| Shepherd Moons | ||||
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| Studio album by | ||||
| Released | 4 November 1991 | |||
| Recorded | 1988–1991 | |||
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| Genre | ||||
| Length | 43:41 | |||
| Label | ||||
| Producer | Nicky Ryan | |||
| Enya chronology | ||||
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| Singles from Shepherd Moons | ||||
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Shepherd Moons is the third studio album byIrish singer, songwriter and musicianEnya, released on 4 November 1991 byWEA. After the unexpected critical and commercial success of her previous albumWatermark (1988), Enya embarked on a worldwide promotional tour to support it. At its conclusion, she wrote and rehearsed new material for her next album with her long time recording partners, manager, arranger and producerNicky Ryan and his wife, lyricistRoma Ryan. The album was recorded in Ireland and London and continued to display Enya's sound of multi-tracked vocals with keyboards and elements ofCeltic andnew-age music.
Shepherd Moons received generally positive reviews from critics and became a greater commercial success thanWatermark. It went to number one on theUK Albums Chart and peaked at number seventeen on theBillboard 200 in the United States. The album was certified multi-platinum by theBritish Phonographic Industry andRecording Industry Association of America for shipments of 1.2 million and five million copies, respectively. Between 1991 and 1994, Enya released four singles fromShepherd Moons: "Caribbean Blue", "How Can I Keep from Singing?", "Book of Days", which charted at number ten in the United Kingdom, and "Marble Halls". As withWatermark, Enya supported the album with a worldwide promotional tour that included several interviews and televised performances. In 1993, the album won Enya aGrammy Award forBest New Age Album, the first of four she has won in her career. It was reissued in 1992 and 2009; the latter was a Japanese release with bonus tracks.[1]
In September 1988, Enya released her second studio albumWatermark. It became an unexpected commercial success, charting around the world helped by its international top-ten hit, "Orinoco Flow". The album propelled Enya to worldwide fame and she spent much of the following year travelling worldwide to promote it through interviews, appearances, and performances.[2][3] With such a length of time for promotion, Enya felt the priority was to return to the studio and record a new album rather than spend further time planning and completing a concert tour, partly due to the various difficulties involved in recreating her studio-oriented sound in a live setting.[4] Enya worked with her long time recording partners, manager, producer and arrangerNicky Ryan and his wife, lyricistRoma Ryan.[5] The success ofWatermark complicated the writing process at first. Enya recalled: "I put a lot of pressure on myself at the beginning ... When I was composing new melodies I kept thinking "Would this have gone onWatermark? Is it as good?" Eventually I had to forget about this and start on a blank canvas and just really go with what felt right in the studio."[6]
"A continuation of where I'd left off withWatermark. It was new melodies, new emotions."
When the process got underway, she was able to forget about the success ofWatermark and start again. She added, "It felt likeWatermark was a dream. It felt like it hadn't happened. And in a way it's nice because you can concentrate only on the music. You can forget about charts, how much you sold. You forget that."[7] As with all her albums, Enya considered a strong melody as a fundamental part to her songwriting.[8] Only when she has pieced one together, usually with vocal ideas or with piano accompaniment, does she then build a song around it.[9] As withWatermark, Enya singsIrish, her first language, English, andLatin.[10] Her Catholic upbringing and childhood experiences of hymns andchurch music, coupled with later studies in classical music, were big influences that helped form her albums.[9] She gained inspiration from several sources and stories, including her personal diaries and her grandparents.[7] Two tracks onShepherd Moons are traditional songs that Enya rearranged with Nicky.[5] Initially, Enya felt worried that by recording non-original songs, she would be unable to perform them with the same amount of emotion as she might with her own compositions, though her strong feelings towards them coupled with their age, made recording them easier.[4]
