Shahpuri
شاہپوری
Pronunciation	[ʃaː(ɦ)pʊɾi]
Native to	Pakistan
Region	Sargodha Division, Punjab
Ethnicity	Punjabis
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northwestern Punjabi Shahpuri
Writing system	Shahmukhi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	shah1266

Shahpuri (شاہپوری;pronounced[ʃaː(ɦ)pʊɾi]) is awestern dialect ofPunjabi, primarily spoken in the formerShahpur District in what are nowSargodha andKhushab districts.^[1]

Its name is derived from the formerShahpur District.Grierson (1919) considered Shahpuri to be representative ofLahnda (Western Punjabi), but later opinions byShackle (1976) andMasica (1991) have re-classified it as a general dialect ofPunjabi, with certain Multani dialect features.^[2][1][3] Wagha (1997) rejects the validity of Shahpuri as a distinct linguistic entity, and instead suggests all the intermediate dialects spoken in theBars from Sargodha toPakpattan, includingJhangi, to be merged into one.^[4]

It is mostly spoken inSargodha District andKhushab District.^[5] It is also spoken in the neighbouring districts ofJhang,Chiniot,Mandi Bahauddin,Khanewal,Sahiwal andBhakkar. It is mainly spoken on western end ofSindh River toChenab River, traversing theJhelum River.^[6][5]

Jatki dialect is a common name for theJhangvi dialect, Shahpuri dialect andDhani dialect. Sometimes also termed asRachnavi dialect, the glotlog codes for these are:

• shah1266^[7]
• jatk1238^[8]
• jang1253^[9]
• dhan1272^[10]

In its phonology Shahpuri has the same tonal pattern asStandard Punjabi.^[11]

In common withThali andHindko, there is a class of two-syllable nouns that markcase distinctions byvowel alternation. The case suffixes of the older language have dropped, leaving the assimilated root vowels as the only indicator of the case: /jʌŋɡʊl/ ~ /jʌŋɡəl/ /jʌŋɡɪl/.Grierson explains this bysubstratalDardic influence, whereas Shackle (1979) finds it more plausible that it is the result of Shahpuri's central position between areas favouring one or another vowel in these contexts.^[12]

Like mostPunjabi dialects, Shahpuri also uses the past-tense inflections ofpaiṇā (peyā, paī, paye, paiyā̃) to signify the continuous tense.^[13]

The place of "pyā" may sometimes be switched with respect to the verb.

"Tusī̃ bahoon changā kamm paye karenday o", meaning "You (plural) are doing a very good thing"

"Tū̃ bahoon changā kamm krendā ain pyā", meaning "You (sing, m) are doing a very good thing"

"Sāḍā hāl kehṛā puchhdā ãi, mar mar ke paye aan jeenday, meaning "What do you ask about us? We are living in great distress" (a song by Mansoor Malangi)

"Paye aapna vanjeynday visaah o", meaning "You are wasting the trust people have in you" (from "Tusi changean naseeban de shah")

"Eh dohven aape vich larde hin paye". meaning "These two are fighting amongst themselves"

"Ethay seklaan pyiaan vikkdiyaan hin" or"Ethay seklaan vikkdiyaan ne pyiaan", meaning "Bicycles are being sold here"

The future tense in Jatki Punjabi is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabigā.^[14][15]

This tense is also utilized inPothwari,Hindko,Saraiki and other Western Punjabi dialects.

The past tense in the Jatki dialects differs from that ofEastern Punjabi.^[16]

The present tense of non-causative verbs in Jatki may involve the addition of-eyndā, while causative verbs may attain either-eyndā or-āandā. The future tense changes accordingly.

Verbs that have a causative form, rarely acquire -eyndā, for example,Mardā (dies) cannot becomeMareyndā (kills/hits) as that is the present form ofMaarnā (killing/hitting).

However,Mannnā (to be convinced) andMannāvnā (to convince) both can be said asManeyndā in the present form.

Verbs likeāvan (to come) andlyāvan (to bring) will not take -eyndā, as they lack a passive form, so they are either said as -āndā or -aundā

The progressive tense is built upon the present tense, and is used in all Punjabi dialects. It is made by ending the verb with-eān in the present form.

For example, "to be doing" or "while doing", can be eitherkardeān orkareyndeān.

The Jatki dialects have a special passive tense for most verbs.

The present passive is made by adding-eendā, past passive by adding-eevyā/eeyā, subjunctive by adding-eevay (s.) and-eevan (pl), progressive by adding-eendeān , gerundive passive by adding-eevna/eejna and future passive by adding-eesi. The continuous passive is built upon the present passive by addingpyā, while perfect passive is built by addinggyā to the past passive.

