Shangqiu 商丘市 Shangkiu | |
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 Aerial view of Shangqiu old city | |
 Shangqiu Prefecture in Henan | |
  Shangqiu Shangqiu (China) Show map of China | |
| Coordinates (Shangqiu municipal government):34°24′54″N115°39′22″E / 34.415°N 115.656°E /34.415; 115.656 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Henan |
| Municipal seat | Suiyang District |
| Area | |
| 10,658 km2 (4,115 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 1,697 km2 (655 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 3,255 km2 (1,257 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 50 m (160 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[2] | |
| 7,816,831 | |
| • Density | 733.42/km2 (1,899.6/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1,859,723 |
| • Urban density | 1,096/km2 (2,838/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 2,831,814 |
| • Metro density | 870.0/km2 (2,253/sq mi) |
| GDP[3][4] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 198.9 billion US$ 29.9 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 27,332 US$ 4,115 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal Code | 476000 |
| Area code | 370 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-HA-14 |
| MajorNationalities | Han |
| County-level divisions | 9 |
| Township-level divisions | 116 |
| License plate prefixes | 豫N |
| Website | shangqiu |
| Shangqiu | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese | 商丘 | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 商邱 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Shangqiu (Chinese:商丘),alternately romanized asShangkiu, is a city in easternHenan province,Central China. It bordersKaifeng to the northwest,Zhoukou to the southwest, and the provinces ofShandong andAnhui to the northeast and southeast respectively. Its population was 7,816,831 inhabitants as of the2020 Chinese census whom 2,831,814 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made up of two urban districts (Liangyuan and Suiyang) and Yucheng county now being conurbated.
Shangqiu and surrounding area was an important base for theShang dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC), and the city itself was established more than three millennia ago. Shangqiu has grown significantly in recent years. It is located at an important location at the junction of several major railways, making it a major regional transportation hub.
The history of Shangqiu ("Hills of Shang") is closely related to the very beginning of Chinese history. The tradition dates back to theThree August Ones and Five Emperors periods (c. 25th century BC), when the legendary EmperorsShennong,Zhuanxu andKu were said to be living in the present Shangqiu area. The son ofEmperor Ku, Qi (契), who helpedYu the Great to control floods, wasenfeoffed the area of Shang, who also became the ancestor of the ancient Shang. Shangqiu was also reportedly one of the capitals defended by the Xia emperorXiang, troubled by rebellions in his reign. The thirteenth generation grandson of Qi (契),Tang overthrew the ruling Xia dynasty and founded theShang dynasty, with its first capital at Nanbo (南亳, currently south of Shangqiu). Around the 11th century BC, the Shang dynasty was replaced by the Zhou dynasty. The royal descendants of the Shang dynasty wereenfeoffed the area of Shangqiu, which later became thestate of Song.
The Song capital, known asSuiyang, was located at present-day Nanguan (南关) in the south of Shangqiu's urban area.[5] The Song was a major power during theSpring and Autumn era, but declined during theWarring States era and eventually fell to theQi andWei in 286 BC. In theHan dynasty, Suiyang served as the capital of theLiang Kingdom.King Xiao of Liang (r. 169 BC – 144 BC) stayed loyal to theEmperor Jing of Han in theRebellion of the Seven States, during which a failed siege of Suiyang caused the collapse of the main rebel army. The king was also a famous patron of arts and literature who hosted some of the best known Han poets, such asZhuang Ji andSima Xiangru, in the Liang capital.
From theCao Wei dynasty to the earlySui dynasty, Suiyang was the seat of Liang Commandery (梁郡). It became the seat ofSong Prefecture (Songzhou) in 596 AD. During theAn Lushan rebellion in theTang dynasty, a ten-month-longsiege of Suiyang in 757 turned the tide of the war to the Tang's favor.