Shepherd Moons was recorded with new equipment purchased with the profits fromWatermark.[11] Much of the album was recorded at Aigle Studio, the recording studio in the Ryans' home, then located inArtane, a northern suburb ofDublin. However, as with her two previous albums, recording and production had to relocate elsewhere as the Aigle facility lacked the correct equipment to complete the final mix and mastering. The album was finished atSARM West Studios in London, where "How Can I Keep from Singing?", "Book of Days", and "Lothlórien" were recorded with additional engineering and mixing carried out by Gregg Jackman.[5] As withWatermark, several musicians were brought in to perform additional instruments. Andy Duncan plays percussion on "Book of Days", Roy Jewitt plays the clarinet on "Evacuee" and "Angeles",Liam O'Flionn plays theuilleann pipes on "Smaointe...", Steve Sidwell plays thecornet on "Evacuee", and Nicky performs percussion on "Ebudæ".[5]
Enya noticed a change in her own attitude when it came to recordingShepherd Moons, "the difference ... is that I've mellowed".[12] This was down to the greater amount of time Enya took away from the studio, particularly during "quite difficult" moments, while recording the album in comparison toWatermark. The process, she felt, improved her sense of creativity in the long run.[4] In some parts on the album, Enya recorded 500 layered voices without sampling or replication. When the melody to a song was completed, Roma Ryan would write lyrics to it.[6] Several months after recording and mixing was complete, Enya had not yet listened to the album. "I will find any excuse not to. And honestly, I have never felt so miserable as finishing this album. It's fear – fear that all your feelings and all your emotions have gone into the thing, and when you hear it, it won't live up to your expectations for it."[3]
Writer Molly Burke wrote about the album's artwork: "Shepherd Moons features Enya in what can only be described as an opera gown she could be twenty or forty but her delicate beauty is intact. There is a sense of timelessness here bathed in the dark but fragile blue of sorrow".[10]
As withWatermark, the album title opens with an instrumental title track with wordless vocals. Its title, devised by Roma, refers to twoinner satellite moons aroundSaturn discovered in 1980,Pandora andPrometheus,[13] that "protect and preserve the rings very much like a shepherd guiding his flock". Enya also liked the title as the association with the moon "is quite romantic".[9]
"Caribbean Blue" is a waltz that depicts a journey through a fantasy world. It was named by Roma Ryan, as the melody that Enya had come up with reminded her of theCaribbean.[7] In writing about the song in 2002, Roma wrote: "As with all dreams we reach for the ideal and "Caribbean Blue" represents such a dream. The lyrics can be summed up in three words, Believe in yourself."[13]
Enya believed "How Can I Keep from Singing?" was a traditional Christian hymn from theShaker sect. She chose to record her own rendition of it as she liked its melody and "very strong" lyrics. She added, "They talked about the trouble in the world, the strife, the turmoil, but at the end of each verse it simply said "how can I keep from singing?" ... I believe this in music ... at some stage you've got to try and forget the trouble that is around you".[4]Enya and her record company were sued for copyright infringement by Sanga Music, Inc. for recording the song because she had mistakenly credited this track as a "traditional Shaker hymn", thus assumed it as public domain.Pete Seeger had helped make the song fairly well known in the 1950s by publishing it with Doris Plenn's additional third verse in his folk music magazine Sing Out! (Vol. 7, No 1. 1957), recording it, and mistakenly credited it as a "traditional Quaker hymn" without copyrighting Plenn's verse, thus presenting the entire song as "public domain". It was again published by Sanga Music, Inc. in 1964. Seeger had presented the new verse as being public domain and Plenn had only wanted the song to be preserved rather than seeking to make a profit from it, so the court decided that Enya could use the verse without paying royalties.[14]
"Ebudæ" is an ancient name of theHebrides islands in westernScotland. The word was previously referenced in "Orinoco Flow", specifically in the lyric "From the north to the south, Ebudae intoKhartoum". The song is composed of wordlessmouth sounds that resemble Irish andScottish Gaelic. Its story was inspired by the tradition of Scottishwaulking songs sung by women as theyfulled cloth.[15]
"No Holly for Miss Quinn" is a piano instrumental named after a novel byMiss Read. It follows its partner piece, "Miss Clare Remembers" fromWatermark, also named after one of her stories.[13]
