013 | 270,000 m2 (2,900,000 sq ft)2[117] | ||
| 46 | Mal Artha Gading | Indonesia | Jakarta | 2004 | 270,000 m2 (2,900,000 sq ft) | 330[118] | |
| 47 | Mall of Arabia | Saudi Arabia | Jeddah | 2010 | 261,000 m2 (2,810,000 sq ft) | 187[119] | |
| 48 | King of Prussia | United States | King of Prussia (Philadelphia metropolitan area) | 1963 | 259,500 m2 (2,793,000 sq ft)[120] | 200+ | Originally built as two buildings, a 2016 renovation made it one continuous building, larger than Mall of America by 1,300 m2 (14,000 sq ft).[121] |
| 49 | Greenwich Mall | Russia | Ekaterinburg | 2006 | 258,673 m2 (2,784,330 sq ft)[122] | 250 | the largest shopping center in Russia |
| 50 | Centro Comercial Aricanduva | Brazil | São Paulo | 1991 | 257,047 m2 (2,766,830 sq ft)[123] | 545+ | The largest shopping center inSouth America. It is the 5th largest shopping center in the world (2019)[123] |
| 51 | T.S. Mall | Taiwan | Tainan | 2015 | 254,000 m2 (2,730,000 sq ft) | 200+ | |
| 52 | Tunjungan Plaza | Indonesia | Surabaya | 1986 | 253,187 m2 (2,725,280 sq ft)[124] | 250 | The biggest mall inEast Java |
| 53 (tie) | Emporium Mall | Pakistan | Lahore | 2016 | 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)[125] | 200+ | 3rd largest mall inPakistan |
| 53 (tie) | Centro Sambil | Venezuela | Caracas | 1998 | 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft) | 300 | |
| 55 (tie) | Aventura Mall | United States | Aventura (Miami area) | 1983 | 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft) | 300+ | Largest shopping mall in Florida. |
| 55 (tie) | Glorietta | Philippines | Makati (Metro Manila) | 1991 | 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft) | 300+ | Glorietta is integrated with Greenbelt, both of which are owned by theAyala Corporation. |
| 55 (tie) | Greenbelt | Philippines | Makati (Metro Manila) | 1991 | 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft) | 300+ | Greenbelt is integrated with Glorietta, both of which are owned by theAyala Corporation. |
| 55 (tie) | South Coast Plaza | United States | Costa Mesa (Greater Los Angeles) | 1967 | 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)[126] | 286 | The largest shopping mall inCalifornia besidesDel Amo. |
| 55 (tie) | Centro Comercial Santafé | Colombia | Bogota | 2006 | 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft) | 150 |
Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export.
| Name | Country | City | Year opened | Gross leasable area | Shops | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yiwu International luTrade City | China | Yiwu | 2002 | 5,500,000 m2 (59,000,000 sq ft)[127] | 75,000+ | Much of the retail area is divided into small booths, hence the disproportionately greater number of shops than other malls listed. |
"the essential framework for the regional mall", and other references in this page range and elsewhere to malls as a type of shopping center
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