Before he ascended to the imperial throne as the Emperor Taizu of Song,Zhao Kuangyin was thejiedushi (military governor) of Guidejun (歸德軍), a region centered in Songzhou. Thus, he chose "Song" as the name of the new dynasty he founded in 960. The city was the southern capital of theNorthern Song dynasty under the nameNanjing.[6] Shangqiu was the first in a series of temporary capitals that the Song dynasty government moved to during their retreat from the north,[7][8] when most of northern China had been conquered by the Jurchens in theJin–Song wars.[9] The Song court had retreated south to the city from their original capital inKaifeng, after it was captured by theJurchens in theJingkang Incident of 1127.[7][8] The court moved to Shangqiu because of its historical importance to Emperor Taizu. The symbolism of the city was meant to secure the political legitimacy of the newEmperor Gaozong, who was crowned emperor of China in Shangqiu on June 12, 1127. The capital was again moved in 1128 toYangzhou, and finally toHangzhou in 1129.[8] In theYuan,Ming andQing dynasties, Shangqiu was governed as Guide Prefecture (歸德府). The current name appeared in 1545, when a new Shangqiu County was created to administer the city and its surrounding areas.
Under theRepublic, Shangqiu was considered a key city in eastern Henan owing to its position along theLunghai Railway between the port ofHaizhou on theEast China Sea andLanzhou in central China.[10] It was known at the time asKweiteh,Kwei-teh, orKuei-te (歸德;Guīdé)[11] and had both aCatholic diocese and anAnglicanmission, the later of which ran St Paul's Hospital.[12] It changed hands frequently during the fighting among the Chinese warlords in 1927.[11] Following theManchurian Incident,Gui'de (Kwei-teh)Airbase was established, and became an auxiliary/forward airbase of theNationalist Air Force of China during theWar of Resistance-World War II (1937–1945), and supported aerial-attack missions against Imperial Japanese positions in the northern-front of the war; the4th Fighter-Attack Group of the Chinese Air Force flew from Gui'de Airbase in March–April 1938 in support of Chinese ground forces at theBattle of Taierzhuang.[13] Gui'de Airbase is now known asShangqiu Airport.[14]
Shangqiu is the easternmost prefecture ofHenan province. Its administrative area ranges in longitude from 114 °49′ E to 116° 39′ E and in latitude from 33° 43′ N to 34° 52′ N, covering 10,704 square kilometres (4,133 sq mi). The city lies on theNorth China Plain and is mostly flat, with elevations ranging from 30 to 70 metres (98 to 230 ft), though the northwest part of the prefecture is more elevated than the southeast.
Shangqiu has amonsoon-influencedhumid subtropical climate (KöppenCwa), with four distinct seasons. Winters are cool and mostly dry while summers are hot and humid; spring is warm and sees some, but not much rainfall, while autumn weather is crisp and drier. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from around the freezing mark in January to 27.0 °C (80.6 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 14.4 °C (57.9 °F). Close to two-thirds of the annual precipitation occurs from June to September. The average temperature is below 10 °C for winter, 22 °C for summer, and between 10 and 22 °C for spring and autumn. Shangqiu City has a long winter, followed by summer, and a significantly shorter spring and autumn.
The average annual precipitation in the urban area of Shangqiu City has been 711.9 mm, and the corresponding total precipitation is 59.13 million cubic meters. The average annual runoff depth is 76.8 mm and the total runoff is 6.405 million cubic meters.