Enya drew inspiration for "Book of Days" from her own personal diary, something which Roma suggested as she knew Enya enjoyed keeping one. Please note that the 1st version aund in Gaelic on 1991 album lasts 2:34 and the later English/Gaelic version lasts 2:55 as listed nelow. The song was adapted from its original form as an instrumental track for the soundtrack to the 1992 romantic filmFar and Away, with Roma writing a set of lyrics based on the film's themes.[13] The song features Irish lyrics that describe the excitement of writing in the diary in the morning, "because you don't really know what's going to happen ... it's the expectation of that day really that she was talking about".[a][7]
"Evacuee" was written after she and Roma had seen aBBC documentary about a child evacuated from London duringWorld War II and her subsequent reunion with her parents. A girl who was crying while recounting the story of her separation from, and return to, her home had moved them greatly. After Enya had written a melody for the song, the two imagined the scenario of the girl saying goodbye at the train station, "waiting until it's all over".[7][10]
"Lothlórien" is an instrumental in reference to theElvishkingdom mentioned inThe Lord of the Rings novels and adaptations.[13]
The album's second traditional song, "Marble Halls", is anaria from the 1843 operaThe Bohemian Girl by Irish composerMichael William Balfe.[10][13] Enya felt a sense of challenge when she recorded the latter as it had only been previously sung in an opera setting.[4] For Nicky, it was necessary to incorporatereverb in the song as its title suggested to him that the listener should feel as if they are within a hall itself.[15]
"Afer Ventus" is Latin for "African Wind". Roma was inspired to name the track by listening to its sound and structure with the melody lines constantly "sweeping in between each other", which created a wind-like effect.[16]
"Smaointe...", roughly translated from Irish as "Thoughts...", was originally released as aB-side to the 7" single of "Orinoco Flow" as "Smaoitím... (D' Aodh Agus Do Mháire Uí Dhúgain)", released in 1988. The song refers to the story of a large tsunami destroying the church, and everyone inside, at Magheragallon Beach in Gweedore, where Enya's grandparents are buried. The theme of loss, something that Enya depicted inWatermark andShepherd Moons, stemmed from her leaving home at age eleven to attend a strictboarding school, which she described as "devastating".[10]
Shepherd Moons was released on 4 November 1991 in the United Kingdom;[17] its release in the United States followed on 19 November 1991 byReprise Records.[18] A promotional box set containing a CD and cassette of the album, plus a 14-page booklet autographed by Roma with her words on each track and lyrics, was released and limited to 1,000 copies.[19]
The album became a greater chart success thanWatermark, reaching number one on theUK Albums Chart for one week for the week ending on 16 November 1991. It spent a total of 110 weeks on the chart.[20] In the United States, it entered theBillboard 200 at number forty-seven, the week of 7 December 1991.[21] It then rose to its peak at seventeen[22] on the week ending 28 March 1992.[23] It was present on the chart for a total of 238 weeks.[24] On theBillboard New Age Albums chart, the album was number one for twenty-nine weeks[25] during its 266-week stay.[26]
In its first week of release, the album sold over 250,000 copies in the United States,[6] and becameWarner Bros. Records' top selling album in early 1992. This commercial success spread across Enya's catalogue; three months afterShepherd Moons, an additional 250,000 copies ofWatermark were sold in the same country.[8] By July 1994, seven million copies ofShepherd Moons had been sold worldwide.[27] It sold close to one million copies in the United States each year from 1992 to 1996; in March 1996, it was certified quintupleplatinum by theRecording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipment of five million copies.[18] In January 1997, the album was certified quadrupleplatinum by theBritish Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipment of 1.2 million copies.[17] By 1994, the album spent 52 weeks on spanish charts and sold nearly 400,000 copies in Spain.[28] The album has sold an estimated 13 million copies worldwide.[29]
Between 1991 and 1994, Enya released four singles fromShepherd Moons. "Caribbean Blue" was thelead single, released in November 1991. It peaked on thesingles chart in the United Kingdom at thirteen,[17] and received some crossover airplay exposure onalternative rock radio stations in the United States.[8] "How Can I Keep from Singing?" was also released in 1991 and features two previously unreleased B-sides: "Oíche Chiúin (Silent Night)", the Irish language version of the Christmas carol "Silent Night" recorded in 1988, and "'S Fágaim Mo Bhaile", an original composition recorded in 1991.[30] In July 1992, "Book of Days" was released as the third single and peaked at number ten in the United Kingdom.[20] "Marble Halls" followed in 1994 following its inclusion in the 1993 filmThe Age of Innocence.
