Emirate of Kuwait إمارة الكويت Imārat al-Kūwayt
1752–1961
Flag (1940–1961) Coat of Arms (1956–1961)
Anthem:  Al-Salam al-Emiri "Emiri Salute" (Arabic:السلام الأميري)
Territorial evolution of Kuwait
Status	Vassal of the Ottoman Empire (1871–1899)[1][2] British protected state (1899–1961)
Capital	Kuwait City
Common languages	Kuwaiti Arabic Kuwaiti Persian
Religion	Islam Christianity,Judaism
Demonym	Kuwaiti
Government	Absolute[citation needed]sheikhdom
Sheikh
• 1752–1776	Sabah I bin Jaber(first)
• 1950–1961	Abdullah al-Salim al-Sabah(last)
History
• Independence fromBani Khalid	1752
• Invasion of Bahrain	23 July 1783
• Al-Hasa Expedition	5 May 1871
• Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899	23 January 1899
• Kuwaiti-Rashidi War	17 December 1900
• Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913	29 July 1913
• Battle of Hamdh	18 May 1920
• Battle of Jahra	10 October 1920
• Battle of Al-Regeai	28 January 1928
• Independence from theUnited Kingdom	19 June 1961
Currency	Dirham,gold dinar Rupee Gulf rupee(1959–61)
ISO 3166 code	KW
Preceded by Succeeded by Bani Khalid Emirate Divided zone State of Kuwait
Today part of	Kuwait

TheEmirate of Kuwait (Arabic:إمارة الكويت,romanized: Imārat al-Kūwayt) was anEmirate under theprotection of theBritish in the Middle East between 1899 and 1961 following the Anglo-Kuwaiti agreement of 1899. This agreement was made betweenSheikhMubarak Al-Sabah and theBritish Government in India, primarily as a defensive measure against threats from theOttoman Empire. After 1961, the emirate became theState of Kuwait.

Prior to 1871, Kuwait was a small village known as Grane (Kureyn).^[1] The region originally came under the rule of theBani Khalid Emirate in 1670 after the expulsion of the Ottomans from Eastern Arabia (Lahsa Eyalet) by Barrack bin Ghurayr, Emir of the Bani Khalid, who successfully besieged the Ottoman governor Umar Pasha who surrendered and gave up his rule as the fourth Ottoman governor of al-Hasa.^[3][4][5] AfterAl-Hasa Expedition 1871, Kuwait become a nominal vassal of the Ottoman Empire in 1871 and was included in theBasra Vilayet.^[1][6]

The families of theBani Utbah arrived in Kuwait sometime in the mid-to-late 1700s and settled after receiving permission from the Emir of Bani Khalid Sa'dun bin Muhammad. The Utubs did not immediately settle in Kuwait, however, roaming for half a century before finally settling in Kuwait. According to local legend, they first left the region of central Arabia and settled in what is nowQatar. After a quarrel between them and some inhabitants of the region, they departed and settled nearUmm Qasr in December 1701, living as brigands, raiding passing caravans and levying taxes over the shipping of theShatt al-Arab.^[7] Due to these practices, they were driven out of the area by the Ottoman Mutasallim ofBasra and later lived in Sabiyya, an area bordering the north of Kuwait Bay, until finally requesting permission from the Bani Khalid to settle in Kuwait.^[8]

The head of each family in the village of Kuwait gathered and choseSabah I bin Jaber as the Sheikh of Kuwait, a governor of sorts under the Emir of Al Hasa. During this time, the power in governance was split between the Al Sabah, Al Khalifa, and Al Jalahma families in which the Al Sabah had control over the reins of power whereas the Al Khalifa were in charge of trade and the flow of money, and the Jalahma would be in charge over work in the sea. Sometime later, the sheikdom of Kuwait emerged after an agreement between the Sheikh of Kuwait and the Emir of Bani Khalid in which they recognizedSabah I bin Jaber's independent rule over Kuwait; in exchange, Kuwait would not ally itself or support the enemies of Bani Khalid or interfere in the internal affairs of Bani Khalid in any way.

After the arrival of the Bani Utbah, Kuwait gradually became a port for the transit of goods betweenIndia,Muscat,Baghdad, Persia, andArabia.^[9][10] By the late-1700s, Kuwait had established itself as a trading route from the Persian Gulf toAleppo.^[11]

During the Persian siege of Basra in 1775–1779,Iraqi merchants took refuge in Kuwait and were partly instrumental in the expansion of Kuwait's boatbuilding and trading activities.^[12] As a result, Kuwait's maritime commerce boomed.^[12] Between the years 1775 and 1779, the Indian trade routes with Baghdad, Aleppo,Smyrna andConstantinople were diverted to Kuwait.^[11]The English Factory was diverted to Kuwait in 1792, which consequently expanded Kuwait's resources beyond fishing and pearling.^[11] The English Factory secured the sea routes between Kuwait,India and the east coasts ofAfrica.^[11] This allowed Kuwaiti vessels to venture all the way to the pearling banks ofSri Lanka and trade goods with India andEast Africa.^[11] Kuwait was also the center for allcaravans carrying goods between Basra, Baghdad and Aleppo during 1775–1779.^[13]