Varteendā (is used),Varteenday (are used),Varteevay/Varteejay (to be used, sing),Varteevan/Varteejan (to be used, pl),Varteevyā (was used),Vartee-gyā (has been used),Varteenda-pyā (is being used),Varteendeān (while being used),Varteevna/Varteejna (its "being used"),Varteesi (will be used),Vartee-veysi orVartee-jaasi (will have been used/will end up being used),Vartee-veynda orVartee-jaanda (gets used).

Note: The past passive in Shahpuri is made by adding-eevyā, in Jhangochi by adding-eeyaā,Dhani is made by adding-eetā, and inThalochi it is made by adding-eechā.

Some verbs may attain this form without any change in usage or meaning, such as:

ਬਵ੍ਹਣਾ ਉਠੀਵਣਾ / بہوَنا اُٹھِیونا, being the same as ਉੱਠਣਾ / اُٹھّنا

ਦਿਸੀਂਦਾ / دِسِیندا, being the same as ਦਿੱਸਦਾ / دِسّدا

Proverb example:Heṭṭhon utton vaḍḍheeveeye taan ḍakk sadeendaa (ہیٹھوں اُتّوں وڈھِیوِیئے تاں ڈکّ سدِیندا)

(If we are cut from top to bottom, then are to be called a cane)

Note: The past tense ofMarnā isMoyā (dead) and the past passive tense isMareejā (killed)

The agentive tense of verb in Punjabi is either shown in the standard manner by adding the words "āalā" or "laggeā".

For example, "He is to come" or "He is about to come" is spoken asOh aavan aalā/laggeā ae.

In Jatki, another manner exists where the root verb is suffixated by adding-oo

Examples:

Tun kitthayjaaoo/vanjoo ain? (Where are you to go?)

Oh kaykaroo ae? (What is he up to)

Ajj mein tuhānu hik ehjihi gallsunāoo aan (Today I am about to tell you such a thing...)

Tuseen ohnudeoo o ke menudeoo o? (You are to give him or me?)

Ghaabarda kyon pya ain? Saanu vimiloo ae (Why are you worried? We too are to get it)

The dialects ofJatki Punjabi useHin (ہِن) orNo (نو) to signify the present plural tense. These are dialectal forms of "Han" (ہَن) and "Ne" (نے) respectively.

"Do janey hin/no" (دو جنے ہِن/نو), meaning "There are two people".

The word "hin" may be attached with the verb colloquially.

"Oh menū̃ dassdin" (اوہ مینُوں دسّدِن), meaning "They tell me".

"Bahū̃ vādey keetin" (بہُوں وعدے کِیتِن)، meaning "Made many promises"

The wordHeņ (ہَیڻ) may also be used.

Words likeVatt (وتّ)^[17] orMuṛ (مُڑ) and its variant pronunciation Munṛ (مُنڑ)^[18] are used instead of theStandard PunjabiPhir (پھیر).

"Halā vatt ki hoya?" (ہلا وتّ کی ہویا؟), meaning "Alright, what happened then?".

"Tenu vatt vii aas praai rahi" (تَینُوں وتّ وی آس پرائی رہی), meaning "Even then, you had hopes for some other", a lyric from "Changean Naseeban de Shah", by Talib Hussain Dard

Words likeVaj̈aṇ (ونجن) andJāwaṇ (جاوَن) are both used.^[19]

"Kithay vendā/jāndā pyā ain?" (کِتھّے ویندا/جاندا پیا ایں؟), meaning "Where are you going?"

For "what", Jatki either uses the common wordKii (کی) or the Western wordKay (کے)

For "someone", Jatki may use either the standardKisay (کِسے) or another word that isKaheeṇ (کہِیں)

Ba,Bai orJo are used, as opposed toke in Standard Punjabi. (بہ، بئی، جو)

Mein tuhaanu dassaanbai (ke) aes ton changga mein pehlon kaday nhi vekhya

(Let me tell you that I have never seen one better than this)

Kaday vi mein nahi aakhyajo (ke) tun menu kujh desein taahin mein tenu kujh desaan

(Never did I say that you must first give only then to receive from me)

Tuseen inj keeta karoba (ke) menu dass ditta karo

(You should do it as such that you should inform me)

Menu pata aeba (ke) khoon rattaa ae, tey hetna rattaa aejo (ke) teray hatthaan tey mehndi lagsi

(I know that blood is red, and it is so much that it will look like henna on your hands)

Similarly,Kyunjo(orKyunjay) is used forKyunke, andTaanjo (orTaanjay) is used for Taake.

In Jatki, many verbs exist to support the adjoining verb, giving the same meaning asde/dittaa/devay/desi.