| Climate data for Shangqiu, elevation 51 m (167 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.2 (64.8) | 25.9 (78.6) | 28.2 (82.8) | 33.5 (92.3) | 38.1 (100.6) | 41.3 (106.3) | 39.4 (102.9) | 37.9 (100.2) | 35.8 (96.4) | 35.0 (95.0) | 27.5 (81.5) | 20.3 (68.5) | 41.3 (106.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.4 (41.7) | 9.2 (48.6) | 15.0 (59.0) | 21.4 (70.5) | 26.7 (80.1) | 31.5 (88.7) | 32.0 (89.6) | 30.6 (87.1) | 27.0 (80.6) | 21.9 (71.4) | 14.0 (57.2) | 7.5 (45.5) | 20.2 (68.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.2 (32.4) | 3.6 (38.5) | 9.1 (48.4) | 15.4 (59.7) | 20.9 (69.6) | 25.6 (78.1) | 27.3 (81.1) | 25.9 (78.6) | 21.3 (70.3) | 15.5 (59.9) | 8.3 (46.9) | 2.1 (35.8) | 14.6 (58.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.5 (25.7) | −0.7 (30.7) | 4.1 (39.4) | 10.0 (50.0) | 15.5 (59.9) | 20.4 (68.7) | 23.5 (74.3) | 22.3 (72.1) | 16.9 (62.4) | 10.7 (51.3) | 3.8 (38.8) | −1.7 (28.9) | 10.1 (50.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −15.2 (4.6) | −15.4 (4.3) | −7.1 (19.2) | −2.0 (28.4) | 4.2 (39.6) | 11.9 (53.4) | 15.7 (60.3) | 12.7 (54.9) | 5.8 (42.4) | −0.7 (30.7) | −12.3 (9.9) | −15.0 (5.0) | −15.4 (4.3) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 14.2 (0.56) | 18.1 (0.71) | 26.4 (1.04) | 40.6 (1.60) | 61.8 (2.43) | 85.9 (3.38) | 168.3 (6.63) | 165.5 (6.52) | 74.2 (2.92) | 40.3 (1.59) | 31.9 (1.26) | 13.8 (0.54) | 741 (29.18) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 4.1 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 5.8 | 7.1 | 7.5 | 11.1 | 10.2 | 8.0 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 4.0 | 78.8 |
| Average snowy days | 3.6 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 10.6 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 67 | 66 | 64 | 67 | 69 | 68 | 80 | 84 | 79 | 73 | 72 | 69 | 72 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 118.5 | 127.0 | 167.9 | 192.4 | 206.7 | 179.4 | 165.3 | 157.5 | 155.7 | 153.9 | 137.0 | 122.8 | 1,884.1 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 38 | 41 | 45 | 49 | 48 | 41 | 38 | 38 | 42 | 44 | 44 | 40 | 42 |
| Source 1:China Meteorological Administration[15][16] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[17] | |||||||||||||
The government of Shangqiu is responsible for the making and implementing of local policies. Since agriculture is still a major part of the economy of Shangqiu, many of the work is related to farmers and the development of the rural area. It is also observed that the government is exerting more and more efforts to attract foreign investment to spur local development.The current mayor is Tao Minglun.
According to the2010 census, Shangqiu has a population of 7,362,472. That is 390,528 inhabitants less than in 2000 (the population shrank 5.04% in ten years).[18]
Theprefecture-level city of Shangqiu administers 2districts, 1county-level city and 6counties.[19] The information here presented uses the metric system and data from 2010 National Population Census.
| Map | |||||
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| English name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Area (km2) | Population (2010) | Density (/km2) |
| Liangyuan District | 梁园区 | Liángyuán Qū | 673 | 787,931 | 1,171 |
| Suiyang District | 睢阳区 | Suīyáng Qū | 913 | 748,356 | 820 |
| Yongcheng City | 永城市 | Yǒngchéng Shì | 2,068 | 1,240,296 | 600 |
| Minquan County | 民权县 | Mínquán Xiàn | 1,222 | 703,379 | 576 |
| Sui County | 睢县 | Suī Xiàn | 920 | 711,088 | 773 |
| Ningling County | 宁陵县 | Nínglíng Xiàn | 786 | 523,367 | 666 |
| Zhecheng County | 柘城县 | Zhèchéng Xiàn | 1,048 | 778,107 | 742 |
| Yucheng County | 虞城县 | Yúchéng Xiàn | 1,558 | 954,720 | 613 |
| Xiayi County | 夏邑县 | Xiàyì Xiàn | 1,470 | 915,228 | 623 |
Shangqiu is traditionally a centre of theindigenous Chinese religious cult of Huoshen (火神 "Fire God"). An ancient small Temple of the Fire God has been expanded throughout the 2010s to become possibly the biggest temple complex dedicated to the god in China. Moreover, Shangqiu traditionally hosted the headquarters of Liguaism (Li Symbol transmission), the most important denomination ofBaguadao.
