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TheShapsug dialect (Adyghe:Шапсыгъабзэ;Kabardian:Шапсыгъэбзэ) is a dialect ofAdyghe.^[1] The Shapsug dialect is spoken by theShapsugs, which are one of the largestCircassian population in the diaspora outsideRepublic of Adygea, alongsideAbzakhs. The Shapsug dialect is very similar to theNatukhai dialect and together, they make the Black Sea coast dialects of Adyghe. The Shapsug dialect consists of three main sub dialects: Great Shapsug (North Shapsug), Small Shapsug (South Shapsug) and Hakuchi. The Shapsug dialect is best known as the dialect withpalatalizedvelarstops.

• The Black Sea coast dialects
  • Natukhai dialect (Adyghe:Нэтӏхъуаджэбзэ)
  • Shapsug dialect (Adyghe:Шапсыгъабзэ)
    • North Shapsugs, Great Shapsugs, Kuban Shapsugs dialect (Шапсыгъэ шху).
      • Kfar Kama dialect (Кфар Камэм ишапсыгъэбзэ): Shapsug dialect spoken by the villagers ofKfar Kama inIsrael.
    • South Shapsugs, Small Shapsugs, Coastal Shapsugs Black Sea Shapsugs (Шапсыгъэ-цӏыкӏу) dialect.
  • Hakuchi dialect (ХьакӀуцубзэ, Къарацхаибзэ)

In the Shapsug and Natukhai dialects there is a palatalizedvoiced velar stop[ɡʲ]⟨гь⟩, a palatalizedvoiceless velar stop[kʲ]⟨кь⟩ and a palatalizedvelar ejective[kʲʼ]⟨кӏь⟩ that were merged with дж[d͡ʒ], ч[t͡ʃ] and кӏ[t͡ʃʼ] in most Adyghe dialects.^[2][3][4][5] The Shapsug dialect also has ч[t͡ʃ], дж[d͡ʒ] and кӏ[t͡ʃʼ] in words likeчэмы "cow",джэмышх "spoon" andкӏалэ "boy".

• Shapsug гь[ɡʲ] became дж[d͡ʒ] in other dialects:

• Shapsug кь[kʲ] became ч[t͡ʃ] in other dialects:

• Shapsug кӏь[kʲʼ] became кӏ[t͡ʃʼ] in other dialects:

Theretroflex affricate consonants чъ[ʈʂ] and чӏ[ʈʂʼ] (that exist in Chemguy andBzhedug dialects) merged with thepalato-alveolar affricate consonants ч[t͡ʃ] and кӏ[t͡ʃʼ] in the Shapsug and Natukhai dialects.^[6]

• Chemguy чъ[ʈʂ] became ч[t͡ʃ] in Shapsug :

• Chemguy чӏ[ʈʂʼ] became кӏ[t͡ʃʼ] in Shapsug :

In the Great Shapsug dialect (Like Bzhedug dialect) in some cases the consonants н[n], м[m] and р[r] are dropped and are not pronounced.^[7]

• The consonant м[m] is dropped beforebilabialstops б[b], п[p], пӏ[pʼ] :

• The consonant н[n] is dropped beforepostalveolaraffricates дж[d͡ʒ], ч[t͡ʃ], кӏ[t͡ʃʼ] and beforealveolarstops д[d], т[t], тӏ[tʼ] :

Notes:

^1 In other Adyghe dialects (ex.Abzakh), it is хьантIрэпIий or хьантIэрэпIий which is much similar to the Shapsug word.

• The consonant р[r] is dropped before avoiceless alveolar stop т[t] :

Notes:

^1 In other Adyghe dialects (ex.Abzakh), it is хьантӏыркъуакъу which is much similar to the Shapsug and Kabardian word. In the Shapsug variant, the consonant consonant р[r] is dropped.

In the Shapsug dialect (Like theBzhedug dialect) there exist a series ofaspirated consonants (/pʰ/ /tʰ/ /ʃʰ/ /t͡sʰ/ /t͡ʃʰ/ /t͡ʂʰ/ /t͡ɕʷʰ/ /kʲʰ/ /kʷʰ/ /qʰ/ /qʷʰ/) that becameplain consonants in other dialects:^[4][8]

• Shapsug пʰ[pʰ] ↔ п[p] in other dialects :

• Shapsug тʰ[tʰ] ↔ т[t] in other dialects :

• Shapsug цʰ[t͡sʰ] ↔ ц[t͡s] in other dialects :

• Shapsug шʰ[ʃʰ] ↔ щ[ɕ] in other Adyghe dialects :