De chaa (دے چا), is the same asDe de (دے دے), meaning "Give it"

Rakkh chhaḍḍ (رکھّ چھڈّ), is the same asRakkh de (رکھّ دے), meaning "Place it"

Chaa karay (چا کرے), is the same as Kar devay (کر دیوے), meaning "Someone do it"

Other examples:

Chaa keetaa (چا کیتا), meaning "Done it"

Mukaa chhoryaa (مُکا چھوڑیا), meaning "Finished it"

Pivaa chaa (پِوا چا), meaning "Get me (something) to drink"

Laah satto (لاہ سٹّو), meaning "Remove it"

Bhann sattyaa (بھنّ سٹّیا), meaning "Broke it"

Hun dass vi chhaḍḍo (ہُن دسّ وی چھڈّو), meaning "Now tell already"

Koi ghatt chhaḍḍay (کوئی گھتّ چھڈّے), meaning "Someone come and pour it"

Mein ohnu de chhaḍḍsaan (میں اوہنُوں دے چھڈّساں), meaning "I will give him"

Maar ghattsan (مار گھتّسن), meaning "Will come and beat"

In its past formVadā, it can either show continuous action (likepyā) or a state of being (likehoyā), depending on the main verb's form.

In the latter case,Khalā andKhlotā (both meaning "standing") may also be used.

Menu bhukkh laggivadi/khali/pyi ae (I have hunger)

Menu bhukkh laggdivadi/pyi ae (I am getting hungry)

Oh chendāvadā/pyā ae (He is picking it up)

Oh chaaivadā/khalā ae (He has it picked up)

Ukkā moyevaday āen (We are completely dead)

Oh khādhikhalā hosi (He must have eaten)

Ohnu treh laggivadi/khloti ae (He has thirst)

Mein kamm mukaaivadā/khalā/khlotā aa'n (I have finished the work)

Mein dhammi da progam keetikhalā/vadā/khlotā/pyā aa'n (I have decided it for morning)

Rujjhayvaday o, naveān saangeān vich (You are busy in your new attachments, a lyric from "Tusi Changean Naseeban de Shah", a song by Talib Hussain Dard)

In other forms, the verbVattnā, (literally meaning "to wander") depicts a continuity in an action, and is synonymous with the wordPhirnā.

Hyaati saari nassdyānvattnā/phirnā (Running for all life)

Oh tenu kay kujh ghalldāvattdā/phirdā ee? (What does he keep on sending you?)

Beyli ruṭṭhāvadā hove tey aseen jeendevateeye/phireeye? (The friend is unhappy and we are to keep on living?)

Mein injay tue'n magar laggyavattaa'n/phiraa'n? (I should stay after you for no reason?)

Jatki uses special personal pronouns such asKãi (Kihne/Kis), andJãi (Jihne/Jis).

Kãi aakhya? کَیں آکھیا؟, meaning "Says who?"

Jãi vii aakhya hovay جَیں وی آکھیا ہووے, meaning "Whomsoever might have said it"

Eh kãinda ghar ae? ایہہ کَیندا گھر اے؟, meaning "Whose house is this?"

Kãi kãi janay eh aali kheyḍ kheyḍi ee?, کیں کیں جنڑے ایہہ آلی کھیڈ کھیڈی ہئی؟ meaning "Who has played this game?"

Jãi kahen vii karna hovay جَیں کہیں وی کرنا ہووے orJis kisay vii karna hovay جِس کِسے وی کرنا ہووے, meaning "Whomsoever wants to do"

Jainda vii mann kareynda orJain kahen da vii mann kareynda

Eh ki keetum (What have I done?)

Eh ki keeto-ee (What have you done?)

Eh ki keeta-nhay (What have you done? plural/respect)

Eh ki keeta-nay (What have they done?)

Eh ki keeto-say (What have we done?)

Eh ki keetus (What has he done?)

Kii naa'n-us? (What is his name?)

Nisay keeta (We did not do)

Nimoo keeta (I did not do)

Tenu aakhyam (I have told you)

Bhiraa nisay? (Are we not brothers?)

Jehri naveen film kaddhi nay, ḍiṭṭhi hayi? (The new film they released, have you seen it?)

Punjabi aapni dhi nu sikhaai koi nhoo'n? (You did not teach your daughter Punjabi?)

Bhalla honay (respectfully, "Thank you")

Bhalla hovi (Thankh you)

Counting is generally the same throughout Punjabi dialects, but with some notable deviations being:

Note:

• The counting used in Jhangochi, Shahpuri and Dhanni is almost the same as in Majhi and Pothohari with the main difference being the use of "Dāh" for 10 instead of"Das".
• Standard Punjabi in the above table is more closer to theMalvai dialect (which also uses Biatāli instead of Batāli)

The numbers in their oblique form function the same throughout Punjabi dialects.

