| PS-1 / US-1A | |
|---|---|
 A US-1A in flight | |
| General information | |
| Type | Air-sea rescue amphibian |
| Manufacturer | Shin Meiwa |
| Status | Retired |
| Primary user | Japan Maritime Self Defense Force |
| History | |
| Manufactured | PS-1: 23 US-1: 6 US-1A: 14 |
| Introduction date | 1971 (PS-1) |
| First flight | 5 October 1967 (PX-S)[1] |
| Retired | 2017 |
| Variant | ShinMaywa US-2 |
TheShin Meiwa PS-1 andUS-1A is a largeSTOL aircraft designed foranti-submarine warfare (ASW) andair-sea rescue (SAR) work respectively by Japanese aircraft manufacturerShin Meiwa. The PS-1anti-submarine warfare (ASW) variant is aflying boat which carried its ownbeaching gear on board, while thesearch-and-rescue (SAR) orientated US-1A is a trueamphibian.
Development of the PS-1 has its origins in flying boat research performed by the Shin Meiwa during the 1950s. The company, believing that their design was capable of regular use upon the open sea, petitioned the Japanese military to acquire the type as amaritime patrol aircraft (MPA). Following the demonstration of a convertedGrumman HU-16 Albatross testbed aircraft, referred to as theUF-XS, theJapan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) awarded Shin Meiwa a contract in 1966 to further develop its design via two further prototypes, which were designatedPS-X. During 1969, the JMSDF placed the first order for an eventual fleet of 21 ASW aircraft, designatedPS-1; orders for the SAR variant, designatedUS-1A, were also issued during the 1970s.
Shin Meiwa were keen to develop additional variants and derivative aircraft, including substantially larger designs which they had studied, but many of these ambitions remained as paper projects only. During the 1980s, the JMSDF decided to adopt land-basedLockheed P-3 Orions, displacing the PS-1s from the ASW role and leading to the variant's retirement during 1989. Following the withdrawal of the last active US-1A in 2017, the type has been replaced by theShinMaywa US-2, a modernised variant.
Following the end of theSecond World War and the start of theOccupation of Japan, a ban on aircraft manufacturing imposed during December 1945 required Japan's aircraft industry to find other work.[2] During the late 1940s, Japanese aircraft manufacturerKawanishi Aircraft Company reorganised itself, becomingShinMeiwa Industries. During the 1950s, the emergence of theCold War between theUnited States and theSoviet Union led to the aircraft construction ban being rescinded; Shin Meiwa, which had turned to heavy machinery and engine manufacturing for the intervening years, decided to resurrect their old aircraft works. Initially, the company focused on smaller efforts, such assubcontracting work, the production ofdrop tanks, and performing airframe overhauls of both Japanese and American aircraft, such as theUS Navy'sMartin P5M Marlin flying boats. However, senior figures, such as chief aircraft designer Shizo Kikuhara and founder Ryuzo Kawanishi were keen to pursue projects of a greater scope.[2]
During the early 1950s, Kawanishi had formed a committee headed by Kikuhara which was tasked with developing seaplane designs that would feature greater seaworthiness.[2] Unlike most seaplanes, they held the ambitious aim of producing an aircraft that could land upon rough seas and encounter little impact from waves and spray. By 1959, the committee felt that it had developed an appropriate design to meet its specification.[2][3] Two years later Kikuhara, who now headed up the company's Amphibian Development Division, waslobbying the Japanese Defense Agency to consider the adoption of a flying boat to meet the nation's requirement for ananti-submarine warfare (ASW)patrol aircraft. Shin Meiwa stated that they would produce a specialised design to undertake the ASW mission. Crucial support came from the US Navy, who were keen to see Japan's ASW capabilities expand to help track and contain the growing Soviet submarine presence in the Pacific.[2]
To support the development, the US Navy at Shin Meiwa's request provided a singleGrumman HU-16 Albatross flying boat, which was extensively modified and then reassembled into a flying testbed aircraft, referred to as theUF-XS.[2] The converted flying boat featured numerous adaptations, including a novelboundary layer control system to provide enhancedShort Takeoff/Landing (STOL) performance, while the Albatross's two 1,425 hp (1,063 kW)Wright R-1820radial engines were supplemented by two 600 hp (450 kW)Pratt & Whitney R-1340 radial engines on the aircraft's modified wings, with an additional 1,250 shp (930 kW)General Electric T58turboshaft inside the aircraft's hull to drive the boundary layer control system.[4] The UF-XS also featured a new T-tail arrangement which resembled that of the advanced variant of the Martin P5M-2 Marlin.[2][5][6]
From 1962 onwards, the UF-XS performed numerous test flights, demonstrating the improved features which enabled a flying boat to both land and take-off from the open ocean; these tests were closely followed and critiqued by the Japanese military.[2] Over time, the UF-XS continued to be modified to improve its stability and other key performance criteria. In 1966, theJapan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) awarded Shin Meiwa a contract to further develop its design to produce a patrol aircraft capable of the ASW mission; accordingly, two further prototypes were constructed under the designationPS-X. In addition to Shin Meiwa, other Japanese companies, such asFuji Heavy Industries andNIPPI Corporation, also played major roles in the PS-X's development.[2] The adaptions resulted in significant seaworthiness improvements; during tests conducted in theKii Channel during 1968, the PS-X successfully landed amid formidable four-meter waves, despite these being in excess of its design goal of three meters.[2]
Having been suitably impressed, during 1969, the JMSDF issued a production order for a batch of 21 aircraft, which were given the designationPS-1, to meet its ASW requirement.[2] In spite of its demonstrated performance, the project was not without its critics. The programme soon became politically controversial as its relatively small production run had resulted in an extremely highunit-cost for these aircraft, largely due to the inherent costs involved in the development of brand new aircraft designs. For its part, Shin Meiwa made efforts to commercialise design elements of the aircraft, such as itshydraulics and engine control systems; it exported its rough-sea roll-damping technology to other seaplane companies.[2]
The PS-1 had not been in service long before the JMSDF requested the development of asearch-and-rescue (SAR) variant. Shin Meiwa, being keen to pursue the aircraft's development, embarked upon fulfilling this request.[2] By deleting much of the PS-1's military equipment, room was freed up to provide the aircraft with a greater fuel capacity, retractable landing gear, and rescue equipment. The new variant, which was designated theUS-1A, could also quickly be converted for troop-carrying. The US-1A was Japan's firstamphibian, operating from land and sea, which meant that it could transfer survivors to land facilities viaambulance more quickly.[2] First flown on October 15, 1974, it was accepted into service during the following year, and eventually 19 aircraft were purchased. From the seventh aircraft on, an uprated version of the original engine was used, all aircraft were eventually modified to this US-1A standard.