On 4 November 2021, the 30th anniversary of the release ofShepherd Moons, a live "watch party" video was broadcast on Enya's YouTube channel. The video featured the album played in its entirety, with poems by Roman Ryan and commentary on each track.[31]
| Review scores | |
|---|---|
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |   [32] |
| Calgary Herald | B[33] |
| Chicago Tribune |  [34] |
| Entertainment Weekly | B (1992)[35] A− (1993)[36] |
| NME | 7/10[37] |
| Q | [38] |
| The Rolling Stone Album Guide | [39] |
Shepherd Moons received generally positive reviews from music critics. In his review forThe Washington Post, reviewer Mike Joyce praised Enya's vocals as "impressive" and "crystalline" that bring "unmistakable poignancy to much of the album". However, the tracks that focus on her piano playing, like "No Holly for Miss Quinn" and "Shepherd Moons", make the album "succumb to the usual new age doldrums".[40] Barbara Jaeger gave a positive review forThe Record. The three-year gap betweenWatermark andShepherd Moons, she wrote, was "worth it" as the album, like its predecessor, contains "rich sonic tapestries that envelop the listener" that brings a "lush, semi-New Age instrumental atmosphere" that is "only part of the inviting package". She picks "Angeles" and "Caribbean Blue" as highlight tracks along with her singing in Irish.[41] In a retrospective review forAllMusic, Ned Raggett acknowledged similarities toWatermark, while also opining that "in terms of finding her own vision and sticking with it", Enya "polished and refined her work to a strong, elegant degree" onShepherd Moons.[32]
In 1993, Enya was awarded aGrammy Award forBest New Age Album forShepherd Moons. She also won anIFPI Platinum European Award, aBillboard Music Award, and aNational Association of Recording Merchandisers Award for Best Selling Album.[42] SaxophonistColin Stetson creditedShepherd Moons as an influence on his albumAll This I Do for Glory (2017). He said the Enya album "made me think about how the air is manipulated in my own music."[43]
All music composed byEnya, except "How Can I Keep from Singing?" and "Marble Halls" trad. arranged by Enya andNicky Ryan. All lyrics byRoma Ryan.[5]
| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Shepherd Moons" | 3:44 |
| 2. | "Caribbean Blue" | 3:59 |
| 3. | "How Can I Keep from Singing?" | 4:14 |
| 4. | "Ebudæ" | 1:56 |
| 5. | "Angeles" | 4:01 |
| 6. | "No Holly for Miss Quinn" | 2:43 |
| 7. | "Book of Days" | 2:55 |
| 8. | "Evacuee" | 3:50 |
| 9. | "Lothlórien" | 2:07 |
| 10. | "Marble Halls" | 3:54 |
| 11. | "Afer Ventus" | 4:06 |
| 12. | "Smaointe..." | 6:07 |
| Total length: | 43:41 | |
| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 13. | "Book of Days" (Gaelic version) | 2:36 |
| 14. | "As Baile" | 4:06 |
| 15. | "Oriel Window" | 2:22 |
Credits are adapted from the 1991 CD liner notes.[5]
Musicians
Production
Weekly charts[edit]
| Year-end charts[edit]
|
|
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
|---|---|---|
| Argentina (CAPIF)[78] | 2× Platinum | 120,000^ |
| Australia (ARIA)[79] | 3× Platinum | 210,000^ |
| Belgium (BRMA)[80] | 2× Platinum | 100,000* |
| Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[81] | Platinum | 250,000* |
| Canada (Music Canada)[83] | 3× Platinum | 334,000[82] |
| France (SNEP)[84] | Gold | 100,000* |
| Germany (BVMI)[85] | Gold | 260,000[82] |
| Ireland (IRMA)[86] | Platinum | 15,000^ |
| Japan (RIAJ)[87] | Gold | 199,000[82] |
| Korea | — | 207,000[82] |
| Netherlands (NVPI)[88] | 2× Platinum | 200,000^ |
| New Zealand (RMNZ)[89] | Platinum | 15,000^ |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE)[90] | 5× Platinum | 500,000^ |
| Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[91] | Gold | 25,000^ |
| Taiwan | — | 156,000[82] |
| United Kingdom (BPI)[92] | 4× Platinum | 1,200,000^ |
| United States (RIAA)[93] | 5× Platinum | 5,000,000^ |
| Summaries | ||
| Worldwide | — | 13,000,000[29] |
* Sales figures based on certification alone. | ||
| Country | Date | Format | Label |
|---|---|---|---|
| Europe | 4 November 1991 | WEA | |
| United States | 19 November 1991 | Reprise | |
| Japan | March 2009 | CD | Warner Music Japan |
| Worldwide | 2 December 2016 | LP |
|
Notes
Citations
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)| Studio albums | |
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| Singles | |
| Compilations | |
| EPs | |
| Box sets | |
| Soundtrack albums | |
| Related articles | |