• Shapsug кь[kʲ] ↔ ч[t͡ʃ] in other dialects (чʰ[t͡ʃʰ] inBzhedug) :

• Shapsug кʰу[kʷʰ] ↔ ку[kʷ] in other dialects :

• Shapsug къʰ[qʰ] ↔ къ[q] in other Adyghe dialects :

• Shapsug къуʰ[qʷʰ] ↔ къу[qʷ] in other Adyghe dialects :

• Shapsug чъʰу[t͡ɕʷʰ] ↔ чу[t͡ʃʷ] (spelled цу) in Temirgoy:

In some Shapsug and Natukhai dialects there exist analveolar ejective fricative[sʼ]⟨сӏ⟩ that correspond to[t͡sʼ]⟨цӏ⟩ in other dialects such asAbzakh,Bzhedug,Temirgoy, andKabardian.^[9]

• Shapsug сӏ[sʼ] ↔ цӏ[t͡sʼ] in other dialects:

Thelabializedretroflex consonants шъу[ʂʷ] and жъу[ʐʷ] in the Temirgoy dialect arealveolo-palatal щу[ɕʷ] and жьу[ʑʷ] in the Black Sea coast dialects of Adyghe (Shapsug dialect andNatukhai dialect).

• Shapsug щу[ɕʷ] ↔ шъу[ʂʷ] in Standard:

• Shapsug жьу[ʑʷ] ↔ жъу[ʐʷ] in Standard:

The Shapsug and Natukhai dialects has many different variants. The following differences apply to some of them.

• Shapsug с[s] ↔ ц[t͡s] in Standard:

• Shapsug шъухъу [ʃʷχʷ] ↔ шхъу [ʃχʷ] in Standard:

• Shapsug р[r] ↔ н[n] in Standard:

• Shapsug ф[f] ↔ м[m] in Standard:

• Shapsug ц[t͡s] ↔ с[s] in Standard:

In the instrumental case the noun has the suffix -мгьэ (-mɡʲa) or -гьэ (-gʲa) unlike other dialects that has the suffix -мкӏэ (-mt͡ʃa) or -кӏэ (-t͡ʃa).

• Shapsug: Кӏалэр Адыгэбзэгьэ мэгущаӏэ ↔ Standard: Кӏалэр Адыгэбзэкӏэ мэгущаӏэ - "The boy speaks (using) Adyghe language".
• Shapsug: Къэлэмымгьэ сэтхэ ↔ Standard: Къэлэмымкӏэ сэтхэ - "I write (using) with the pencil".

In the Shapsug dialect, the suffix ~рагъу /raːʁʷ/ is added to verbs to indicate the desirement to do that verb. For example:

• Туканым сыкӏорагъу - "I want to go to the shop".
• Есыпӏэм рэкӏорэгъуагъ - "(S)he wanted to go to the pool".
• Къэкӏорэгъот кӏалэр - "The boy would want to come".
• Тутын уешъорагъуа? - "Do you want to smoke cigarette?".
• Нэущы уздэгущаӏэрагъу - "I want to speak with you tomorrow".
• Сышхэрагъу игь - "I want to eat now".

In Standard Adyghe, to express that the verb's direction is upward, the prefix дэ- /da-/ and the suffix -е /-ja/ is added to the verb. In Shapsug dialect, the prefix чӏэ- /t͡ʃʼa-/ is added instead.

Shapsug has six demonstratives: а /ʔaː/, гьэ /ɡʲa/, у /wə/, дыу /dəwə/, дымы /dəmə/ and мы /mə/.

а /ʔaː/

1. that

   а ӏанэ —that table

   а пшъашъэ —that girl

   а кӏалэм еӏо —that boy is saying

• The determiner'а' /ʔaː/ refer to a referent that is far away and invisible to both the speaker and the listener(s). It is similar to the English language determinerthat, but with the condition that the referent has to be invisible or far away.

у /wə/ (мо /mo/ in other dialects)

1. that

   у ӏанэ —that table

   у пшъашъэ —that girl

   у кӀалэм еӀо —that boy is saying

• The determiner'у' refer to a referent that is visible and in a known distance from both the speaker and the listener(s) (both the speaker and the listener(s) can see the referent). It is similar to the English language determinerthat, but with the condition that the referent has to be visible.

мы /mə/

1. this

   мы ӏанэ —this table

   мы пшъашъэ —this girl

   мы кӀалэм еӀо —this boy is saying

   мы мэгъэ —this year

• The determiner'мы' refer to a referent that is close to both the speaker and the listener(s). It is exactly like the English language determinerthis.