Kuwait's strategic location and regional geopolitical turbulence helped fostereconomic prosperity in Kuwait in the second half of the 18th century.^[14] Kuwait became wealthy due to Basra's instability in the late 18th century.^[13] In the late 18th century, Kuwait partly functioned as a haven for Basra's merchants fleeingOttoman government persecution.^[15] Economic prosperity in the late 18th century attracted many immigrants fromIran andIraq to Kuwait.^[11] By 1800, it was estimated that Kuwait's sea trade reached 16 million Bombay rupees, a substantial amount at that time.^[11] Kuwait's pre-oil population was ethnically diverse.^[16] The population consisted ofArabs,Persians,Africans,Jews andArmenians.

Kuwait was the center ofboat building in thePersian Gulf region in the nineteenth century until the early twentieth century.^[17] Ship vessels made in Kuwait carried the bulk of international trade between the trade ports of India, East Africa, andRed Sea.^[18][19][20] Boats made in Kuwait were capable of sailing up toChina.^[21] Kuwaiti ship vessels were renowned throughout theIndian Ocean for quality and design.^[21][22] Kuwaitis also developed a reputation as the bestsailors in the Persian Gulf.^[23]

Kuwait was divided into three areas:Sharq,Jibla andMirqab.^[24] Sharq and Jibla were the most populated areas.^[24] Sharq was mostly inhabited byPersians (Ajam).^[24] Jibla was inhabited by immigrants from Saudi Arabia,Iraq andBahrain.^[24] Mirgab was lightly populated by butchers.

Kuwait was a central part of the trade infrankincense from Oman,textiles fromChina, andIndian spices, all destined for lucrative European markets.^[25] Kuwait was also significant in thehorse trade,^[26] horses were regularly shipped by the way of sailing boats from Kuwait.^[26] In the mid 19th century, it was estimated that Kuwait was exporting an average of 800 horses to India annually.^[14]

In the 1870s, Ottoman officials were reasserting their presence in the Persian Gulf, with a military intervention in 1871—which was not effectively pursued—where family rivalries in Kuwait were breeding chaos.^[1] The Ottomans were bankrupt and when the European banks took control of the Ottoman budget in 1881, additional income was required from Kuwait. Midhat Pasha, the governor of Iraq, demanded that Kuwait submit financially to Ottoman rule. The al-Sabah found diplomatic allies in the British Foreign Office. However, underAbdullah II Al-Sabah, Kuwait pursued a general pro-Ottoman foreign policy, formally taking the title of Ottoman provincial governor, this relationship with the Ottoman Empire did result in Ottoman interference with Kuwaiti laws and selection or rulers.^[2]

In May 1896,Shaikh Muhammad Al-Sabah was assassinated by his half-brother, Mubarak, who, in early 1897, was recognized, by the Ottoman sultan, as theqaimmaqam (provincial sub-governor) of Kuwait.^[1]

Mubarak's seizure of the throne via murder left his brother's former allies as a threat to his rule, especially as his opponents gained the backing of the Ottomans.^[2] In July, Mubarak invited the British to deploygunboats along the Kuwaiti coast. Britain saw Mubarak's desire for an alliance as an opportunity to counteract German influence in the region and so agreed.^[2] This led to what is known as theFirst Kuwaiti Crisis, in which the Ottomans demanded that the British stop interfering within what they believed to be was their sphere of influence. In the end, the Ottoman Empire backed down, rather than go to war.

In January 1899, Mubarak signed anagreement with the British which pledged that Kuwait would never cede any territory nor receive agents or representatives of any foreign power without the British Government's consent. In essence, this policy gave Britain control of Kuwait's foreign policy.^[2] The treaty also gave Britain responsibility for Kuwait's national security. In return, Britain agreed to grant an annual subsidy of 15,000 Indianrupees (£1,500) to the ruling family. In 1910, Mubarak raised taxes. Therefore, three wealthy business menIbrahim Al-Mudhaf,Helal Al-Mutairi, andShamlan Ali bin Saif Al-Roumi (brother of Hussain Ali bin Saif Al-Roumi), led a protest against Mubarak by makingBahrain their main trade point, which negatively affected the Kuwaiti economy. However, Mubarak went to Bahrain and apologised for raising taxes and the three business men returned to Kuwait. In 1915, Mubarak the Great died and was succeeded by his sonJaber II Al-Sabah, who reigned for just over one year until his death in early 1917. His brotherSheikhSalim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah succeeded him.

