Shilahara Dynasty | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 800–1212 | |||||||||
 anonymous Gold Coins (perhaps from Kolhapur Shilaharas) dating from the 10th–11th centuries. | |||||||||
| Capital | Kolhapur,Thane | ||||||||
| Common languages | Kannada,[3][4]Sanskrit[5][6] | ||||||||
| Religion | Jainism | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 800 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1212 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | India | ||||||||
Shilahara dynasty (IAST: Śilāhāra) was a royal house that ruled parts of western India between the 8th and 13th centuries CE. The Shilaharas Originally vassals of the powerfulRashtrakuta Empire, the Shilaharas rose to prominence and established three semi-independent branches that governed over North Konkan, South Konkan, and the Kolhapur region of present-day Maharashtra. Their rule was marked by regional consolidation, temple patronage, and the promotion of religious pluralism—especially Jainism.[7]
The dynasty is believed to have been of Kannadiga origin, with deep cultural and administrative ties to the Deccan. Their early records, composed in Sanskrit and Kannada, point to close associations with Jain Acharyas and they were instrumental in the spread of Jainism in western Maharashtra.[8]
Shilahara rulers were known for building and endowing Jain temples (basadis) and Hindu shrines, issuing copperplate grants, and commissioning inscriptions in Kannada, Sanskrit, and early Marathi. Their courts supportedKannada,Sanskrit, andMarathi literature, and they maintained a legacy of decentralized yet stable governance.[9]
While the North Konkan branch was centered in Thane and ruled until the 13th century, the Kolhapur line, which became the most prominent, lasted until around 1212 CE, when it fell to the Yadavas of Devagiri. Despite their decline, the Shilaharas left a lasting architectural and epigraphic footprint, particularly in Konkan and southern Maharashtra.
The dynasty was founded under the suzerainty of theRashtrakuta kingGovinda III. Kapardin I was placed in charge of Northern Konkan, while Sanaphulla established the Southern Konkan branch. The powerful Kolhapur branch emerged later under Jatiga II, eventually ruling independent of direct Rashtrakuta genealogy.
The dynasty'sorigin myth traced their family's ancestry to avidyadhara prince named Jimutavahana and a warrior named Silara who defended Konkan againstParashurama's arrows.[10]
The Shilahara dynasty ruled different parts of western India between the 8th and 13th centuries. The kingdom was divided into three major branches:
• North Konkan Branch: Centered around modern-day Mumbai and Thane districts, with key ports and trade centers.
• South Konkan Branch: Controlled areas along the southern coastal belt, including present-day Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg.
• Kolhapur Branch: The most powerful and enduring branch, it governed much of present-day southern Maharashtra and northern Karnataka.
Each branch functioned semi-independently under the nominal suzerainty of larger empires like the Rashtrakutas and later the Chalukyas. Kolhapur eventually became the most dominant, with rulers like Jatiga II asserting near-complete independence.[11][12]
The Shilaharas were Kannada speakingJains, though early rulers of the Kolhapur and Southern Konkan branches were especially devoted toJainism. Several rulers and queens funded Jain Basadi's, honored Digambara monks, and issued land grants to Jain basadis. King Gonka built a Jain Basadi at Kolhapur after being cured of snakebite by a Jain monk.[13] Under Bhoja I, the Jain Acharya Maghanandi established a Jain religious center at Rupanarayana Basadi, and royal patronage included kings and queens becoming his disciples.[14]
kings like Gandaraditya I and Bhoja II, also supportedHinduism But Jain influences remained strong in court circles and temple building. Many Jain temples from this era, such as in Kolhapur and Kharepatan, exhibit Chalukyan architectural features fused with Jain iconography.[15]
Several Jain basadis (temples) were constructed during the Shilahara period, especially in regions such as Kolhapur, Miraj, and North Karnataka.[16][17][18]
ParshwanathJain temple of Kolhapur Shilaharas at Ibrahimpur and Bhogoli inChandgad
King Chhittaraja (North Konkan branch, ruled 1022–1035 CE) commissioned the famous Shiv MandirAmbarnath near Kalyan.
In Kolhapur, SriAdinath Jain Temple andKopeshwar Temple at Khidrapur was built between 1109–1178 CE by Shilahara kings such as Gandaraditya I and Bhoja II. Inscriptions and sculpture indicate a Jain origin
TheWalkeshwar Temple and theBanganga Tank were built during the reign of Chittaraja, a king of this dynasty.[19]andKopineshwar Mandir, a Shiva temple inThane.[20]
RoopanarayanJain temple of 4 differenttirthankar consisting 2Old Kannada stone inscriptions of king Bhoja and King Gandaraditya. (10 C.AD) -Mahadwar roadkolhapur.