Jatki dialects have several words that differ from Standard Punjabi.

Commonly observed in theLahnda dialects is the use ofGhinṇā (گھِننا)^[20][21] andAaṇnā (آننا)^[22][23] instead of the Eastern Punjabi wordsLaiṇā (لَینا) andLyāṇā (لیانا).

Jatki makes usage of both sets. The Dhani dialect however, seems to lean more towards the former.

In Jatki Punjabi, as well as inSaraiki, the irregular Punjabi past tense form of verbs is retained when used with the verbKarnā, a feature that is not present inEastern dialects such asMajhi, or even in otherLahnda varieties such asPothohari andHindko.

The irregular past tense is generally the same throughout the Punjabi dialects (e.g.khādhā, peetā, nahātā, dhotā, moyā, latthā, khalotā, ḍaṭṭhā, suttā, keetā, dittā, ghidā, seetā, baddhā).

Jatki does seem to have some additional ones as well, such asrunnā forroyā (cried)ḍiṭṭhā forvekhya (seen), andsyātā forsyāneā (recognized).

Examples:

Examples:

Asī̃ ohnū̃ditti rakhie? (اسِیں اوہنُوںدِتّی رکھّیئے؟) instead ofAsī̃ ohnū̃dei rakhie? (اسِیں اوہنُوںدئی رکھّیئے؟)

(meaning, "Shall we keep on giving him?")

and

Ohkeeti jāndā ae (اوہکِیتی جاندا اے) instead ofOhkari jāndā ae (اوہکری جاندا اے)

(meaning, "He keeps on doing")

Kalla mai-aan kammkeeti jaavan? instead ofKalla maiiyon kammkari jaavan?

(meaning, "I alone am to keep on doing?)

Ohnu ohndey pesay taanditti aa (اوہنُوں اوہندے پیسے تاں دِتّی آ), meaning "Give him his money and come back"

Pesay taan mereditti vanj (پیسے تاں میرے دِتّی ونج), meaning "Give my money as you go"

Pesay taanditti veynda/jaanda (پیسے تاں دِتّی ویندا/جانا), meaning "You could have at least given the money as you went"

Mein hikk kammkeeti aavaan (میں ہِکّ کمّ نہ کیتی آواں), meaning "I'll be back after one task"

Mein veyndean do trae moṭian moṭian gallaan baskeeti jaavan (میں ویندیاں دو ترۓ گلّاں بس کیتی جاواں), meaning "I'm just going to say a few things as I go"

Ajj kujh baahroon nakhaadhi aaveeye? (اجّ کُجھ باہرُوں نہ کھادی آوِیئے؟), meaning "Shouldn't we eat something from outside today?"

Aseen gall kareynde haaen, pehlon booha taan bandkeeti aa (اسِیں گلّ کریندے ہائیں، پہلوں بُوہا تاں بند کیتی آ), meaning "We will talk, first go close the door"

Booha bandkeeti jaaveen (بُوہا بند کیتی جاوِیں), meaning "Close the door when you go"

Ohditti aaya karay (اوہ دِتّی آیا کرے), meaning "He can give (and come back)"

Ohditti jaaya karay (اوہ دِتّی کرے), meaning "He can give give (while he is passing/leaving)"

Meinḍiṭṭhi aavaan (میں ڈِتھّی آواں), meaning "I'll be back after a look"

Jaanahaati aa (جا نہاتی آ), meaning "Go take a bath"

The words in bold would be "de", "kar", "khaa", "dekhya", and "nahaaya" in Standard Punjabi as well as in Urdu-Hindi translation.

"Hun taan meinkeeti baitha aan" instead of "Hun taan mein kariibaitha aan".

(meaning, "Now I have done it" [So now what?])

"Peeti baitha ae" instead of"Pee baitha ae"

(meaning, "He has drunk")

• Shackle, Christopher (1976).The Siraiki language of central Pakistan : a reference grammar. London: School of Oriental and African Studies.
• Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab".Transactions of the Philological Society.77 (1):191–210.doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x.ISSN 0079-1636.
• Masica, Colin P. (1991).The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
• Wagha, Muhammad Ahsan (1997).The development of Siraiki language in Pakistan (Ph.D.). School of Oriental and African Studies. Archived fromthe original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved12 November 2016. (requires registration)

• Grierson, George A. (1919).Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. VIII, Part 1,Indo-Aryan family. North-western group. Specimens of Sindhī and Lahndā. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
• Wilson, James (1898).Grammar and dictionary of western Panjabi, as spoken in the Shahpur district with proverbs, sayings, & verses. Lahore: Panjab Govt. Press.

• Punjabi language in Pakistan
• Punjabi dialects

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