| Shaozhou Tuhua | |
|---|---|
| Shaozhou Tuhua, Yuebei Tuhua Shipo, Shina | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Shaoguan,Guangdong |
| Ethnicity | Han,Yao |
Native speakers | (undated figure of 1 million)[1] |
| Latin,Chinese,Nüshu[citation needed] | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| ISO 639-6 | sazo |
| Glottolog | quji1234 |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-ph including 8 varieties: 79-AAA-pha ... 79-AAA-phh |
Shaozhou Tuhua (traditional: 韶州土話; simplified: 韶州土话Sháozhōu Tǔhuà "Shaoguan Tuhua"), also known asYuebei Tuhua (粤北土话), is an unclassifiedChinese variety spoken in northernGuangdong province, China. It ismutually unintelligible withXiang,Cantonese, andMandarin.
Some scholars consider it to be an extension ofPing Chinese (Pinghua) in Guangxi. Others consider it to have a foundation inSong dynasty-eraMiddle Gan, mixed with Hakka, Cantonese, andSouthwestern Mandarin.
Chen (2012) notes that the Shaoguan Tuhua of Shibei (石陂, inZhenjiang District) shares many similarities with theHakka ofQujiang District, due to intensive contact.
Sagart (2001) considers theNanxiong dialect (classified in theLanguage Atlas of China as a Shaozhou Tuhua dialect) to be most closely related toHakka.[2] In contrast, Egerod (1983) had proposed a relationship between Nanxiong andMin.[3]
Shaozhou Tuhua is also known asYuebei Tuhua (粤北土话, "Northern Guangxi/Guangdong Tuhua"), and asShīpóhuà (虱婆话, "Shipo dialect"),Shīnǎhuà (虱乸话, "Shina dialect"),[4] orShīpóshēng (虱婆声, "Shipo accent")[5] in its own region. It is also known asPingdi Yaohua (平地瑶话, "Lowland Yao dialect"), locallyPiongtuojo orPiongtoajeu; "Yao" here might be a cultural designation, as only half of the one million speakers are classified as ethnicYao.[6][full citation needed][1]
Li & Zhuang (2009) cover the following dialects ofShaoguan Tuhua.[7]
Zhang Shuangqing (2004) covers five dialects ofLianzhou Tuhua (连州土话).[8]
Tuhua is retreating beforeMandarin,Cantonese andHakka and is found in rural dialect islands in thenorthern Guangdong counties ofLechang,Renhua,Ruyuan Yao Autonomous County,Qujiang,Nanxiong,Zhenjiang,Wujiang (parts ofShaoguan prefecture-level city), andLianzhou andLiannan Yao Autonomous County inQingyuan prefecture-level city.
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WesternHimalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim) |
|  | |||
| EasternHimalayas (Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
| ||||
| East andSoutheast Asia |
| ||||
| Dubious (possible isolates,Arunachal) |
| ||||
| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