Under the rule of Mubarak, Kuwait was dubbed the "Marseille of the Gulf" because its economic vitality attracted a large variety of people.^[27] In a good year, Kuwait's annual revenue actually came up to 100,000 riyals,^[15] the governor of Basra considered Kuwait's annual revenue an astounding figure.^[15] A Western author's account of Kuwait in 1905:^[28]

Kuwait was the Marseilles of the Persian Gulf. Its population was good natured, mixed, and vicious. As it was the outlet from the north to the Gulf and hence to the Indies,merchants fromBombay andTehran,Indians, Persians,Syrians from Aleppo andDamascus, Armenians,Turks and Jews, traders from all theEast, and someEuropeans came to Kuwait. From Kuwait, the caravans set out for Central Arabia and for Syria.H. C. Armstrong,Lord of Arabia^[28]

Despite the Kuwaiti government's desire to either be independent or under British protection, in theAnglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913, the British concurred with the Ottoman Empire in defining Kuwait as an autonomouskaza of the Ottoman Empire and that the Sheikhs of Kuwait were independent leaders as well askaymakams (provincial sub-governors) of the Ottoman government.

The independence of Kuwait was also highlighted by the statement made by SheikhMubarak Al-Sabah to the German team who requested an audience with him over the extension of theBerlin–Baghdad railway to Kuwait. Mubarak said he would not sell or rent any piece of his land to a foreigner and that he did not acknowledge the authority of the Ottomans over Kuwait.^[29]

The convention ruled that Sheikh Mubarak had independent authority over an area extending out to a radius of 80 kilometres (50 mi) from the capital. This region was marked by a red circle and included the islands ofAuhah,Bubiyan,Failaka,Kubbar,Mashyan, andWarbah. A green circle designated an area extending out an additional 100 kilometres (62 mi) in radius, within which the kaymakam was authorised to collecttribute and taxes from the natives.

In the first decades of the twentieth century, Kuwait had a well-established elite: wealthy trading families who were linked by marriage and shared economic interests.^[30] The elite were long-settled, urban, Sunni families, the majority of which claim descent from the original 30 Bani Utubi families.^[30] The wealthiest families were trade merchants who acquired their wealth from long-distance commerce, shipbuilding and pearling.^[30] They were a cosmopolitan elite, they traveled extensively to India, Africa and Europe.^[30] The elite educated their sons abroad more than other Gulf Arab elite.^[30] Western visitors noted that Kuwait's elite used European office systems,typewriters and followedEuropean culture with curiosity.^[30] The richest families were involved in general trade.^[30] The merchant families of Al-Ghanim and Al-Hamad were estimated to be worth millions before the 1940s.^[30]

However, Kuwait immensely declined in regional economic importance,^[21] mainly due to many trade blockades and the world economic depression.^[31] BeforeMary Bruins Allison visited Kuwait in 1934, Kuwait lost its prominence in long-distance trade.^[21] DuringWorld War I, theBritish Empire imposed a trade blockade against Kuwait becauseKuwait's ruler (Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah) supported theOttoman Empire, who was in theCentral Powers.^[31][32][33] The British economic blockade heavily damaged Kuwait's economy.^[33]

TheGreat Depression negatively impacted Kuwait's economy starting in the late 1920s.^[34] International trading was one of Kuwait's main sources of income before oil.^[34] Kuwaiti merchants were mostly intermediary merchants.^[34] As a result of European decline of demand for goods from India and Africa, the economy of Kuwait suffered. The decline in international trade resulted in an increase in gold smuggling by Kuwaiti ships to India.^[34] Some Kuwaiti merchant families became rich due to gold smuggling to India.^[35]

Kuwait's pearling industry also collapsed as a result of the worldwide economic depression.^[35] At its height, Kuwait's pearling industry led the world's luxury market, regularly sending out between 750 and 800 ship vessels to meet the European elite's need for luxuries pearls.^[35] During the economic depression, luxuries like pearls were in little demand.^[35] The Japanese invention ofcultured pearls also contributed to the collapse of Kuwait's pearling industry.^[35]

Following theKuwait–Najd War of 1919–1920,Ibn Saud imposed a tight trade blockade against Kuwait from the years 1923 until 1937.^[31][34] The goal of the Saudi economic and military attacks on Kuwait was to annex as much of Kuwait's territory as possible.^[31] At theUqair conference in 1922, the boundaries of Kuwait and Najd were set.^[31] Kuwait had no representative at the Uqair conference.^[31] After the Uqair conference, Kuwait was still subjected to a Saudi economic blockade and intermittent Saudiraiding.^[31]

In 1937,Freya Stark wrote about the extent of poverty in Kuwait at the time:^[34]

Poverty has settled in Kuwait more heavily since my last visit five years ago, both by sea, where the pearl trade continues to decline, and by land, where the blockade established by Saudi Arabia now harms the merchants.