22ndJain tirthnakarNeminath temple at Khidrapur of king Gandaraditya era of Kolhapur shilaharas,RishabhnathJain temple at Pattankodoli inHatkanangale taluka of Kolhapur Shilaharas has Kannada inscription stating the reign of king Gandaraditya. Temple dedicated to The First tirthankar Of Jainism (11th century A.D),ParshwanathJain temple of Kolhapur Shilaharas at Ainapur inGadhinglaj taluka,Chandraprabhu 8thJain tirthankar temple at Herle, near Kolhapur with Kannada inscriptions of Shilaharas.ParshwanathJain temple of Kolhapur Shilaharas at Baamni and Sangaon inKagal taluka. Idol ofParshwanathJain tirthankar found in excavation ofHupari inHatkanangale Taluka has Kannada inscriptions Kolhapur Shilaharas.[21][22]
The Shilahara rulers were known for constructing both Jain and Hindu temples across parts of present-day Karnataka and Maharashtra.[23]
• North Konkan(c. 800–1265 CE), with its capital at Thane
• South Konkan (c. 765–1029 CE), centered in Kharepatan–Goa region
• Kolhapur branch (c. 940–1212 CE), covering present-day southern Maharashtra and northern Karnataka
These branches ruled semi-independently but shared a common heritage ofRashtrakuta allegiance,Kannada influence, andJain patronage.[24]
AfterRashtrakuta power became weak, the last known ruler of this family, Rattaraja, declared his independence. ButChalukya Jayasimha, the younger brother of Vikramaditya, overthrew him and appropriated his possessions. The second northern Shilahara king,Pullashakti, acknowledged the overlordship of theRashtrakuta rulerAmoghavarsha (r. 815–877) and was the governor of Mangalpuri under him.[26] The northern Shilaharas continued to be vassals under the Rashtrakutas until the ninth king Aparajit assumed independent rule in 997.[27]
This house's history is known through one record, the Kharepatan plates of Rattaraja issued in 1008. Rattaraja was the last ruler of this dynasty. The document is extremely important as it not only gives the genealogy of the ten ancestors of Rattaraja but also mentions their exploits. The founder, Sanaphulla, was vassal of theRastrakuta emperor Krisna I who had established his power overKonkan by 765 and probably handed it to Sanaphulla. The Kharepatan plates declare that Sanaphulla obtained lordship over the territory between Sahya mountain and the sea through the favour of Krisnaraja.
Sana-phulla's son Dhammayira is known to have built a fort at Vallipattana on the Western Coast. Aiyaparaja secured victory at Chandrapuri (Chandor) in Goa. The reign of Avasara I proved to be uneventful. His son Adityavarman, who is described as brilliant as the Sun in valour, offered help to the kings of Chandrapuri and Chemulya (modern Chaul), 30 miles to the south of Bombay, so the influence of the Shilaharas had spread over the whole ofKonkan. At this time Laghu Kapardi, the ruler of theThane branch, was just a boy and the help given to the ruler of Chaul must have been at his expense. Avasara II continued the policy of his father. Indraraja's son Bhima is styled as 'Rahuvadgrasta Chandramandala' because he overthrew the petty ruler of Chandor. At this time the Kadamba ruler Sasthadeva and his son Chaturbhuja were trying to overthrow the Rastrakuta rule. This explains Bhima's opposition to Chandrapuri or Chandor. Avasara III, no doubt, ruled in troubled times, but had no contribution of his to make. Finally, Rattaraja, loyal to the Rastrakutas, was compelled to transfer his allegiance to Taila II.
Soon after the issue of the plates in 1008, the rule ofKonkan passed over to the later Chalukyas. (Dept. Gazetteer: Kolaba, 1964, Dept. Gazetteer: 2002)
The Shilahara family atKolhapur was the latest of the three and was founded about the time of the downfall of theRashtrakuta Empire. They ruled over southernMaharashtra and NorthernKarnataka, the modern districts of Satara, Kolhapur and Belagavi. Their family deity was the goddess Mahalakshmi, whose blessing they claimed to have secured in their copperplate grants (Mahalakshmi-labdha-vara-prasada). Like their relatives of the northern branch ofKonkan, the Shilaharas ofKolhapur claimed to be of the lineage of the Vidyadhara Jimutavahana. They carried the banner of golden Garuda. One of the many titles used by the Shilaharas wasTagarapuravaradhisvara, or supreme sovereign ruler of Tagara.[29]
The first capital of the Shilaharas was probably at Karad during the reign of Jatiga-II as known from their copper plate grant of Miraj and 'Vikramankadevacharita' of Bilhana.[30] Hence sometimes they are referred as 'Shilaharas of Karad'. Later on although the capital was shifted toKolhapur, some of their grants mention Valavada, and the hill fort of Pranalaka or Padmanala (Panhala) as the places of royal residence. Even though the capital was shifted toKolhapur, Karhad retained its significance during the Shilahara period. This branch rose to power during the latter part of theRashtrakuta rule and so, unlike the kings of the other two branches, those of this branch do not mention the genealogy of theRashtrakutas even in their early grants. Later on they acknowledged the suzerainty of thelater Chalukya for some time. This branch continued to hold the SouthernMaharashtra from circa 940 to 1220.
It seems thatBhoja II, the last ruler of this family, was overthrown and dispossessed by Singhana in or soon after 1219-20 (Saka 1131) as is borne out by one of Singhana's inscriptions dated Saka 1160.[31]
The decline of the Shilahara dynasty began in the late 12th century as larger powers in the Deccan, such as the Yadavas of Devagiri started expanding their influence. The northern branch of the Shilaharas in Konkan was subdued by the Yadava ruler Singhana II around the beginning of the 13th century.[32] Similarly, in southern regions like Kolhapur, Shilahara rulers eventually lost control to the expanding Seuna (Yadava) power.[33]
After their decline, many of the temples, inscriptions, and water tanks built during the Shilahara period continued to be used and maintained by successor dynasties. Some of their temples were modified or expanded by later rulers, but inscriptions bearing Shilahara grants remain important sources of regional history and temple patronage.[34]
The legacy of the Shilaharas survives through their architectural contributions, particularly their support to religious institutions, which shaped the cultural landscape of parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka.[35]
Shilahara records that acknowledge Amoghavarsha, the immediate predecessor of Krishna II, as their overlord
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