In 2019, Shangqiu's GDP reached 291.12 billion yuan, an increase of 7.4% over 2018.In 2019, the proportion of the tertiary industry structure was 14.7:41.0:44.3. In 2019, the city's general public budget revenue was 17.171 billion yuan, an increase of 11.7% over 2018.
Situated on the North China Plain, Shangqiu is part of a traditionally agricultural region. The fertile soil and convenient irrigation facilities greatly help the production of crops and other plants. As of 2005, there are about 719,864hectare planted. The most important agricultural products arewheat,maize,cotton,sesame, vegetables, fruit,tobacco, and livestock. In 2002, it produced about 4.5 million tons of crops, 200 thousand tons of cotton, 1.1 million tons of fruits, and 550 thousand tons of livestock.[20]
Compared with the agriculture, the industry of Shangqiu is relatively less developed. However, since the 1990s, it has experienced rapid growth. The food producing and packing company, Kedi group, has already been the number one exporter of frozen vegetables in the country. The large reserves of coal in Shangqiu (the Yongcheng-Xiayi coal mine is estimated to have a total reserves of 10 billion tons) also boosts up the energy industry, such as electricity generation and aluminiumelectrolysis.
Since the completion of east–west running Longhai railway in 1916, Shangqiu has been a local transportation center. This standing is greatly enhanced following the construction of theBeijing-Kowloon (Hong Kong) railway in 1996, which crosses with Longhai railway at Shangqiu. Nowadays, Longhai railway has become the Chinese segment of the larger "European-Asia continental landbridge," which runs from the sea port cityLianyungang toRotterdam, theNetherlands. Shangqiu thus obtains the name of the city of the "golden cross". On the other hand, the road transport is also convenient and getting even better. The east–west directionLianyungang-Khorghas (Xinjiang) national route 310 and north–southBeijing-Zhuhai national routh 105 also cross at Shangqiu. Highway traffic is fast-developing too. The Shangqiu-Kaifeng segment of theLianyungang-Khorghas highway is already in use. Future planning for highway construction is also underway.[citation needed]
Shangqiu–Hangzhou high-speed railway began operation in June 2020.
The education sector of Shangqiu is mainly professional training oriented, with an increasing number of such colleges coming into sight ever since the 1990s.
Lying in the heart of theNorth China Plain, Shangqiu benefits from a deep cultural tradition. The first star observatory in China, Ebo Tai, was established in Shangqiu. Yingtian Shuyuan, one of the largest four official education agencies in northSong dynasty, is located in the Suiyang district of Shangqiu. The Suiyang old city, which was built in 1511 during theMing dynasty, is one of the best preserved traditional cities in China, and was enlisted as one of the famous historical cities in China by the central government in 1986. The rich culture also raised many famous cultural figures.Cangjie, the legendary inventor of Chinese characters, was living in Shangqiu in the far-ancient periods.Zhuangzi, the great ancient philosopher of China, was born here around the 4th century BC. Another great philosopher,Mozi, living in the same period as Zhuangzi, was also a Shangqiu native.
1938年3、4月间，驻汉口的空军第四大队和驻孝感的空军第三大队，曾多次对当时的台儿庄中日大会战进行长距离突袭，支援地面部队作战。[permanent dead link]
1938年4月7日凌晨，中国军队向驻守在台儿庄的日军发起总攻，日军溃不成军，其残部向峄城、枣庄撤退。至此，历经月余的台儿庄战役结束... 4月9日，张明生所在中队奉命攻击南下增援的日军。当飞临敌军阵地上空时，张明生见战区上空无敌机踪影，便单机脱离队伍，对敌进行低空扫射，眼看着敌人狼狈逃窜，他才心满意足地返回编队... 张明生所在的中队完成任务，返回归德（今河南商丘）机场，喘息未定，便遇敌机来袭。大家又立刻升空迎敌，敌机见我军已有准备，便偷偷逃跑了。我空军勇士在天空中徘徊良久...
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