Some prominent merchant families left Kuwait in the early 1930s due to the prevalence of economic hardship. At the time of the discovery of oil in 1937, most of Kuwait's inhabitants were impoverished.

The Kuwait–Najd War erupted in theAftermath of World War I, when theOttoman Empire was defeated and the British invalidated the Anglo-Ottoman Convention, declaring Kuwait to be an "independent sheikhdom under British protectorate". The power vacuum, left by the fall of the Ottomans, sharpened the conflict between Kuwait andNajd (Ikhwan). The war resulted in sporadic border clashes throughout 1919–1920. Several hundreds of Kuwaitis died.

The border of the Najd and Kuwait was finally established by theUqair Protocol of 1922. Kuwait was not permitted any role in the Uqair agreement, the British and Al Saud decided modern-day Kuwait's borders. After the Uqair agreement, relations between Kuwait and Najd remained hostile.

TheBattle of Jahra was a battle during the Kuwait-Najd Border War. The battle took place inAl Jahra, west of Kuwait City on October 10, 1920, betweenSalim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah ruler of Kuwait andIkhwan followers ofIbn Saud of Saudi Arabia, king of Saudi Arabia.^[36]

A force of 4,000 Saudi Ikhwan, led byFaisal Al-Dawish, attacked theKuwait Red Fort at Al-Jahra, defended by 2,000 Kuwaiti men. The Kuwaitis were largely outnumbered by the Ikhwan of Najd.

In response to the various Bedouin raids, the British High Commissioner in Baghdad,Sir Percy Cox, imposed theUqair Protocol of 1922 which defined the boundaries between Iraq, Kuwait and Nejd. On 1 April 1923, ShaikhAhmad al-Sabah wrote the British Political Agent in Kuwait, MajorJohn More, "I still do not know what the border between Iraq and Kuwait is, I shall be glad if you will kindly give me this information." Major More, upon learning on 4 April that al-Sabah claimed the outer green line of the Anglo-Ottoman Convention, relayed knowledge of the claim to Sir Percy.

On 19 April, Sir Percy stated that the British government recognised the outer line of the convention as the border between Iraq and Kuwait. This decision limited Iraq's access to the Persian Gulf at 58 km of mostly marshy and swampy coastline. As this would make it difficult for Iraq to become a naval power (the territory did not include any deepwater harbours), the Iraqi KingFaisal I (whom the British installed as king of Iraq) did not agree to the plan. However, as his country was under British mandate, he had little say in the matter. Iraq and Kuwait would formally ratify the border in August. The border was re-recognised in 1932.

In 1913, Kuwait was recognised as a separate province from Basra Vilayet and given autonomy under Ottomansuzerainty in the draft Anglo-Ottoman Convention, however this was not signed before the outbreak of the first World War. The border was revisited by a memorandum sent by the British high commissioner for Iraq in 1923, which became the basis for Kuwait's northern border. In Iraq's 1932 application to the League of Nations it included information about its borders, including its border with Kuwait, where it accepted the boundary established in 1923.^[37]

The 1920s and 1930s saw the collapse of the pearl fishery and with it Kuwait's economy. This is attributed to the invention of the artificial cultivation of pearls.

The discovery of oil in Kuwait, in 1938, revolutionised the sheikdom's economy and made it a valuable asset to Britain. In 1941 on the same day as theGerman invasion of the USSR (22 June) the British took total control over Iraq and Kuwait. (The British and Soviets wouldinvade the neighbouring Iran in September of that year).

№	Portrait	Name	Reign start	Reign end
1		Sabah I bin Jaber	1752	1776
2		Abdullah I al-Sabah	1776	3 May 1814
3		Jaber I al-Sabah	1814	1859
4		Sabah II al-Sabah	1859	November 1866
5		Abdullah II al-Sabah	November 1866	29 May 1892
6		Muhammad bin Sabah Al-Sabah	29 May 1892	17 May 1896
7		Mubarak al-Sabah	17 May 1896	28 November 1915
8		Jaber II al-Sabah	28 November 1915	5 February 1917
9		Salim al-Mubarak al-Sabah	5 February 1917	22 February 1921
10		Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah	29 March 1921	29 January 1950
11		Abdullah al-Salim al-Sabah	29 January 1950	19 June 1961

• History of Kuwait
• Utub

• Anscombe, Frederick F. (1997).The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. New York City: Columbia University Press.ISBN 978-0-231-10839-3. Retrieved2010-09-23.

• Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia
• 20th century in Kuwait
• Kuwait–United Kingdom relations
• 1961 disestablishments in Asia
• States and territories disestablished in 1961

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