дыу /dəwə/ (дымо /dəmo/ in other dialects)

1. that (over there)

   дыу ӏанэ —that table over there

   дыу пшъашъэ —that girl over there

   дыу кӀалэм еӀо —that boy over there is saying

   дыу цӀыфэр улъэгъуа? — Do you seethat person over there?

• The determiner'дыу' refer to a referent that is visible. This determiner is used when the speaker wants to emphasizes that the object is in his sight, so that the listener(s) will expect the referent to be the thing (s)he looks at. It is usually used to introduce a new referent, for example it can be used to refer to a stranger on the street or to refer to a certain object on the field that is visible. This determiner might be used while pointing one's finger at the people or objects in question.

дымы /dəmə/

1. this (over here)

   дымы ӏанэ —this table over here

   дымы пшъашъэ —this girl over here

   дымы кӀалэм еӀо —this boy over here is saying

   дымы цӀыфэр улъэгъуа? — Do you seethis person over here?

• The determiner'дымы' refer to a referent that is visible. This determiner is similar to the determiner дымо. This is used instead of дымо when the referent is very near. Like the determiner дымо, it might be used while pointing one's finger at the referent in question. Even without pointing fingers the listener(s) will expect the referent to be the thing the speaker looks at. It can be used to point on objects in a room for example.

гьэ /gʲa/ (гьэ джэ /d͡ʒa/ in other dialects)

1. that

   гьэ ӏанэ —that table

   гьэ пшъашъэ —that girl

   гьэ кӏалэм еӏо —that boy is saying

• The determiner'гьэ' refer to a referent which is usually invisible. This determiner is used when the referent in the conversation is clear to both the speaker and the listener(s). Someone would use this determiner in order to emphasizes that both he and the listener(s) have the same referent in mind.

In the Great Shapsug sub dialect (likeBzhedug) the future tense suffix is ~эт (~at) and in some cases ~ыт (~ət) unlike the Small Shapsug sub dialect that has (like Chemirguy) the Suffix ~щт (~ɕt)).

The word "what" in Standard Adyghe is сыд while in Shapsug it is шъыд and from it derives different terms.

Shapsug has two words for "what":

• шъыд (Refers to an inanimate object, typically tangible).
• лӏэу (Refers to an inanimate object, typically intangible).

The word "лӏэу" was lost in other Adyghe dialects. In Shapsug, from it derives different terms :

Shapsugs also have different interrogative words from the word тэ "which":

• The standard Adyghe's suffix -шхо /-ʃxʷa/ which means big or mighty is -фo /-fˠa/ in the Shapsug dialect :

• The standard Adyghe'spositional prefix -жэхэ /-ʒaxa/ which designates action directed at something or someone forcefully is -джэхэ /-d͡ʒaxa/ in the Shapsug dialect :

• In the Shapsug and Natukhai dialects, the verbal prefix го~ /ɡʷa-/ designates process of joining or merging with an object on a body. This positional conjugation does not exist in other Circassian dialects. for example :

цум	бжъитӏу	гот
цу-м	бжъ-итӏу	го-т
[t͡sʷəm	bʐəjtʷʼ	ɡʷat]
ox (erg.)	two horns	it have on his body
"the oxhave two horns."

шыор	шым	гос
шыо-р	шы-м	го-с
[ʃəwar	ʃəm	ɡʷas]
the horseman (abs.)	horse (erg.)	(s)he is sitting on a body
"the horsemanis sitting on the horse."

лӏыжъым	зылъакъо	готэп
лӏыжъы-м	зы-лъакъо	го-тэ-п
[ɬʼəʐəm	zəɬaːqʷa	ɡʷatap]
the old man (erg.)	one leg	(s)he doesn't have on his body
"the old mandoesn't have one leg."

шым	зеохьыжьым	кӏалэу	госэр	гозэгъ
шы-м	зеохьы-жь-ым	кӏалэ-у	го-сэ-р	го-зэ-гъ
[ʃəm	zajwaħəʑəm	t͡ʃʼaːɮaw	ɡʷasar	ɡʷazaʁ]
house (erg.)	to get out of control	boy (adv.)	the one on the body	(s)he fell off the body
"when the horse got out of control the boysitting on it fell."

The alphabet used as the language of writing and literature inShapsug national raion andKfar Kama between 1924 and 1945^[10] is as follows:

• Hakuchi Adyghe dialect
• Kfar Kama Adyghe dialect
• Bzhedug Adyghe dialect
• Abzakh Adyghe dialect
• Baslaney dialect

• Shapsug dialect unique words

• Shapsugs
• Adyghe language
• Circassians in Israel
• Lower Galilee

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