During the 1990s, by which point the US-1A fleet was beginning to show its age, the JMSDF attempted to obtain funding towards acquiring a replacement, but could not secure enough to develop an entirely new aircraft. Therefore, during 1995, ShinMaywa (as Shin Meiwa had been renamed, reportedly so that the name would be easier to pronounce for non-Japanese speakers[2]) set about planning to produce an upgraded version of the US-1A, initially referred to as the US-1Akai (US-1A 改 - "improved US-1A"). This aircraft features numerous aerodynamic refinements and modernised systems, along with a pressurised hull, and the adoption of more powerfulRolls-Royce AE 2100 engines.[2] Flight tests of the new variant began on December 18, 2003. The JMSDF has chosen to purchase up to 14 of these aircraft, which has entered service as theShinMaywa US-2.
In 1977, Shin Meiwa revealed that it had several ideas for its STOL flying boat concept on the drawing board, but ultimately none of these were ever built. They were theShin Meiwa LA (Light Amphibian), a 40-passenger light amphibian for inter-island feeder service; the 400-passengerShin Meiwa MA (Medium Amphibian); theShin Meiwa MS (Medium Seaplane) a 300-passenger long-range flying boat with its own beaching gear; and the gargantuanShin Meiwa GS (Giant Seaplane) with a capacity of 1200 passengers seated on three decks. Unlike the Shin Meiwa LA and MA which were like the US-1 in design, the Shin Meiwa MS and GS had their engines located in front of and above the wing to take advantage of theCoandă effect. In the end, none of the four designs got beyond paper studies.[7]
Between 1971 and 1978, 21 PS-1 flying boats entered service with the JMSDF; starting in 1973, they were operated as Fleet Air Wing 31.[1] The PS-1 ASW variant carriedhoming torpedoes,depth charges and127mm Zuni rockets as offensive armament, but lacked any defensive weapons. It was equipped withdipping sonar, which had limited use as it required the aircraft to land on water to deploy. It could also carry 20sonobuoys. It had a crew of ten: pilot, co-pilot, flight engineer, navigator and six sensor/weapons operators.[8] On a typical ASW mission, a PS-1 would range over hundreds of square miles of ocean, landing between 12 and 16 times to dip its sonar.[3]
The type was capable of numerous feats, such as being able to routinely land in seas with waves of up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) in height. Water distance for takeoff or landing with 79,400 pounds (36,000 kg) aircraft weight was 720 feet (220 m) with no wind or 500 feet (150 m) into a 15-knot wind.[1] Apart from the boundary layer control system, which was powered by an independentgas turbine housed within the fuselage, the aircraft had a number of other innovative features, including a system to suppress spray during water handling,[1] and directing thepropwash from the aircraft's fourturboprop engines over its wings to create yet more lift.
During 1976, a single PS-1 was experimentally modified to performaerial firefighting missions; it possessed an internal capacity of 7,350 litres (1,940 US gal) of water.[9] During the 1980s, the JMSDF decided to replace the PS-1 in the ASW role with land-basedLockheed P-3 Orions; the last examples of the ASW variant were phased out of service in 1989. It was outlived by the Search-and-Rescue oriented US-1A fleet, which continued to be used into the 21st century.[2]
The US-1A's first rescue was from aGreek vessel in 1976. Despite having been envisioned largely to perform air-sea rescues of military personnel, the US-1A has mostly been involved in civilian assistance operations.[3] Between 1976 and 1999, Japan's US-1A fleet has reported been used in over 500 rescues and were responsible for the saving of 550 lives.[10] The US-1A was retired on December 13, 2017, when the last example in JMSDF service conducted its final flight. According to aviation periodicalAir International, a total of 827 people have been rescued by US-1s since the type had entered service during 1976.[11] It has been succeeded in its role by the modernised US-2.[3]
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Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988-89[12]
General characteristics
Performance
Avionics
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
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